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Li C, Wang H, Chen X, Zhai T, Ma X, Yang X, Chen S, Li X, Zeng L, Lu K. Observation and modeling of organic nitrates on a suburban site in southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160287. [PMID: 36410483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the measurements of two types of organic nitrates (ONs), peroxy nitrates (PNs) and alkyl nitrates (ANs), in Chengdu, China, during summer 2019. The average concentrations of PNs and ANs were 1.3 ± 1.1 ppbv and 0.5 ± 0.3 ppbv during the day, with peaks of 7.7 ppbv and 1.9 ppbv, respectively, which were in the middle and upper end of the reported levels in China. Much higher PNs and ANs concentrations were found during the photochemical pollution period than during the clean period. Box model simulation was capable of reproducing PNs during photochemical pollution episodes but showed overestimation in other periods, which was likely caused by the simplification of PNs sinks. The OH oxidation of aldehydes and ketones was the most important source of the PNs precursors, PAs (peroxyacyl radicals), except for the thermal decomposition of PNs, which was further confirmed by the relative incremental reactivity (RIR) analysis. The model basically reproduced the observed ANs by the refinement of related mechanisms, with isoprene contributing to its formation by 29.2 %. The observed PNs and total oxidants (Ox = NO2 + O3) showed a good positive correlation, with a ratio of PNs to Ox of 0.079, indicating a strong suppression of PNs chemistry to ozone formation. The model quantified the suppression of PNs chemistry on the peak ozone production rate by 21.3 % on average and inhibited ozone formation up to 20 ppbv in total. The RIR analysis suggests that the production of both O3 and ANs was in the VOC-limited regime and highlights the importance of VOC control (especially aromatics) to mitigate photochemical pollution in Chengdu. The study deepens the understanding of photochemical pollution in urban areas of western China and further emphasizes the impacts of ONs chemistry on ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmeng Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Xiaorui Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianyu Zhai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuefei Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Abundance of NO3 Derived Organo-Nitrates and Their Importance in the Atmosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the nitrate radical and its contribution to organo-nitrate formation in the troposphere has been investigated using a mesoscale 3-D chemistry and transport model, WRF-Chem-CRI. The model-measurement comparisons of NO2, ozone and night-time N2O5 mixing ratios show good agreement supporting the model’s ability to represent nitrate (NO3) chemistry reasonably. Thirty-nine organo-nitrates in the model are formed exclusively either from the reaction of RO2 with NO or by the reaction of NO3 with alkenes. Temporal analysis highlighted a significant contribution of NO3-derived organo-nitrates, even during daylight hours. Night-time NO3-derived organo-nitrates were found to be 3-fold higher than that in the daytime. The reactivity of daytime NO3 could be more competitive than previously thought, with losses due to reaction with VOCs (and subsequent organo-nitrate formation) likely to be just as important as photolysis. This has highlighted the significance of NO3 in daytime organo-nitrate formation, with potential implications for air quality, climate and human health. Estimated atmospheric lifetimes of organo-nitrates showed that the organo-nitrates act as NOx reservoirs, with particularly short-lived species impacting on air quality as contributors to downwind ozone formation.
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Zeng L, Guo H, Lyu X, Zhou B, Ling Z, Simpson IJ, Meinardi S, Barletta B, Blake DR. Long-term variations of C 1-C 5 alkyl nitrates and their sources in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116285. [PMID: 33352486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the long-term trends of alkyl nitrates (RONO2) is of great importance for evaluating the variations of photochemical pollution. Mixing ratios of C1-C5 RONO2 were measured in autumn Hong Kong from 2002 to 2016, and the average level of 2-butyl nitrate (2-BuONO2) always ranked first. The C1-C4 RONO2 all showed increasing trends (p < 0.05), and 2-BuONO2 had the largest increase rate. The enhancement in C3 RONO2 was partially related to elevated propane, and dramatic decreases (p < 0.05) in both nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) also led to the increased RONO2 formation. In addition, an increase of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals (p < 0.05) suggested enhanced atmospheric oxidative capacity, further resulting in the increases of RONO2. Source apportionment of C1-C4 RONO2 specified three typical sources of RONO2, including biomass burning emission, oceanic emission, and secondary formation, of which secondary formation was the largest contributor to ambient RONO2 levels. Mixing ratios of total RONO2 from each source were quantified and their temporal variations were investigated. Elevated RONO2 from secondary formation and biomass burning emission were two likely causes of increased ambient RONO2. By looking into the spatial distributions of C1-C5 RONO2, regional transport from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) was inferred to build up RONO2 levels in Hong Kong, especially in the northwestern part. In addition, more serious RONO2 pollution was found in western PRD region. This study helps build a comprehensive understanding of RONO2 pollution in Hong Kong and even the entire PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Zeng
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beining Zhou
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenhao Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Isobel J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
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Zeng L, Lyu X, Guo H, Zou S, Ling Z. Photochemical Formation of C 1-C 5 Alkyl Nitrates in Suburban Hong Kong and over the South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5581-5589. [PMID: 29664616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl nitrates (RONO2) are important reservoirs of atmospheric nitrogen, regulating nitrogen cycling and ozone (O3) formation. In this study, we found that propane and n-butane were significantly lower at the offshore site (WSI) in Hong Kong ( p < 0.05), whereas C3-C4 RONO2 were comparable to the suburban site (TC) ( p > 0.05). Stronger oxidative capacity at WSI led to more efficient RONO2 formation. Relative incremental reactivity (RIR) was for the first time used to evaluate RONO2-precursor relationships. In contrast to a consistently volatile organic compounds (VOC)-limited regime at TC, RONO2 formation at WSI switched from VOC-limited regime during O3 episodes to VOC and nitrogen oxides (NO x) colimited regime during nonepisodes. Furthermore, unlike the predominant contributions of parent hydrocarbons to C4-C5 RONO2, the production of C1-C3 RONO2 was more sensitive to other VOCs like aromatics and carbonyls, which accounted for ∼40-90% of the productions of C1-C3 alkylperoxy (RO2) and alkoxy radicals (RO) at both sites. This resulted from the decomposition of larger RO2/RO and the change of OH abundance under the photochemistry of other VOCs. This study advanced our understanding of the photochemical formation of RONO2, particularly the relationships between RONO2 and their precursors, which were not confined to the parent hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Zeng
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Kong , China
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Song J, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Ho KF, Yuan Z, Ling Z, Niu X, Gao Y, Cui L, Louie PKK, Lee SC, Lai S. Seasonal variations of C 1-C 4 alkyl nitrates at a coastal site in Hong Kong: Influence of photochemical formation and oceanic emissions. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:275-284. [PMID: 29216547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Five C1-C4 alkyl nitrates (RONO2) were measured at a coastal site in Hong Kong in four selected months of 2011 and 2012. The total mixing ratios of C1-C4 RONO2 (Σ5RONO2) ranged from 15.4 to 143.7 pptv with an average of 65.9 ± 33.0 pptv. C3-C4 RONO2 (2-butyl nitrate and 2-propyl nitrate) were the most abundant RONO2 during the entire sampling period. The mixing ratios of C3-C4 RONO2 were higher in winter than those in summer, while the ones of methyl nitrate (MeONO2) were higher in summer than those in winter. Source analysis suggests that C2-C4 RONO2 were mainly derived from photochemical formation along with biomass burning (58.3-71.6%), while ocean was a major contributor to MeONO2 (53.8%) during the whole sampling period. The photochemical evolution of C2-C4 RONO2 was investigated, and found to be dominantly produced by the parent hydrocarbon oxidation. The notable enrichment of MeONO2 over C3-C4 RONO2 was observed in a summer episode when the air masses originating from the South China Sea (SCS) and MeONO2 was dominantly derived from oceanic emissions. In order to improve the accuracy of ozone (O3) prediction in coastal environment, the relative contribution of RONO2 from oceanic emissions versus photochemical formation and their coupling effects on O3 production should be taken into account in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
| | - Zibing Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhao Ling
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
| | - Senchao Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Neuman JA, Aikin KC, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Holloway JS, Meinardi S, Nowak JB, Parrish DD, Peischl J, Perring AE, Pollack IB, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Trainer M. Ozone and alkyl nitrate formation from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill atmospheric emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Butkovskaya N, Kukui A, Le Bras G. Pressure and Temperature Dependence of Methyl Nitrate Formation in the CH3O2 + NO Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5972-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210710d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Butkovskaya
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS-INSIS
1C Av. de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2,
France
| | - Alexandre Kukui
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS-INSIS
1C Av. de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2,
France
| | - Georges Le Bras
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS-INSIS
1C Av. de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2,
France
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Zhou Y, Shively D, Mao H, Russo RS, Pape B, Mower RN, Talbot R, Sive BC. Air toxic emissions from snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:222-228. [PMID: 19954179 DOI: 10.1021/es9018578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A study on emissions associated with oversnow travel in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) was conducted for the time period of February 13-16, 2002 and February 12-16, 2003. Whole air and exhaust samples were characterized for 85 volatile organic compounds using gas chromatography. The toxics including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (p-, m-, and o-xylene), and n-hexane, which are major components of two-stroke engine exhaust, show large enhancements during sampling periods resulting from increased snowmobile traffic. Evaluation of the photochemical history of air masses sampled in YNP revealed that emissions of these air toxics were (i) recent, (ii) persistent throughout the region, and (iii) consistent with the two-stroke engine exhaust sample fingerprints. The annual fluxes were estimated to be 0.35, 1.12, 0.24, 1.45, and 0.36 Gg yr(-1) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and n-hexane, respectively, from snowmobile usage in YNP. These results are comparable to the flux estimates of 0.23, 0.77, 0.17, and 0.70 Gg yr(-1) for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, respectively, that were derived on the basis of (i) actual snowmobile counts in the Park and (ii) our ambient measurements conducted in 2003. Extrapolating these results, annual emissions from snowmobiles in the U.S. appear to be significantly higher than the values from the EPA National Emissions Inventory (1999). Snowmobile emissions represent a significant fraction ( approximately 14-21%) of air toxics with respect to EPA estimates of emissions by nonroad vehicles. Further investigation is warranted to more rigorously quantify the difference between our estimates and emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Climate Change Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA.
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Shively DD, Pape BMC, Mower RN, Zhou Y, Russo R, Sive BC. Blowing smoke in Yellowstone: air quality impacts of oversnow motorized recreation in the park. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2008; 41:183-199. [PMID: 18026785 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-007-9036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Snowmobile use in Yellowstone National Park has been shown to impact air quality, with implications for the safety and welfare of Park staff and other Park resource values. Localized impacts have been documented at several high-use sites in the Park, but the broader spatial variability of snowmobile emissions and air quality was not understood. Measurements of 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were made for ambient air sampled across the Park and West Yellowstone, Montana, during 2 days of the 2002-2003 winter use season, 1 year before the implementation of a new snowmobile policy. The data were compared with similar data from pristine West Coast sites at similar latitudes. Backward trajectories of local air masses, alkyl nitrate-parent alkane ratios, and atmospheric soundings were used to identify the VOC sources and assess their impact. Different oversnow vehicle types used in the Park were sampled to determine their relative influence on air mass pollutant composition. VOCs were of local origin and demonstrated strong spatiotemporal variability that is primarily influenced by levels of snowmobile traffic on given road segments at different times of day. High levels of snowmobile traffic in and around West Yellowstone produced consistently high levels of benzene, toluene, and carbon monoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Shively
- Department of Geography, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
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Reeves CE, Slemr J, Oram DE, Worton D, Penkett SA, Stewart DJ, Purvis R, Watson N, Hopkins J, Lewis A, Methven J, Blake DR, Atlas E. Alkyl nitrates in outflow from North America over the North Atlantic during Intercontinental Transport of Ozone and Precursors 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Reeves
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Jana Slemr
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - David E. Oram
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - David Worton
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Stuart A. Penkett
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - David J. Stewart
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
| | - Ruth Purvis
- Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements; Cranfield University; Cranfield UK
| | - Nicola Watson
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; York UK
| | - Jim Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; York UK
| | - Ally Lewis
- Department of Chemistry; University of York; York UK
| | - John Methven
- Department of Meteorology; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Irvine California USA
| | - Elliot Atlas
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry; University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
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Rosen RS. Observations of total alkyl nitrates during Texas Air Quality Study 2000: Implications for O3and alkyl nitrate photochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Katzenstein AS, Doezema LA, Simpson IJ, Blake DR, Rowland FS. Extensive regional atmospheric hydrocarbon pollution in the southwestern United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11975-9. [PMID: 14530403 PMCID: PMC218698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1635258100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light alkane hydrocarbons are present in major quantities in the near-surface atmosphere of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas during both autumn and spring seasons. In spring 2002, maximum mixing ratios of ethane [34 parts per 109 by volume (ppbv)], propane (20 ppbv), and n-butane (13 ppbv) were observed in north-central Texas. The elevated alkane mixing ratios are attributed to emissions from the oil and natural gas industry. Measured alkyl nitrate mixing ratios were comparable to urban smog values, indicating active photochemistry in the presence of nitrogen oxides, and therefore with abundant formation of tropospheric ozone. We estimate that 4-6 teragrams of methane are released annually within the region and represents a significant fraction of the estimated total U.S. emissions. This result suggests that total U.S. natural gas emissions may have been underestimated. Annual ethane emissions from the study region are estimated to be 0.3-0.5 teragrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Katzenstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Chow JM, Miller AM, Elrod MJ. Kinetics of the C3H7O2 + NO Reaction: Temperature Dependence of the Overall Rate Constant and the i-C3H7ONO2 Branching Channel. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074
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Choi Y. Survey of whole air data from the second airborne Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment using principal component analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Swanson AL. Seasonal variations of C2–C4nonmethane hydrocarbons and C1–C4alkyl nitrates at the Summit research station in Greenland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Blake NJ. The seasonal evolution of NMHCs and light alkyl nitrates at middle to high northern latitudes during TOPSE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Simpson IJ. Photochemical production and evolution of selected C2–C5alkyl nitrates in tropospheric air influenced by Asian outflow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fischer R, Weller R, Jacobi HW, Ballschmiter K. Levels and pattern of volatile organic nitrates and halocarbons in the air at Neumayer Station (70 degrees S), Antarctic. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 48:981-992. [PMID: 12222794 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Levels and patterns of C1-C4/C9 organic nitrates were measured for the first time in Antarctica. The sampling was done by adsorptive enrichment on Tenax TA followed by thermodesorption cold-trap high resolution capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. 2-70 1 air on-column have been analyzed this way. C1-C9 alkyl mononitrates, C2-C4 alkyl dinitrates, C2-C4 hydroxy alkyl nitrates, and halocarbons could be identified in air samples collected near the German Neumayer Research Station, Antarctica, in February 1999. Volatile biogenic and anthropogenic halocarbons were used to assess the origin of the air parcels analyzed. The average concentration measured for sigmaC2-C6 alkyl nitrates was in the range of 9.2 +/- 1.8 ppt(v), while the sum of the mixing ratios of six C2-C4 hydroxy alkyl nitrates was in the range of 1.1 +/- 0.2 ppt(v). Moreover, C2-C4 alkyl dinitrates were found at levels near the detection limit of 0.1-0.5 ppt(v). The concentrations of organic nitrates found in Antarctic air represent ultimate baseline levels due to chemical and physical loss processes during long-range transport in the air. The South Atlantic and the Antarctic Ocean as a general secondary source for organic nitrates in terms of an air/sea exchange equilibrium has to be evaluated yet, but it seems logical. Our results confirm the common assumption that there are no biogenic marine sources of C2-C9 organonitrates. We have found a level of > 80 ppt(v) for methyl nitrate. This level if it can be confirmed in a systematic survey requires a strong biogenic source of methyl nitrate in the Antarctic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Fischer
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Ulm, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlheinz Ballschmiter
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Day DA, Wooldridge PJ, Dillon MB, Thornton JA, Cohen RC. A thermal dissociation laser-induced fluorescence instrument for in situ detection of NO2, peroxy nitrates, alkyl nitrates, and HNO3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Day
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - P. J. Wooldridge
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - M. B. Dillon
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - J. A. Thornton
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - R. C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Berkeley California USA
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23
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Chapter 11 Ozone and other secondary photochemical pollutants: chemical processes governing their formation in the planetary boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-8177(02)80014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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24
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Stroud CA, Roberts JM, Williams J, Goldan PD, Kuster WC, Ryerson TB, Sueper D, Parrish DD, Trainer M, Fehsenfeld FC, Flocke F, Schauffler SM, Stroud VRF, Atlas E. Alkyl nitrate measurements during STERAO 1996 and NARE 1997: Intercomparison and survey of results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Ostling K, Kelly B, Bird S, Bertman S, Pippin M, Thornberry T, Carroll MA. Fast-turnaround alkyl nitrate measurements during the PROPHET 1998 summer intensive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Kondratyev KY, Varotsos CA. Global tropospheric ozone dynamics. Part I: Tropospheric ozone precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2001; 8:57-62. [PMID: 11370655 DOI: 10.1007/bf02987295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the tropospheric ozone changes is presented focussing mainly on the tropospheric ozone precursors. The complexity of the problem is shown through the consideration of a great number of relevant substances, like nitrogen compounds, volatile organic compounds, peroxyacetyl nitrate, hydroxyl radical, carbon monoxide, alkyl nitrates. The up-to-date knowledge on the relevant numerical modelling is presented in Part II.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Kondratyev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Ecological Safety, 18 Korpusnaya Str., 197042 St. Petersburg, Russia
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27
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Moschonas N, Glavas S. Simple cryoconcentration technique for the determination of peroxyacyl and alkyl nitrates in the atmosphere. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:405-11. [PMID: 11192172 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A gaseous mixture of methyl nitrate, n-propyl nitrate, peroxyacetyl nitrate and peroxypropionyl nitrate was successfully cryoconcentrated using a gas sampling valve with its loop filled with glass beads placed inside the GC oven which was cooled at -50 degrees C. The technique offered linearity over a ten fold concentration variation and sample volume range of 1-280 ml. The detection limit for 150 ml sample varied from 0.02-10 pptv depending on the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Moschonas
- University of Patras, Department of Chemistry, Hellas, Greece
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28
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Fischer RG, Kastler J, Ballschmiter K. Levels and pattern of alkyl nitrates, multifunctional alkyl nitrates, and halocarbons in the air over the Atlantic Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Volz-Thomas A, Kolahgar B. On the budget of hydroxyl radicals at Schauinsland during the Schauinsland Ozone Precursor Experiment (SLOPE96). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Pätz HW, Corsmeier U, Glaser K, Vogt U, Kalthoff N, Klemp D, Kolahgar B, Lerner A, Neininger B, Schmitz T, Schultz MG, Slemr J, Volz-Thomas A. Measurements of trace gases and photolysis frequencies during SLOPE96 and a coarse estimate of the local OH concentration from HNO3formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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