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Hansen LN. A tale of two transitions: Linking the brittle-ductile transition to changing microphysical processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2316663120. [PMID: 37967210 PMCID: PMC10691206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316663120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lars N. Hansen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN55105
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Davarpanah SM, Sharghi M, Narimani S, Török Á, Vásárhelyi B. Brittle-ductile transition stress of different rock types and its relationship with uniaxial compressive strength and Hoek-Brown material constant (m i). Sci Rep 2023; 13:1186. [PMID: 36681752 PMCID: PMC9867716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rocks deformed at low confining pressure are brittle, which means that after peak stress, the strength declines to a residual value established by sliding friction. The stress drop is the variation between peak and residual values. But no tension reduction takes place at high confining pressure. A proposed definition of the brittle-ductile transition is the transition pressure at which no loss in strength takes place. However, studies that consider information about the brittle-ductile transition, the criterion's range of applicability, how to determine mi, and how confining pressures affect mi's values are scarce. This paper aims to investigate the link between brittle-ductile transition stress, uniaxial compressive strength and Hoek-Brown material constant (mi) for different kinds of rock. It is essential to accurately determine the brittle-ductile transition stress to derive reliable values for mi. To achieve this purpose, a large amount of data from the literature was chosen, regression analysis was carried out, and brittle-ductile transition stress (σTR) was determined based on the combination of Hoek-Brown failure criteria and the recently used brittle-ductile transition stress limit of Mogi. Moreover, new nonlinear correlations were established between uniaxial compressive strength and Hoek-Brown material constant (mi) for different igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock types. Regression analyses show that the determination coefficient between σTR and UCS for gneiss is 0.9, sandstone is 0.8, and shale is 0.74. Similarly, the determination coefficient between σTR and mi for gneiss is 0.88. The correlation between Hoek-Brown material constant (mi) and σTR was not notable for sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, probably due to sedimentary rocks' stratification and metamorphic ones' foliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Morteza Davarpanah
- grid.6759.d0000 0001 2180 0451Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mohammad Sharghi
- grid.6759.d0000 0001 2180 0451Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.412345.50000 0000 9012 9027Department of Mining Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Samad Narimani
- grid.6759.d0000 0001 2180 0451Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Török
- grid.6759.d0000 0001 2180 0451Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Vásárhelyi
- grid.6759.d0000 0001 2180 0451Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Parisio F, Vinciguerra S, Kolditz O, Nagel T. The brittle-ductile transition in active volcanoes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:143. [PMID: 30644429 PMCID: PMC6333802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrasting deformation mechanisms precede volcanic eruptions and control precursory signals. Density increase and high uplifts consistent with magma intrusion and pressurization are in contrast with dilatant responses and reduced surface uplifts observed before eruptions. We investigate the impact that the rheology of rocks constituting the volcanic edifice has on the deformation mechanisms preceding eruptions. We propose a model for the pressure and temperature dependent brittle-ductile transition through which we build a strength profile of the shallow crust in two idealized volcanic settings (igneous and sedimentary basement). We have performed finite element analyses in coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical conditions to investigate the influence of static diking on the local brittle-ductile transition. Our results show that in active volcanoes: (i) dilatancy is an appropriate indicator for the brittle-ductile transition; (ii) the predicted depth of the brittle-ductile transition agrees with the observed attenuated seismicity; (iii) seismicity associated with diking is likely to be affected by ductile deformation mode caused by the local temperature increase; (iv) if failure occurs within the edifice, it is likely to be brittle-dilatant with strength and stiffness reduction that blocks stress transfers within the volcanic edifice, ultimately damping surface uplifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Parisio
- Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | - Olaf Kolditz
- Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Applied Environmental Systems Analysis, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Nagel
- Department of Environmental Informatics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Chair of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Institute of Geotechnics, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
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Agliardi F, Dobbs MR, Zanchetta S, Vinciguerra S. Folded fabric tunes rock deformation and failure mode in the upper crust. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15290. [PMID: 29127400 PMCID: PMC5681581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The micro-mechanisms of brittle failure affect the bulk mechanical behaviour and permeability of crustal rocks. In low-porosity crystalline rocks, these mechanisms are related to mineralogy and fabric anisotropy, while confining pressure, temperature and strain rates regulate the transition from brittle to ductile behaviour. However, the effects of folded anisotropic fabrics, widespread in orogenic settings, on the mechanical behaviour of crustal rocks are largely unknown. Here we explore the deformation and failure behaviour of a representative folded gneiss, by combining the results of triaxial deformation experiments carried out while monitoring microseismicity with microstructural and damage proxies analyses. We show that folded crystalline rocks in upper crustal conditions exhibit dramatic strength heterogeneity and contrasting failure modes at identical confining pressure and room temperature, depending on the geometrical relationships between stress and two different anisotropies associated to the folded rock fabric. These anisotropies modulate the competition among quartz- and mica-dominated microscopic damage processes, resulting in transitional brittle to semi-brittle modes under P and T much lower than expected. This has significant implications on scales relevant to seismicity, energy resources, engineering applications and geohazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Agliardi
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Piazza della Scienza 4, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - M R Dobbs
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - S Zanchetta
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Piazza della Scienza 4, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - S Vinciguerra
- University of Torino, Department of Earth Sciences, Via Valperga Caluso 35, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Heap MJ, Farquharson JI, Baud P, Lavallée Y, Reuschlé T. Fracture and compaction of andesite in a volcanic edifice. BULLETIN OF VOLCANOLOGY 2015; 77:55. [PMID: 26321781 PMCID: PMC4551152 DOI: 10.1007/s00445-015-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The failure mode of lava-dilatant or compactant-depends on the physical attributes of the lava, primarily the porosity and pore size, and the conditions under which it deforms. The failure mode for edifice host rock has attendant implications for the structural stability of the edifice and the efficiency of the sidewall outgassing of the volcanic conduit. In this contribution, we present a systematic experimental study on the failure mode of edifice-forming andesitic rocks (porosity from 7 to 25 %) from Volcán de Colima, Mexico. The experiments show that, at shallow depths (<1 km), both low- and high-porosity lavas dilate and fail by shear fracturing. However, deeper in the edifice (>1 km), while low-porosity (<10 %) lava remains dilatant, the failure of high-porosity lava is compactant and driven by cataclastic pore collapse. Although inelastic compaction is typically characterised by the absence of strain localisation, we observe compactive localisation features in our porous andesite lavas manifest as subplanar surfaces of collapsed pores. In terms of volcano stability, faulting in the upper edifice could destabilise the volcano, leading to an increased risk of flank or large-scale dome collapse, while compactant deformation deeper in the edifice may emerge as a viable mechanism driving volcano subsidence, spreading and destabilisation. The failure mode influences the evolution of rock physical properties: permeability measurements demonstrate that a throughgoing tensile fracture increases sample permeability (i.e. equivalent permeability) by about a factor of two, and that inelastic compaction to an axial strain of 4.5 % reduces sample permeability by an order of magnitude. The implication of these data is that sidewall outgassing may therefore be efficient in the shallow edifice, where rock can fracture, but may be impeded deeper in the edifice due to compaction. The explosive potential of a volcano may therefore be subject to increase over time if the progressive compaction and permeability reduction in the lower edifice cannot be offset by the formation of permeable fracture pathways in the upper edifice. The mode of failure of the edifice host rock is therefore likely to be an important factor controlling lateral outgassing and thus eruption style (effusive versus explosive) at stratovolcanoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Heap
- />Équipe de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - J. I. Farquharson
- />Équipe de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - P. Baud
- />Équipe de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Y. Lavallée
- />Earth, Ocean and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GP UK
| | - T. Reuschlé
- />Équipe de Géophysique Expérimentale, Institut de Physique de Globe de Strasbourg (UMR 7516 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg/EOST), 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
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Hirth G, EscartíN J, Lin J. The Rheology of the Lower Oceanic Crust: Implications for Lithospheric Deformation at Mid-Ocean Ridges. FAULTING AND MAGMATISM AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm106p0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kohlstedt DL, Evans B, Mackwell SJ. Strength of the lithosphere: Constraints imposed by laboratory experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1202] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hirth G, Tullis J. The brittle-plastic transition in experimentally deformed quartz aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Violay M, Gibert B, Mainprice D, Evans B, Dautria JM, Azais P, Pezard P. An experimental study of the brittle-ductile transition of basalt at oceanic crust pressure and temperature conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Borja RI, Foster CD. Continuum mathematical modeling of slip weakening in geological systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo I. Borja
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - Craig D. Foster
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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Boettcher MS, Hirth G, Evans B. Olivine friction at the base of oceanic seismogenic zones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schmocker M, Bystricky M, Kunze K, Burlini L, Stünitz H, Burg JP. Granular flow and Riedel band formation in water-rich quartz aggregates experimentally deformed in torsion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Schmocker
- Geologisches Institut; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M. Bystricky
- Geologisches Institut; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule; Zurich Switzerland
| | - K. Kunze
- Geologisches Institut; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule; Zurich Switzerland
| | - L. Burlini
- Geologisches Institut; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule; Zurich Switzerland
| | - H. Stünitz
- Geologisches Institut; Universität Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - J.-P. Burg
- Geologisches Institut; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule; Zurich Switzerland
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Hirth G, Kohlstedt D. Rheology of the upper mantle and the mantle wedge: A view from the experimentalists. INSIDE THE SUBDUCTION FACTORY 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/138gm06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 634] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Stipp M, Stünitz H, Heilbronner R, Schmid SM. Dynamic recrystallization of quartz: correlation between natural and experimental conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2001.200.01.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractQuartz veins in the Eastern Tonale mylonite zone (Italian Alps) were deformed in strike-slip shear. Due to the synkinematic emplacement of the Adamello Pluton, a temperature gradient between 280°C and 700°C was effected across this fault zone. The resulting dynamic recrystallization microstructures are characteristic of bulging recrystallization, subgrain rotation recrystallization and grain boundary migration recrystallization. The transitions in recrystallization mechanisms are marked by discrete changes of grain size dependence on temperature. Differential stresses are calculated from the recrystallized grain size data using paleopiezometric relationships. Deformation temperatures are obtained from metamorphic reactions in the deformed host rock. Flow stresses and deformation temperatures are used to determine the strain rate of the Tonale mylonites through integration with several published flow laws yielding an average rate of approximately 10−14s−1 to 10−12s−1. The deformation conditions of the natural fault rocks are compared and correlated with three experimental dislocation creep regimes of quartz of Hirth & Tullis. Linking the microstructures of the naturally and experimentally deformed quartz rocks, a recrystallization mechanism map is presented. This map permits the derivation of temperature and strain rate for mylonitic fault rocks once the recrystallization mechanism is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stipp
- Department of Earth Sciences, Basel University
Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Holger Stünitz
- Department of Earth Sciences, Basel University
Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Renée Heilbronner
- Department of Earth Sciences, Basel University
Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan M. Schmid
- Department of Earth Sciences, Basel University
Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Banerjee NR, Gillis KM. Hydrothermal alteration in a modern suprasubduction zone: The Tonga forearc crust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wagner GA, Coyle DA, Duyster J, Henjes-Kunst F, Peterek A, Schröder B, Stöckhert B, Wemmer K, Zulauf G, Ahrendt H, Bischoff R, Hejl E, Jacobs J, Menzel D, Lal N, Van den haute P, Vercoutere C, Welzel B. Post-Variscan thermal and tectonic evolution of the KTB site and its surroundings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb02565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Siddiqi G, Evans B, Dresen G, Freund D. Effect of semibrittle deformation on transport properties of calcite rocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jb01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Escartín J, Hirth G, Evans B. Nondilatant brittle deformation of serpentinites: Implications for Mohr-Coulomb theory and the strength of faults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jb02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang S, Cox SF, Paterson MS. The influence of room temperature deformation on porosity and permeability in calcite aggregates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shea WT, Kronenberg AK. Rheology and deformation mechanisms of an isotropic mica schist. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smrekar SE, Solomon SC. Gravitational spreading of high terrain in Ishtar Terra, Venus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92je01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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