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Shi J, Bao Y, Ren L, Chen Y, Bai Z, Han X. Mass Concentration, Source and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Nine Cities of Northeast China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084915. [PMID: 35457782 PMCID: PMC9028055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
From April 2008 to July 2009, ambient measurements of 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics, were conducted in nine industrial cities (Shenyang, Fushun, Changchun, Jilin, Harbin, Daqing, Huludao, Anshan and Tianjin) of the Northeast Region, China (NRC). Daqing had the highest concentration of VOCs (519.68 ± 309.88 μg/m3), followed by Changchun (345.01 ± 170.52 μg/m3), Harbin (231.14 ± 46.69 μg/m3), Jilin (221.63 ± 34.32 μg/m3), Huludao (195.92 ± 103.26 μg/m3), Fushun (135.43 ± 46.01 μg/m3), Anshan (109.68 ± 23.27 μg/m3), Tianjin (104.31 ± 46.04 μg/m3), Shenyang (75.2 ± 40.09 μg/m3). Alkanes constituted the largest percentage (>40%) in concentrations of the quantified VOCs in NRC, and the exception was Tianjin dominated by aromatics (about 52.34%). Although alkanes were the most abundant VOCs at the cities, the most important VOCs contributing to ozone formation potential (OFP) were alkenes and aromatics. Changchun had the highest OFP (537.3 μg/m3), Tianjin had the lowest OFP (111.7 μg/m3). The main active species contributing to OFP in the nine cities were C2~C6 alkanes, C7~C8 aromatic hydrocarbons, individual cities (Daqing) contained n-hexane, propane and other alkane species. Correlation between individual hydrocarbons, B/T ratio and principal component analysis model (PCA) were deployed to explore the source contributions. The results showed that the source of vehicle exhausts was one of the primary sources of VOCs in all nine cities. Additionally, individual cities, such as Daqing, petrochemical industry was founded to be an important source of VOCs. The results gained from this study provided a large of useful information for better understanding the characteristics and sources of ambient VOCs incities of NRC. The non-carcinogenic risk values of the nine cities were within the safe range recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (HQ < 1), and the lifetime carcinogenic risk values of benzene were 3.82 × 10−5~1.28 × 10−4, which were higher than the safety range specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (R < 1.00 × 10−6). The results of risk values indicated that there was a risk of cancer in these cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Shi
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
- National-Regional Engineering Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuzhai Bao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
- National-Regional Engineering Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liang Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Yuanqi Chen
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
| | - Xinyu Han
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-150-8715-0201
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Dalsøren SB, Eide MS, Myhre G, Endresen O, Isaksen ISA, Fuglestvedt JS. Impacts of the large increase in international ship traffic 2000-2007 on tropospheric ozone and methane. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2482-9. [PMID: 20210355 DOI: 10.1021/es902628e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The increase in civil world fleet ship emissions during the period 2000-2007 and the effects on key tropospheric oxidants are quantified using a global Chemical Transport Model (CTM). We estimate a substantial increase of 33% in global ship emissions over this period. The impact of ship emissions on tropospheric oxidants is mainly caused by the relatively large fraction of NOx in ship exhaust. Typical increases in yearly average surface ozone concentrations in the most impacted areas are 0.5-2.5 ppbv. The global annual mean radiative forcing due to ozone increases in the troposphere is 10 mWm(-2) over the period 2000-2007. We find global average tropospheric OH increase of 1.03% over the same period. As a result of this the global average tropospheric methane concentration is reduced by approximately 2.2% over a period corresponding to the turnover time. The resulting methane radiative forcing is -14 mWm(-2) with an additional contribution of -6 mWm(-2) from methane induced reduction in ozone. The net forcing of the ozone and methane changes due to ship emissions changes between 2000 and 2007 is -10 mWm(-2). This is significant compared to the net forcing of these components in 2000. Our findings support earlier observational studies indicating that ship traffic may be a major contributor to recent enhancement of background ozone at some coastal stations. Furthermore, by reducing global mean tropospheric methane by 40 ppbv over its turnover time it is likely to contribute to the recent observed leveling off in global mean methane concentration.
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Köhler MO, Rädel G, Dessens O, Shine KP, Rogers HL, Wild O, Pyle JA. Impact of perturbations to nitrogen oxide emissions from global aviation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marmer E, Langmann B, Fagerli H, Vestreng V. Direct shortwave radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol over Europe from 1900 to 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sudo K, Akimoto H. Global source attribution of tropospheric ozone: Long-range transport from various source regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Horowitz LW. Past, present, and future concentrations of tropospheric ozone and aerosols: Methodology, ozone evaluation, and sensitivity to aerosol wet removal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shindell D, Faluvegi G, Lacis A, Hansen J, Ruedy R, Aguilar E. Role of tropospheric ozone increases in 20th-century climate change. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Martin RV, Sioris CE, Chance K, Ryerson TB, Bertram TH, Wooldridge PJ, Cohen RC, Neuman JA, Swanson A, Flocke FM. Evaluation of space-based constraints on global nitrogen oxide emissions with regional aircraft measurements over and downwind of eastern North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hudman RC, Jacob DJ, Cooper OR, Evans MJ, Heald CL, Park RJ, Fehsenfeld F, Flocke F, Holloway J, Hübler G, Kita K, Koike M, Kondo Y, Neuman A, Nowak J, Oltmans S, Parrish D, Roberts JM, Ryerson T. Ozone production in transpacific Asian pollution plumes and implications for ozone air quality in California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Hudman
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - O. R. Cooper
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - M. J. Evans
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - C. L. Heald
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - R. J. Park
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - F. Fehsenfeld
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - F. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division; National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. Holloway
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - G. Hübler
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - K. Kita
- Department of Environmental Science; Ibaraki University; Mito Japan
| | - M. Koike
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Kondo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - A. Neuman
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. Nowak
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - S. Oltmans
- Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - D. Parrish
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - J. M. Roberts
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - T. Ryerson
- Aeronomy Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Boulder Colorado USA
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Wong S. A global climate-chemistry model study of present-day tropospheric chemistry and radiative forcing from changes in tropospheric O3since the preindustrial period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mickley LJ. Climate response to the increase in tropospheric ozone since preindustrial times: A comparison between ozone and equivalent CO2forcings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fiore A, Jacob DJ, Liu H, Yantosca RM, Fairlie TD, Li Q. Variability in surface ozone background over the United States: Implications for air quality policy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Fiore
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - H. Liu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - R. M. Yantosca
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - T. D. Fairlie
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Q. Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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Gauss M, Myhre G, Pitari G, Prather MJ, Isaksen ISA, Berntsen TK, Brasseur GP, Dentener FJ, Derwent RG, Hauglustaine DA, Horowitz LW, Jacob DJ, Johnson M, Law KS, Mickley LJ, Müller JF, Plantevin PH, Pyle JA, Rogers HL, Stevenson DS, Sundet JK, van Weele M, Wild O. Radiative forcing in the 21st century due to ozone changes in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gauss
- Department of Geophysics; University of Oslo; Norway
| | - G. Myhre
- Department of Geophysics; University of Oslo; Norway
| | - G. Pitari
- Dipartimento di Fisica; Università de L'Aquila, Coppito; L'Aquila Italy
| | - M. J. Prather
- Earth System Science Department; University of California at Irvine; Irvine California USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - L. W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA; Princeton University; Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - D. J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - M. Johnson
- Chemistry Department; Cambridge University; Cambridge UK
| | - K. S. Law
- Chemistry Department; Cambridge University; Cambridge UK
| | - L. J. Mickley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | | | | | - J. A. Pyle
- Chemistry Department; Cambridge University; Cambridge UK
| | - H. L. Rogers
- Chemistry Department; Cambridge University; Cambridge UK
| | - D. S. Stevenson
- Institute for Meteorology; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - J. K. Sundet
- Department of Geophysics; University of Oslo; Norway
| | - M. van Weele
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI); De Bilt Netherlands
| | - O. Wild
- Frontier Research System for Global Change; Yokohama Japan
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Dentener F. Interannual variability and trend of CH4lifetime as a measure for OH changes in the 1979–1993 time period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Protczak A, Trzeszczynski J. Studies on reactions of ozone with alkenes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2002; 9:377-380. [PMID: 12515344 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, a continuous increase of the O3 concentration has been recorded in the lower atmospheric layers. Photochemical reactions with NO(x), CO and organic compounds are the main sources of O3 in the troposphere. In this work, an attempt was made to determine the impact of alkenes on the O3 concentration in the troposphere. A study on the gas-phase reactions of 03 with 1-hexene, 1-heptene and 1-nonene was made. The reactions were carried out at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. Ozone was formed by the ultraviolet radiation emitted by a mercury lamp, in order to simulate the atmospheric conditions. The changes with time in the concentration of O3, 1-alkenes and formed aldehydes were investigated. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were done by means of the gas chromatography and colorimetry. The following products were identified: pentanal from 1-hexene; hexanal from 1-heptene; oktanal from 1-nonene. For each of the reactions, HCHO was also determined as a product. The reaction rate constants were calculated and obtained in units of 10(-17) cm(-3) molecule(-1) s(-1): 1.94-0.99 for 1-hexene, 5.54-4.51 for 1-heptene and 1.54-0.76 for 1-nonene. Based on the results obtained, an explanation of O3 concentration variations in the planetary boundary layer can be given. Last year a considerable increase of O3 concentration on the roads of Western Europe was recorded. This increase could have resulted from the decrease of alkene concentration in the air due to common use of the catalytic converters in cars. The unsaturated hydrocarbons rapidly oxidize on the catalyst. In Eastern Europe, where the amount of cars equipped with catalytic converters is smaller than in Western Europe, the alkene content in the exhaust fumes results in a decrease of the O3 concentration in the troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Protczak
- Technical University of Szczecin, Institute of Organic Chemical Technology, Al. Piastów 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland.
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Chapter 14 Chemistry of HOx radicals in the upper troposphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(02)80017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Grenfell JL, Shindell DT, Koch D, Rind D. Chemistry-climate interactions in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model: 2. New insights into modeling the preindustrial atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hauglustaine DA, Brasseur GP. Evolution of tropospheric ozone under anthropogenic activities and associated radiative forcing of climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de F. Forster PM, Tourpali K. Effect of tropopause height changes on the calculation of ozone trends and their radiative forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shindell DT, Grenfell JL, Rind D, Grewe V, Price C. Chemistry-climate interactions in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model: 1. Tropospheric chemistry model description and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Karlsdóttir S, Isaksen ISA, Myhre G, Berntsen TK. Trend analysis of O3and CO in the period 1980-1996: A three-dimensional model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Myhre G, Karlsdóttir S, Isaksen ISA, Stordal F. Radiative forcing due to changes in tropospheric ozone in the period 1980 to 1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Roelofs GJ, Lelieveld J. Tropospheric ozone simulation with a chemistry-general circulation model: Influence of higher hydrocarbon chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Berntsen TK, Myhre G, Stordal F, Isaksen ISA. Time evolution of tropospheric ozone and its radiative forcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Santer BD, Wigley TML, Boyle JS, Gaffen DJ, Hnilo JJ, Nychka D, Parker DE, Taylor KE. Statistical significance of trends and trend differences in layer-average atmospheric temperature time series. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Santer BD, Wigley TM, Gaffen DJ, Bengtsson L, Doutriaux C, Boyle JS, Esch M, Hnilo JJ, Jones PD, Meehl GA, Roeckner E, Taylor KE, Wehner MF. Interpreting differential temperature trends at the surface and in the lower troposphere. Science 2000; 287:1227-32. [PMID: 10678823 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5456.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Estimated global-scale temperature trends at Earth's surface (as recorded by thermometers) and in the lower troposphere (as monitored by satellites) diverge by up to 0.14 degrees C per decade over the period 1979 to 1998. Accounting for differences in the spatial coverage of satellite and surface measurements reduces this differential, but still leaves a statistically significant residual of roughly 0.1 degrees C per decade. Natural internal climate variability alone, as simulated in three state-of-the-art coupled atmosphere-ocean models, cannot completely explain this residual trend difference. A model forced by a combination of anthropogenic factors and volcanic aerosols yields surface-troposphere temperature trend differences closest to those observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- BD Santer
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA. NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, MD 20910
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Kiehl JT, Schneider TL, Portmann RW, Solomon S. Climate forcing due to tropospheric and stratospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mickley LJ, Murti PP, Jacob DJ, Logan JA, Koch DM, Rind D. Radiative forcing from tropospheric ozone calculated with a unified chemistry-climate model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Laurila T. Observational study of transport and photochemical formation of ozone over northern Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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de F. Forster PM. Radiative forcing due to stratospheric ozone changes 1979-1997, using updated trend estimates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang Y, Jacob DJ. Anthropogenic forcing on tropospheric ozone and OH since preindustrial times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sabziparvar AA, de F. Forster PM, Shine KP. Changes in ultraviolet radiation due to stratospheric and tropospheric ozone changes since preindustrial times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Haywood JM, Schwarzkopf MD, Ramaswamy V. Estimates of radiative forcing due to modeled increases in tropospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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