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Lukin AS, Artemyev AV, Vainchtein DL, Petrukovich AA. Regimes of ion dynamics in current sheets: The machine learning approach. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:065205. [PMID: 36671165 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.065205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Current sheets are spatially localized almost-one-dimensional (1D) structures with intense plasma currents. They play a key role in storing the magnetic field energy and they separate different plasma populations in planetary magnetospheres, the solar wind, and the solar corona. Current sheets are primary regions for the magnetic field line reconnection responsible for plasma heating and charged particle acceleration. One of the most interesting and widely observed types of 1D current sheets is the rotational discontinuity, which can be force-free or include plasma compression. Theoretical models of such 1D current sheets are based on the assumption of adiabatic motion of ions, i.e., ion adiabatic invariants are conserved. We focus on three current sheet configurations, widely observed in the Earth magnetopause and magnetotail and in the near-Earth solar wind. The magnetic field in such current sheets is supported by currents carried by transient ions, which exist only when there is a sufficient number of invariants. In this paper, we apply a machine learning approach, AI Poincaré, to determine parametrical domains where adiabatic invariants are conserved. For all three current sheet configurations, these domains are quite narrow and do not cover the entire parametrical range of observed current sheets. We discuss possible interpretation of obtained results indicating that 1D current sheets are dynamical rather than static plasma equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lukin
- Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Faculty of Physics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 101000, Russia
| | - A V Artemyev
- Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - D L Vainchtein
- Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Nyheim Plasma Institute, Drexel University, Camden, New Jersey 08103, USA
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Zou Y, Walsh BM, Chen L, Ng J, Shi X, Wang C, Lyons LR, Liu J, Angelopoulos V, McWilliams KA, Michael Ruohoniemi J. Unsteady Magnetopause Reconnection Under Quasi-Steady Solar Wind Driving. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2021GL096583. [PMID: 35865078 PMCID: PMC9285935 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl096583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic temporal nature of magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause has been an active area of research. Both temporally steady and intermittent reconnection have been reported. We examine the steadiness of reconnection using space-ground conjunctions under quasi-steady solar wind driving. The spacecraft suggests that reconnection is first inactive, and then activates. The radar further suggests that after activation, reconnection proceeds continuously but unsteadily. The reconnection electric field shows variations at frequencies below 10 mHz with peaks at 3 and 5 mHz. The variation amplitudes are ∼10-30 mV/m in the ionosphere, and 0.3-0.8 mV/m at the equatorial magnetopause. Such amplitudes represent 30%-60% of the peak reconnection electric field. The unsteadiness of reconnection can be plausibly explained by the fluctuating magnetic field in the turbulent magnetosheath. A comparison with a previous global hybrid simulation suggests that it is the foreshock waves that drive the magnetosheath fluctuations, and hence modulate the reconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zou
- Department of Space ScienceUniversity of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleALUSA
| | - Brian M. Walsh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Space PhysicsBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | - Li‐Jen Chen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - Jonathan Ng
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Department of AstronomyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Xueling Shi
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- High Altitude ObservatoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Chih‐Ping Wang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Larry R. Lyons
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Vassilis Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Kathryn A. McWilliams
- Department of Physics & Engineering PhysicsUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - J. Michael Ruohoniemi
- The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
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Trattner KJ, Petrinec SM, Fuselier SA. The Location of Magnetic Reconnection at Earth's Magnetopause. SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS 2021; 217:41. [PMID: 34720216 PMCID: PMC8550343 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-021-00817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One of the major questions about magnetic reconnection is how specific solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field conditions influence where reconnection occurs at the Earth's magnetopause. There are two reconnection scenarios discussed in the literature: a) anti-parallel reconnection and b) component reconnection. Early spacecraft observations were limited to the detection of accelerated ion beams in the magnetopause boundary layer to determine the general direction of the reconnection X-line location with respect to the spacecraft. An improved view of the reconnection location at the magnetopause evolved from ionospheric emissions observed by polar-orbiting imagers. These observations and the observations of accelerated ion beams revealed that both scenarios occur at the magnetopause. Improved methodology using the time-of-flight effect of precipitating ions in the cusp regions and the cutoff velocity of the precipitating and mirroring ion populations was used to pinpoint magnetopause reconnection locations for a wide range of solar wind conditions. The results from these methodologies have been used to construct an empirical reconnection X-line model known as the Maximum Magnetic Shear model. Since this model's inception, several tests have confirmed its validity and have resulted in modifications to the model for certain solar wind conditions. This review article summarizes the observational evidence for the location of magnetic reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause, emphasizing the properties and efficacy of the Maximum Magnetic Shear Model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. A. Fuselier
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
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Sonnerup BUÖ, Paschmann G, Phan TD. Fluid Aspects of Reconnection at the Magnetopause: In Situ Observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm090p0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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The Structure of the Magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/gm090p0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gosling JT, Thomsen MF, Bame SJ, Elphic RC, Russell CT. Observations of reconnection of interplanetary and lobe magnetic field lines at the high-latitude magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Freeman MP, Farrugia CJ, Burlaga LF, Hairston MR, Greenspan ME, Ruohoniemi JM, Lepping RP. The interaction of a magnetic cloud with the Earth: Ionospheric convection in the northern and southern hemispheres for a wide range of quasi-steady interplanetary magnetic field conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Scudder JD. Fluid signatures of rotational discontinuities at the Earth's magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja089ia09p07431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Taguchi S, Sugiura M, Winningham JD, Slavin JA. Characterization of the IMFBy-dependent field-aligned currents in the cleft region based on DE 2 observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lai HR, Wei HY, Russell CT, Arridge CS, Dougherty MK. Reconnection at the magnetopause of Saturn: Perspective from FTE occurrence and magnetosphere size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dorelli JC, Bhattacharjee A, Raeder J. Separator reconnection at Earth's dayside magnetopause under generic northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006ja011877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John C. Dorelli
- EOS Space Science Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
| | | | - Joachim Raeder
- EOS Space Science Center; University of New Hampshire; Durham New Hampshire USA
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Phan TD, Gosling JT, Davis MS, Skoug RM, Øieroset M, Lin RP, Lepping RP, McComas DJ, Smith CW, Reme H, Balogh A. A magnetic reconnection X-line extending more than 390 Earth radii in the solar wind. Nature 2006; 439:175-8. [PMID: 16407946 DOI: 10.1038/nature04393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic reconnection in a current sheet converts magnetic energy into particle energy, a process that is important in many laboratory, space and astrophysical contexts. It is not known at present whether reconnection is fundamentally a process that can occur over an extended region in space or whether it is patchy and unpredictable in nature. Frequent reports of small-scale flux ropes and flow channels associated with reconnection in the Earth's magnetosphere raise the possibility that reconnection is intrinsically patchy, with each reconnection X-line (the line along which oppositely directed magnetic field lines reconnect) extending at most a few Earth radii (R(E)), even though the associated current sheets span many tens or hundreds of R(E). Here we report three-spacecraft observations of accelerated flow associated with reconnection in a current sheet embedded in the solar wind flow, where the reconnection X-line extended at least 390R(E) (or 2.5 x 10(6) km). Observations of this and 27 similar events imply that reconnection is fundamentally a large-scale process. Patchy reconnection observed in the Earth's magnetosphere is therefore likely to be a geophysical effect associated with fluctuating boundary conditions, rather than a fundamental property of reconnection. Our observations also reveal, surprisingly, that reconnection can operate in a quasi-steady-state manner even when undriven by the external flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Phan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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Lavraud B. High-altitude cusp flow dependence on IMF orientation: A 3-year Cluster statistical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004ja010804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Scurry L, Russell CT, Gosling JT. A statistical study of accelerated flow events at the dayside magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Walthour DW, Gosling JT, Sonnerup BUÖ, Russell CT. Observation of anomalous slow-mode shock and reconnection layer in the dayside magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Ding DQ, Lee LC, Swift DW. Particle simulations of driven collisionless magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Ding DQ, Lee LC, Kennel CF. The beta dependence of the collisionless tearing instability at the dayside magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92ja00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sibeck DG. Transient events in the outer magnetosphere: Boundary waves or flux transfer events? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Traver DP, Mitchell DG, Williams DJ, Frank LA, Huang CY. Two encounters with the flank low-latitude boundary layer: Further evidence for closed field topology and investigation of the internal structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sibeck DG, Lepping RP, Lazarus AJ. Magnetic field line draping in the plasma depletion layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia03p02433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Sibeck DG. A model for the transient magnetospheric response to sudden solar wind dynamic pressure variations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia04p03755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sonnerup BUÖ, Papamastorakis I, Paschmann G, Lühr H. The magnetopause for large magnetic shear: Analysis of convection electric fields from AMPTE/IRM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia07p10541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gosling JT, Thomsen MF, Bame SJ, Elphic RC, Russell CT. Plasma flow reversals at the dayside magnetopause and the origin of asymmetric polar cap convection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia06p08073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Biernat HK, Heyn MF, Rijnbeek RP, Semenov VS, Farrugia CJ. The structure of reconnection layers: Application to the Earth’s magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia01p00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Rufenach CL, Martin RF, Sauer HH. A study of geosynchronous magnetopause crossings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia11p15125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Scholer M. Asymmetric time-dependent and stationary magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/ja094ia11p15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Gosling JT, Thomsen MF, Bame SJ, Russell CT. Accelerated plasma flows at the near-tail magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/ja091ia03p03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Paschmann G, Papamastorakis I, Baumjohann W, Sckopke N, Carlson CW, Sonnerup BUÖ, Lühr H. The magnetopause for large magnetic shear: AMPTE/IRM observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/ja091ia10p11099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Paschmann G, Papamastorakis I, Sckopke N, Sonnerup BUÖ, Bame SJ, Russell CT. ISEE observations of the magnetopause: Reconnection and the energy balance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia12p12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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33
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34
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Plasma and particle observations at the magnetopause: Implications for reconnection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/gm030p0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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35
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Magnetic field reconnection at the magnetopause: An overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/gm030p0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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36
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Rijnbeek RP, Cowley SWH, Southwood DJ, Russell CT. A survey of dayside flux transfer events observed by ISEE 1 and 2 magnetometers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/ja089ia02p00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Observations of reverse polarity flux transfer events at the Earth's dayside magnetopause. Nature 1982. [DOI: 10.1038/300023a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Paschmann G, Haerendel G, Papamastorakis I, Sckopke N, Bame SJ, Gosling JT, Russell CT. Plasma and magnetic field characteristics of magnetic flux transfer events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1029/ja087ia04p02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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