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Roussos E, Cohen C, Kollmann P, Pinto M, Krupp N, Gonçalves P, Dialynas K. A source of very energetic oxygen located in Jupiter's inner radiation belts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm4234. [PMID: 35020420 PMCID: PMC8754300 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Jupiter hosts the most hazardous radiation belts of our solar system that, besides electrons and protons, trap an undetermined mix of heavy ions. The details of this mix are critical to resolve because they can reveal the role of Jupiter’s moons relative to other less explored energetic ion sources. Here, we show that with increasing energy and in the vicinity of Jupiter’s moon Amalthea, the belts’ ion composition transitions from sulfur- to oxygen-dominated due to a local source of ≳50 MeV/nucleon oxygen. Contrary to Earth’s and Saturn’s radiation belts, where their most energetic ions are supplied through atmospheric and ring interactions with externally accelerated cosmic rays, Jupiter’s magnetosphere powers this oxygen source internally. The underlying source mechanism, involving either Jovian ring spallation by magnetospheric sulfur or stochastic oxygen heating by low-frequency plasma waves, puts Jupiter’s ion radiation belt in the same league with that of astrophysical particle accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Roussos
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christina Cohen
- Space Radiation Lab, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Peter Kollmann
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Marco Pinto
- Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Norbert Krupp
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics, Lisbon, Portugal
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Eviatar A, Barbosa DD. Jovian magnetospheric neutral wind and auroral precipitation flux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja089ia09p07393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cheng AF, Krimigis SM, Mauk BH, Keath EP, Maclennan CG, Lanzerotti LJ, Paonessa MT, Armstrong TP. Energetic ion and electron phase space densities in the magnetosphere of Uranus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia13p15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Paonessa M. Voyager observations of ion phase space densities in the Jovian magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia01p00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kunde VG, Flasar FM, Jennings DE, Bézard B, Strobel DF, Conrath BJ, Nixon CA, Bjoraker GL, Romani PN, Achterberg RK, Simon-Miller AA, Irwin P, Brasunas JC, Pearl JC, Smith MD, Orton GS, Gierasch PJ, Spilker LJ, Carlson RC, Mamoutkine AA, Calcutt SB, Read PL, Taylor FW, Fouchet T, Parrish P, Barucci A, Courtin R, Coustenis A, Gautier D, Lellouch E, Marten A, Prangé R, Biraud Y, Ferrari C, Owen TC, Abbas MM, Samuelson RE, Raulin F, Ade P, Césarsky CJ, Grossman KU, Coradini A. Jupiter's Atmospheric Composition from the Cassini Thermal Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment. Science 2004; 305:1582-6. [PMID: 15319491 DOI: 10.1126/science.1100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Composite Infrared Spectrometer observed Jupiter in the thermal infrared during the swing-by of the Cassini spacecraft. Results include the detection of two new stratospheric species, the methyl radical and diacetylene, gaseous species present in the north and south auroral infrared hot spots; determination of the variations with latitude of acetylene and ethane, the latter a tracer of atmospheric motion; observations of unexpected spatial distributions of carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide, both considered to be products of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacts; characterization of the morphology of the auroral infrared hot spot acetylene emission; and a new evaluation of the energetics of the northern auroral infrared hot spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Kunde
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Mauk BH. Energetic ion characteristics and neutral gas interactions in Jupiter's magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gustin J. Energy-flux relationship in the FUV Jovian aurora deduced from HST-STIS spectral observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cravens TE. Implications of Jovian X-ray emission for magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003ja010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Frank LA, Paterson WR. Galileo observations of electron beams and thermal ions in Jupiter's magnetosphere and their relationship to the auroras. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja009150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Frank
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - W. R. Paterson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
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Gladstone GR, Waite JH, Grodent D, Lewis WS, Crary FJ, Elsner RF, Weisskopf MC, Majeed T, Jahn JM, Bhardwaj A, Clarke JT, Young DT, Dougherty MK, Espinosa SA, Cravens TE. A pulsating auroral X-ray hot spot on Jupiter. Nature 2002; 415:1000-3. [PMID: 11875561 DOI: 10.1038/4151000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Jupiter's X-ray aurora has been thought to be excited by energetic sulphur and oxygen ions precipitating from the inner magnetosphere into the planet's polar regions. Here we report high-spatial-resolution observations that demonstrate that most of Jupiter's northern auroral X-rays come from a 'hot spot' located significantly poleward of the latitudes connected to the inner magnetosphere. The hot spot seems to be fixed in magnetic latitude and longitude and occurs in a region where anomalous infrared and ultraviolet emissions have also been observed. We infer from the data that the particles that excite the aurora originate in the outer magnetosphere. The hot spot X-rays pulsate with an approximately 45-min period, a period similar to that reported for high-latitude radio and energetic electron bursts observed by near-Jupiter spacecraft. These results invalidate the idea that jovian auroral X-ray emissions are mainly excited by steady precipitation of energetic heavy ions from the inner magnetosphere. Instead, the X-rays seem to result from currently unexplained processes in the outer magnetosphere that produce highly localized and highly variable emissions over an extremely wide range of wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Gladstone
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78228, USA.
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11
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Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling at earth, jupiter, and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/130gm07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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12
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Frank LA, Paterson WR. Survey of thermal ions in the Io plasma torus with the Galileo spacecraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Frank LA, Paterson WR. Observations of plasmas in the Io torus with the Galileo spacecraft. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vasavada AR, Bouchez AH, Ingersoll AP, Little B, Anger CD. Jupiter's visible aurora and Io footprint. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je001055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mauk BH, Williams DJ, McEntire RW, Khurana KK, Roederer JG. Storm-like dynamics of Jupiter's inner and middle magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999ja900097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wilson JK, Schneider NM. Io's sodium directional feature: Evidence for ionospheric escape. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999je900017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kharchenko V, Liu W, Dalgarno A. X ray and EUV emission spectra of oxygen ions precipitating into the Jovian atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schreier R, Eviatar A, Vasyliūnas VM. A two-dimensional model of plasma transport and chemistry in the Jovian magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98je00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gladstone GR, Waite JH, Lewis WS. Secular and local time dependence of Jovian X ray emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98je00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Waite JH, Gladstone GR, Lewis WS, Drossart P, Cravens TE, Maurellis AN, Mauk BH, Miller S. Equatorial X-ray Emissions: Implications for Jupiter's High Exospheric Temperatures. Science 1997; 276:104-8. [PMID: 9082978 DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5309.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Observations with the High Resolution Imager on the Rontgensatellit reveal x-ray emissions from Jupiter's equatorial latitudes. The observed emissions probably result from the precipitation of energetic (>300 kiloelectron volts per atomic mass unit) sulfur and oxygen ions out of Jupiter's inner radiation belt. Model calculations of the energy deposition by such heavy ion precipitation and of the resulting atmospheric heating rates indicate that this energy source can contribute to the high exospheric temperatures(>800 kelvin at 0.01 microbar) measured by the Galileo probe's Atmospheric Structure Instrument. Low-latitude energetic particle precipitation must therefore be considered, in addition to other proposed mechanisms such as gravity waves and soft electron precipitation, as an important source of heat for Jupiter's thermosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- JH Waite
- J. H. Waite Jr., G. R. Gladstone, W. S. Lewis, Department of Space Science, Southwest Research Institute, Post Office Box 28510, San Antonio, TX 78228-0510, USA. P. Drossart, DESPA, Observatoire de Paris, F-92195 Meudon Cedex, France. T. E. Cravens and A. N. Maurellis, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-2151, USA. B. H. Mauk, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723-6099, USA. S. Miller, Department of History, Philosophy, and Communication in Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Tsurutani BT, Arballo JK, Goldstein BE, Ho CM, Lakhina GS, Smith EJ, Cornilleau-Wehrlin N, Prangé R, Lin N, Kellogg P, Phillips JL, Balogh A, Krupp N, Kane M. Plasma wave characteristics of the Jovian magnetopause boundary layer: Relationship to the Jovian aurora? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Anglin JD, Burrows JR, Mu JL, Wilson MD. Trapped energetic ions in Jupiter's inner magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mauk BH, Gary SA, Kane M, Keath EP, Krimigis SM, Armstrong TP. Hot plasma parameters of Jupiter's inner magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96ja00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Waite JH, Gladstone GR, Franke K, Lewis WS, Fabian AC, Brandt WN, Na C, Haberl F, Clarke JT, Hurley KC, Sommer M, Bolton S. ROSAT Observations of X-ray Emissions from Jupiter During the Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Science 1995; 268:1598-601. [PMID: 17754612 DOI: 10.1126/science.268.5217.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Röntgensatellit (ROSAT) observations made shortly before and during the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter show enhanced x-ray emissions from the planet's northern high latitudes. These emissions, which occur at System III longitudes where intensity enhancements have previously been observed in Jupiter's ultraviolet aurora, appear to be associated with the comet fragment impacts in Jupiter's southern hemisphere and may represent brightenings of the jovian x-ray aurora caused either by the fragment impacts themselves or by the passage of the fragments and associated dust clouds through Jupiter's inner magnetosphere.
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Cravens TE, Howell E, Waite JH, Gladstone GR. Auroral oxygen precipitation at Jupiter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95ja00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prangé R, Rego D, Gérard JC. Auroral Lyman α and H2bands from the giant planets: 2. Effect of the anisotropy of the precipitating particles on the interpretation of the “color ratio”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94je03176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rego D, Prangé R, Gérard JC. Auroral Lyman α and H2bands from the giant planets: 1. Excitation by proton precipitation in the Jovian atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93je03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Waite JH, Bagenal F, Seward F, Na C, Gladstone GR, Cravens TE, Hurley KC, Clarke JT, Elsner R, Stern SA. ROSAT observations of the Jupiter aurora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94ja01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Waite JH. Comment on “Bremsstrahlung X rays from Jovian auroral electrons” by D. D. Barbosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prangé R, Elkhamsi M. Modeling the precipitation flux in the Jovian auroral zones: 1. The model and its application to the UV auroral emissions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91ja01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Livengood TA, Strobel DF, Moos HW. Long-term study of longitudinal dependence in primary particle precipitation in the north Jovian aurora. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/ja095ia07p10375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Horanyi M, Cravens TE, Waite JH. The precipitation of energetic heavy ions into the upper atmosphere of Jupiter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/ja093ia07p07251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Waite JH, Clarke JT, Cravens TE, Hammond CM. The Jovian aurora: Electron or ion precipitation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1029/ja093ia07p07244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The satellites of Jupiter eclipsed each other in 1985, and these events allowed an unusual measurement of the sodium in Io's extended atmosphere. Europa was used as a mirror to look back through the Io atmosphere at the sun. The measured column abundances suggest that the atmosphere is collisionally thin above 700 kilometers and may be collisionally thin to the surface. The sodium radial profile above 700 kilometers resembles a 1500 kelvin exosphere with a surface density near 2 x 10(4) sodium atoms per cubic centimeter, but a complete explanation of the dynamics requires a more complex nonthermal model: the calculated loss rates suggest that the atmosphere is being replaced on a time scale of hours.
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37
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Herbert F, Sandel BR, Broadfoot AL. Observations of the Jovian UV aurora by Voyager. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/ja092ia04p03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Metzger AE, Gilman DA, Luthey JL, Hurley KC, Schnopper HW, Seward FD, Sullivan JD. The detection of X rays from Jupiter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1029/ja088ia10p07731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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