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Pan B, de Silva SL, Danišík M, Schmitt AK, Miggins DP. The Qixiangzhan eruption, Changbaishan-Tianchi volcano, China/DPRK: new age constraints and their implications. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22485. [PMID: 36577789 PMCID: PMC9797483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zircon double dating (ZDD) of comendite lava reveals an eruption age of 7.0 ± 0.9 ka for the Qixiangzhan eruption (QXZ), Changbaishan-Tianchi volcano, China/DPRK. This age is supported by new 40Ar/39Ar sanidine experiments and a previous age control from charcoal at the base of the QXZ. The revised age supports correlations with distal ash in Eastern China and Central Japan and establishes a significant (estimated at Volcanic Explosivity Index 5+) eruption that may provide a useful Holocene stratigraphic marker in East Asia. The new age indicates that the QXZ lava does not record a ca. 17 ka Hilina Pali/Tianchi geomagnetic field excursion but rather a heretofore unrecognized younger Holocene excursion at ca. 7-8 ka. Comparison between U-Th zircon crystallization and ZDD as well as 40Ar/39Ar sanidine ages indicates a protracted period of accumulation of the QXZ magma that extends from ca. 18 ka to the eruption age. This connotes an eruption that mixed remobilized early formed crystals (antecrysts) from prior stages of magma accumulation with crystals formed near the time of eruption. Based on these results, a recurrence rate of ca. 7-8 ka for the Changbaishan-Tianchi magma system is found over the last two major eruption cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- grid.450296.c0000 0000 9558 2971Jilin Changbaishan Volcano National Observation and Research Station, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, 100029 China ,grid.4391.f0000 0001 2112 1969College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Shanaka L. de Silva
- grid.4391.f0000 0001 2112 1969College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Martin Danišík
- grid.1032.00000 0004 0375 4078John de Laeter Centre, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845 Australia
| | - Axel K. Schmitt
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120 Germany
| | - Daniel P. Miggins
- grid.4391.f0000 0001 2112 1969College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
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2
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Shaar R, Gallet Y, Vaknin Y, Gonen L, Martin MAS, Adams MJ, Finkelstein I. Archaeomagnetism in the Levant and Mesopotamia Reveals the Largest Changes in the Geomagnetic Field. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2022; 127:e2022JB024962. [PMID: 37033112 PMCID: PMC10078470 DOI: 10.1029/2022jb024962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of geomagnetic field intensity prior to the era of direct instrumental measurements relies on paleointensity analysis of rocks and archaeological materials that serve as magnetic recorders. Only in rare cases are absolute paleointensity data sets continuous over millennial timescales, in sub-centennial resolution, and directly dated using radiocarbon. As a result, fundamental properties of the geomagnetic field, such as its maximum intensity and rate of change have remained a subject of lively discussion. Here, we place firm constraints on these two quantities using Bayesian modeling of well-dated archaeomagnetic intensity data from the Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. We report new data from 23 groups of pottery collected from 18 consecutive radiocarbon-dated archaeological strata from Tel Megiddo, Israel. In the Near East, the period of 1700-550 BCE is represented by 84 groups of archaeological artifacts, 55 of which were dated using radiocarbon or a direct link to clear historically dated events, providing unprecedented sub-century resolution. Moreover, stratigraphic relationships between samples collected from multi-layered sites enable further refinement of the data ages. The Bayesian curve shows four geomagnetic spikes between 1050 and 600 BCE, with virtual axial dipole moment (VADM) reaching values of 155-162 ZAm2, much higher than any prediction from geomagnetic field models. Rates of change associated with the four spikes are ∼0.35-0.55 μT/year (∼0.7-1.1 ZAm2/year), at least twice the maximum rate inferred from direct observations spanning the past 180 years. The increase from 1750 to 1030 BCE (73-161 ZAm2) depicts the Holocene's largest change in field intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Shaar
- The Institute of Earth SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Yves Gallet
- Université Paris CitéInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisCNRSParisFrance
| | - Yoav Vaknin
- The Institute of Earth SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Lilach Gonen
- The Institute of Earth SciencesThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | | | - Matthew J. Adams
- W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological ResearchJerusalemIsrael
| | - Israel Finkelstein
- Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- School of Archaeology and Maritime CulturesUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
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3
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Vaknin Y, Shaar R, Lipschits O, Mazar A, Maeir AM, Garfinkel Y, Freud L, Faust A, Tappy RE, Kreimerman I, Ganor S, Covello-Paran K, Sergi O, Herzog Z, Arav R, Lederman Z, Münger S, Fantalkin A, Gitin S, Ben-Yosef E. Reconstructing biblical military campaigns using geomagnetic field data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209117119. [PMID: 36279453 PMCID: PMC9636932 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209117119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hebrew Bible and other ancient Near Eastern texts describe Egyptian, Aramean, Assyrian, and Babylonian military campaigns to the Southern Levant during the 10th to sixth centuries BCE. Indeed, many destruction layers dated to this period have been unearthed in archaeological excavations. Several of these layers are securely linked to specific campaigns and are widely accepted as chronological anchors. However, the dating of many other destruction layers is often debated, challenging the ability to accurately reconstruct the different military campaigns and raising questions regarding the historicity of the biblical narrative. Here, we present a synchronization of the historically dated chronological anchors and other destruction layers and artifacts using the direction and/or intensity of the ancient geomagnetic field recorded in mud bricks from 20 burnt destruction layers and in two ceramic assemblages. During the period in question, the geomagnetic field in this region was extremely anomalous with rapid changes and high-intensity values, including spikes of more than twice the intensity of today's field. The data are useful in the effort to pinpoint these short-term variations on the timescale, and they resolve chronological debates regarding the campaigns against the kingdoms of Israel and Judah, the relationship between the two kingdoms, and their administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Vaknin
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ron Shaar
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Oded Lipschits
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Amihai Mazar
- Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Aren M. Maeir
- Institute of Archaeology, The Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 590002, Israel
| | - Yosef Garfinkel
- Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Liora Freud
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Avraham Faust
- Department of General History, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 590002, Israel
| | - Ron E. Tappy
- Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, PA 15206
| | - Igor Kreimerman
- Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Saar Ganor
- Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem 9100402, Israel
| | | | - Omer Sergi
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Zeev Herzog
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rami Arav
- University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182
| | - Zvi Lederman
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Stefan Münger
- Institute of Jewish Studies, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | | | - Seymour Gitin
- W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, Jerusalem 9119002, Israel
| | - Erez Ben-Yosef
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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4
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High geomagnetic field intensity recorded by anorthosite xenoliths requires a strongly powered late Mesoproterozoic geodynamo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202875119. [PMID: 35858328 PMCID: PMC9304012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202875119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquiring high-fidelity ancient magnetic field intensity records from rocks is crucial for constraining the long-term evolution of Earth’s core. However, robust estimates of ancient field strengths are often difficult to recover due to alteration or nonideal behavior. We use rocks known as anorthosite that formed in the deep crust and were brought to the near surface where they acquired thermal remanent magnetizations. These rocks have experienced minimal postformation alteration and yield high-quality paleointensity estimates. In contrast to scenarios of a progressively decaying field leading up to a proposed late nucleation of Earth’s inner core, these data record a strong field 1.1 Ga. A strong field that persisted over a 14-My interval indicates the existence of appreciable power sources for Earth’s dynamo at this time. Obtaining estimates of Earth’s magnetic field strength in deep time is complicated by nonideal rock magnetic behavior in many igneous rocks. In this study, we target anorthosite xenoliths that cooled and acquired their magnetization within ca. 1,092 Ma shallowly emplaced diabase intrusions of the North American Midcontinent Rift. In contrast to the diabase which fails to provide reliable paleointensity estimates, the anorthosite xenoliths are unusually high-fidelity recorders yielding high-quality, single-slope paleointensity results that are consistent at specimen and site levels. An average value of ∼83 ZAm2 for the virtual dipole moment from the anorthosite xenoliths, with the highest site-level values up to ∼129 ZAm2, is higher than that of the dipole component of Earth’s magnetic field today and rivals the highest values in the paleointensity database. Such high intensities recorded by the anorthosite xenoliths require the existence of a strongly powered geodynamo at the time. Together with previous paleointensity data from other Midcontinent Rift rocks, these results indicate that a dynamo with strong power sources persisted for more than 14 My ca. 1.1 Ga. These data are inconsistent with there being a progressive monotonic decay of Earth’s dynamo strength through the Proterozoic Eon and could challenge the hypothesis of a young inner core. The multiple observed paleointensity transitions from weak to strong in the Paleozoic and the Proterozoic present challenges in identifying the onset of inner core nucleation based on paleointensity records alone.
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Schnepp E, Arneitz P, Ganerød M, Scholger R, Fritz I, Egli R, Leonhardt R. Intermediate field directions recorded in Pliocene basalts in Styria (Austria): evidence for cryptochron C2r.2r-1. EARTH, PLANETS, AND SPACE : EPS 2021; 73:182. [PMID: 34720650 PMCID: PMC8549934 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-021-01518-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pliocene volcanic rocks from south-east Austria were paleomagnetically investigated. Samples were taken from 28 sites located on eight different volcanoes. Rock magnetic investigations revealed that magnetic carriers are Ti-rich or Ti-poor titanomagnetites with mainly pseudo-single-domain characteristics. Characteristic remanent magnetization directions were obtained from alternating field as well as from thermal demagnetization. Four localities give reversed directions agreeing with the expected direction from secular variation. Another four localities of the Klöch-Königsberg volcanic complex (3) and the Neuhaus volcano (1) have reversed directions with shallow inclinations and declinations of about 240° while the locality Steinberg yields a positive inclination of about 30° and 200° declination. These aberrant directions cannot be explained by local or regional tectonic movements. All virtual geomagnetic pole positions are located on the southern hemisphere. Four virtual geomagnetic poles lie close to the geographic pole, while all others are concentrated in a narrow longitude sector offshore South America (310°-355°) with low virtual geomagnetic pole latitudes ranging from - 15° to - 70°. The hypothesis that a transitional geomagnetic field configuration was recorded during the short volcanic activity of these five localities is supported by 9 paleointensity results and 39Ar/40Ar dating. Virtual geomagnetic dipole moments range from 1.1 to 2.9·1022 Am2 for sites with low VGP latitudes below about 60° and from 3.0 to 9.3·1022 Am2 for sites with higher virtual geomagnetic pole latitudes. The new 39Ar/40Ar ages of 2.51 ± 0.27 Ma for Klöch and 2.39 ± 0.03 Ma for Steinberg allow for the correlation of the Styrian transitional directions with cryptochron C2r.2r-1 of the geomagnetic polarity time scale. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40623-021-01518-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schnepp
- Palaeomagnetic Laboratory Gams, Chair of Applied Geophysics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Gams 45, 8130 Frohnleiten, Austria
| | - Patrick Arneitz
- Conrad Observatorium, ZAMG-Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Morgan Ganerød
- Geological Survey of Norway, Torgarden, P.O. Box 6315, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robert Scholger
- Palaeomagnetic Laboratory Gams, Chair of Applied Geophysics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Gams 45, 8130 Frohnleiten, Austria
| | - Ingomar Fritz
- Universalmuseum Joanneum, Studienzentrum Naturkunde, Weinzöttlstraße 16, 8045 Graz, Austria
| | - Ramon Egli
- Conrad Observatorium, ZAMG-Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Leonhardt
- Conrad Observatorium, ZAMG-Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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6
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The strength of the Earth's magnetic field from Pre-Pottery to Pottery Neolithic, Jordan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100995118. [PMID: 34400499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100995118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Constraining secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field strength in the past is fundamental to understanding short-term processes of the geodynamo. Such records also constitute a powerful and independent dating tool for archaeological sites and geological formations. In this study, we present 11 robust archaeointensity results from Pre-Pottery to Pottery Neolithic Jordan that are based on both clay and flint (chert) artifacts. Two of these results constitute the oldest archaeointensity data for the entire Levant, ancient Egypt, Turkey, and Mesopotamia, extending the archaeomagnetic reference curve for the Holocene. Virtual Axial Dipole Moments (VADMs) show that the Earth's magnetic field in the Southern Levant was weak (about two-thirds the present field) at around 7600 BCE, recovering its strength to greater than the present field around 7000 BCE, and gradually weakening again around 5200 BCE. In addition, successful results obtained from burnt flint demonstrate the potential of this very common, and yet rarely used, material in archaeomagnetic research, in particular for prehistoric periods from the first use of fire to the invention of pottery.
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7
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Intensity of the Earth's magnetic field: Evidence for a Mid-Paleozoic dipole low. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017342118. [PMID: 34404726 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017342118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mesozoic Dipole Low (MDL) is a period, covering at least ∼80 My, of low dipole moment that ended at the start of the Cretaceous Normal Superchron. Recent studies of Devonian age Siberian localities identified similarly low field values a few tens of million years prior to the Permo-Carboniferous Reverse Superchron (PCRS). To constrain the length and timing of this potential dipole low, this study presents paleointensity estimates from Strathmore (∼411 to 416 Ma) and Kinghorn (∼332 Ma) lava flows, United Kingdom. Both localities have been studied for paleomagnetic poles (Q values of 6 to 7), and the sites were assessed for their suitability for paleointensity from paleodirections, rock magnetic analysis, and microscopy. Thermal and microwave experiments were used to determine site mean paleointensity estimates of ∼3 to 51 μT (6 to 98 ZAm2) and 4 to 11 μT (9 to 27 ZAm2) from the Strathmore and Kinghorn localities, respectively. These, and all the sites from 200 to 500 Ma from the (updated) Paleointensity database (PINT15), were assessed using the Qualitative Paleointensity criteria (QPI). The procurement of reliable (QPI ≥ 5) weak paleointensity estimates from this and other studies indicates a period of low dipole moment (median field strength of 17 ZAm2) from 332 to 416 Ma. This "Mid-Paleozoic Dipole Low (MPDL)" bears a number of similarities to the MDL, including the substantial increase in field strength near the onset of the PCRS. The MPDL also adds support to the inverse relationship between reversal frequency and field strength and a possible ∼200-My cycle in paleomagnetic behavior relating to mantle convection.
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8
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Archaeomagnetic results from Cambodia in Southeast Asia: Evidence for possible low-latitude flux expulsion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022490118. [PMID: 33836599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022490118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive spatial and temporal distribution of high-quality data are essential for understanding regional and global behaviors of the geomagnetic field. We carried out chronological and archaeomagnetic studies at the Angkor-era iron-smelting site of Tonle Bak in Cambodia in Southeast Asia, an area with no data available to date. We recovered high-fidelity full-vector geomagnetic information from the 11th to 14th century for this region, which fill gaps in the global distribution of data and will significantly improve the global models. These results reveal a sharp directional change of the geomagnetic field between 1200 and 1300 CE, accompanied by an intensity dip between 1100 and 1300 CE. The fast geomagnetic variation recorded by our data provides evidence for the possible existence of low-latitude flux expulsion. Related discussions in this paper will inspire a new focus on detailed geomagnetic research in low-latitude areas around the equator, and exploration of related dynamic processes.
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9
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Wang H, Weiss BP, Bai XN, Downey BG, Wang J, Wang J, Suavet C, Fu RR, Zucolotto ME. Lifetime of the solar nebula constrained by meteorite paleomagnetism. Science 2017; 355:623-627. [PMID: 28183977 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf5043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A key stage in planet formation is the evolution of a gaseous and magnetized solar nebula. However, the lifetime of the nebular magnetic field and nebula are poorly constrained. We present paleomagnetic analyses of volcanic angrites demonstrating that they formed in a near-zero magnetic field (<0.6 microtesla) at 4563.5 ± 0.1 million years ago, ~3.8 million years after solar system formation. This indicates that the solar nebula field, and likely the nebular gas, had dispersed by this time. This sets the time scale for formation of the gas giants and planet migration. Furthermore, it supports formation of chondrules after 4563.5 million years ago by non-nebular processes like planetesimal collisions. The core dynamo on the angrite parent body did not initiate until about 4 to 11 million years after solar system formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapei Wang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Benjamin P Weiss
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xue-Ning Bai
- Institute for Theory and Computation, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brynna G Downey
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Jiajun Wang
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Clément Suavet
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roger R Fu
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Tikoo SM, Weiss BP, Shuster DL, Suavet C, Wang H, Grove TL. A two-billion-year history for the lunar dynamo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700207. [PMID: 28808679 PMCID: PMC5550224 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic studies of lunar rocks indicate that the Moon generated a core dynamo with surface field intensities of ~20 to 110 μT between at least 4.25 and 3.56 billion years ago (Ga). The field subsequently declined to <~4 μT by 3.19 Ga, but it has been unclear whether the dynamo had terminated by this time or just greatly weakened in intensity. We present analyses that demonstrate that the melt glass matrix of a young regolith breccia was magnetized in a ~5 ± 2 μT dynamo field at ~1 to ~2.5 Ga. These data extend the known lifetime of the lunar dynamo by at least 1 billion years. Such a protracted history requires an extraordinarily long-lived power source like core crystallization or precession. No single dynamo mechanism proposed thus far can explain the strong fields inferred for the period before 3.56 Ga while also allowing the dynamo to persist in such a weakened state beyond ~2.5 Ga. Therefore, our results suggest that the dynamo was powered by at least two distinct mechanisms operating during early and late lunar history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M. Tikoo
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, 2455 Ridge Road, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Benjamin P. Weiss
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David L. Shuster
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, 2455 Ridge Road, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA
| | - Clément Suavet
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Huapei Wang
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy L. Grove
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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11
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Ben-Yosef E, Millman M, Shaar R, Tauxe L, Lipschits O. Six centuries of geomagnetic intensity variations recorded by royal Judean stamped jar handles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2160-2165. [PMID: 28193874 PMCID: PMC5338537 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1615797114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Earth's magnetic field, one of the most enigmatic physical phenomena of the planet, is constantly changing on various time scales, from decades to millennia and longer. The reconstruction of geomagnetic field behavior in periods predating direct observations with modern instrumentation is based on geological and archaeological materials and has the twin challenges of (i) the accuracy of ancient paleomagnetic estimates and (ii) the dating of the archaeological material. Here we address the latter by using a set of storage jar handles (fired clay) stamped by royal seals as part of the ancient administrative system in Judah (Jerusalem and its vicinity). The typology of the stamp impressions, which corresponds to changes in the political entities ruling this area, provides excellent age constraints for the firing event of these artifacts. Together with rigorous paleomagnetic experimental procedures, this study yielded an unparalleled record of the geomagnetic field intensity during the eighth to second centuries BCE. The new record constitutes a substantial advance in our knowledge of past geomagnetic field variations in the southern Levant. Although it demonstrates a relatively stable and gradually declining field during the sixth to second centuries BCE, the new record provides further support for a short interval of extreme high values during the late eighth century BCE. The rate of change during this "geomagnetic spike" [defined as virtual axial dipole moment > 160 ZAm2 (1021 Am2)] is further constrained by the new data, which indicate an extremely rapid weakening of the field (losing ∼27% of its strength over ca. 30 y).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Ben-Yosef
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Millman
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ron Shaar
- The Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Lisa Tauxe
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0220
| | - Oded Lipschits
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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12
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Smirnov AV, Kulakov EV, Foucher MS, Bristol KE. Intrinsic paleointensity bias and the long-term history of the geodynamo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602306. [PMID: 28246644 PMCID: PMC5310827 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many geodynamo models predict an inverse relationship between geomagnetic reversal frequency and field strength. However, most of the absolute paleointensity data, obtained predominantly by the Thellier method from bulk volcanic rocks, fail to confirm this relationship. Although low paleointensities are commonly observed during periods of high reversal rate (notably, in the late Jurassic), higher than present-day intensity values are rare during periods of no or few reversals (superchrons). We have identified a fundamental mechanism that results in a pervasive and previously unrecognized low-field bias that affects most paleointensity data in the global database. Our results provide an explanation for the discordance between the experimental data and numerical models, and lend additional support to an inverse relationship between the reversal rate and field strength as a fundamental property of the geodynamo. We demonstrate that the accuracy of future paleointensity analyses can be improved by integration of the Thellier protocol with low-temperature demagnetizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V. Smirnov
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Evgeniy V. Kulakov
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marine S. Foucher
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Katie E. Bristol
- Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Archaeointensity results spanning the past 6 kiloyears from eastern China and implications for extreme behaviors of the geomagnetic field. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:39-44. [PMID: 27980031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616976114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations of the Earth's geomagnetic field during the Holocene are important for understanding centennial to millennial-scale processes of the Earth's deep interior and have enormous potential implications for chronological correlations (e.g., comparisons between different sedimentary recording sequences, archaeomagnetic dating). Here, we present 21 robust archaeointensity data points from eastern China spanning the past ∼6 kyr. These results add significantly to the published data both regionally and globally. Taking together, we establish an archaeointensity reference curve for Eastern Asia, which can be used for archaeomagnetic dating in this region. Virtual axial dipole moments (VADMs) of the data range from a Holocene-wide low of ∼27 to "spike" values of ∼166 ZAm2 (Z: 1021). The results, in conjunction with our recently published data, confirm the existence of a decrease in paleointensity (DIP) in China around ∼2200 BCE. These low intensities are the lowest ever found for the Holocene and have not been reported outside of China. We also report a spike intensity of 165.8 ± 6.0 ZAm2 at ∼1300 BCE (±300 y), which is either a prelude to or the same event (within age uncertainties) as spikes first reported in the Levant.
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Schnepp E, Leonhardt R, Korte M, Klett-Drechsel J. Validity of archaeomagnetic field recording: an experimental pottery kiln at Coppengrave, Germany. GEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL 2016; 205:622-635. [PMID: 27274700 DOI: 10.1093/gji/ggw043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Palaeomagnetic data obtained from archaeological materials are used for reconstructions of the Earth's magnetic field of the past millennia. While many studies tested the reliability of this recorder for palaeointensity only a few studies did this for direction. The study presents an archaeomagnetic and rock magnetic investigation applied to an experimental pottery kiln, which was operated in 2003 to produce stone ware. This kind of high-quality pottery needs a temperature of at least 1160 °C. Shortly before heating of the kiln direct absolute measurements of the absolute geomagnetic field vector have been carried out close to it. After cooling of the kiln 24 oriented palaeomagnetic samples have been taken. Although Curie temperatures are about 580 °C, that is the typical temperature for magnetite, thermal as well as alternating field demagnetisations reveal also a considerable amount of hematite as magnetic carrier. This mixture of magnetite and hematite is dominated by pseudo-single domain grains. Demagnetisation removed in some cases weak secondary components, but in most cases the specimens carried a single component thermoremanent magnetisation. The mean characteristic remanent magnetisation direction agrees on 95 per cent confidence level with the directly measured field direction. Archaeointensity was obtained from five specimens with the Thellier-Coe method and with the multiple-specimen palaeointensity domain-state corrected method. Six of these specimens also provided a result of the Dekkers-Böhnel method, which overestimated the archaeointensity by about 9 per cent compared to the direct value, while after correction for fraction the value agrees very well. For the multiple-specimen palaeointensity domain-state corrected method only fractions between 25 and 75 per cent have been used and specimens showing alteration have been excluded. Above 450 °C many specimens showed alteration of the magnetic grains. Because median destructive temperatures were often above this value in most cases the fraction was less than 50 per cent. Nevertheless the obtained intensity (48.48 ± 0.24 μ) is on 95 per cent confidence level in agreement with the direct observation. Behaviour of the specimens during the Thellier-experiments was not ideal because of narrow unblocking temperature spectra and alteration. Nevertheless, the obtained mean archaeointensity is also in agreement with the direct field observation. Here the relative palaeointensity error is about 6 per cent and very high compared the multiple-specimen palaeointensity domain-state corrected method. The investigation demonstrates that a pottery kiln can provide a very precise estimate of the ancient geomagnetic field vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Schnepp
- Palaeomagnetic Laboratory Gams, Chair of Geophysics, University of Leoben, Gams 45, A-8170 Frohnleiten, Austria, E-mail:
| | - Roman Leonhardt
- Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, CONRAD Observatorium, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Monika Korte
- Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Behlertstraße 3a, D-14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Johannes Klett-Drechsel
- KERAMIK UM, Ausstellungs- und Aktionshaus Fredelsloh, Am Kapellenbrunnen 5, D-37186 Fredelsloh, Germany
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15
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Instability of thermoremanence and the problem of estimating the ancient geomagnetic field strength from non-single-domain recorders. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11187-92. [PMID: 26305946 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507986112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the past intensity of Earth's magnetic field (paleointensity) are essential for understanding Earth's deep interior, climatic modeling, and geochronology applications, among other items. Here we demonstrate the possibility that much of available paleointensity data could be biased by instability of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) associated with non-single-domain (SD) particles. Paleointensity data are derived from experiments in which an ancient TRM, acquired in an unknown field, is replaced by a laboratory-controlled TRM. This procedure is built on the assumption that the process of ancient TRM acquisition is entirely reproducible in the laboratory. Here we show experimental results violating this assumption in a manner not expected from standard theory. We show that the demagnetization-remagnetization relationship of non-SD specimens that were kept in a controlled field for only 2 y show a small but systematic bias relative to sister specimens that were given a fresh TRM. This effect, likely caused by irreversible changes in micromagnetic structures, leads to a bias in paleointensity estimates.
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16
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Tarduno JA, Cottrell RD, Davis WJ, Nimmo F, Bono RK. PALEOMAGNETISM. A Hadean to Paleoarchean geodynamo recorded by single zircon crystals. Science 2015; 349:521-4. [PMID: 26228145 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa9114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Knowing when the geodynamo started is important for understanding the evolution of the core, the atmosphere, and life on Earth. We report full-vector paleointensity measurements of Archean to Hadean zircons bearing magnetic inclusions from the Jack Hills conglomerate (Western Australia) to reconstruct the early geodynamo history. Data from zircons between 3.3 billion and 4.2 billion years old record magnetic fields varying between 1.0 and 0.12 times recent equatorial field strengths. A Hadean geomagnetic field requires a core-mantle heat flow exceeding the adiabatic value and is suggestive of plate tectonics and/or advective magmatic heat transport. The existence of a terrestrial magnetic field before the Late Heavy Bombardment is supported by terrestrial nitrogen isotopic evidence and implies that early atmospheric evolution on both Earth and Mars was regulated by dynamo behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Tarduno
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - Rory D Cottrell
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | | | - Francis Nimmo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Richard K Bono
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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17
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de Groot LV, Biggin AJ, Dekkers MJ, Langereis CG, Herrero-Bervera E. Rapid regional perturbations to the recent global geomagnetic decay revealed by a new Hawaiian record. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2727. [PMID: 24177390 PMCID: PMC3826623 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The dominant dipolar component of the Earth's magnetic field has been steadily weakening for at least the last 170 years. Prior to these direct measurements, archaeomagnetic records show short periods of significantly elevated geomagnetic intensity. These striking phenomena are not captured by current field models and their relationship to the recent dipole decay is highly unclear. Here we apply a novel multi-method archaeomagnetic approach to produce a new high-quality record of geomagnetic intensity variations for Hawaii, a crucial locality in the central Pacific. It reveals a short period of high intensity occurring ~1,000 years ago, qualitatively similar to behaviour observed 200 years earlier in Europe and 500 years later in Mesoamerica. We combine these records with one from Japan to produce a coherent picture that includes the dipole decaying steadily over the last millennium. Strong, regional, short-term intensity perturbations are superimposed on this global trend; their asynchronicity necessitates a highly non-dipolar nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V de Groot
- Paleomagnetic laboratory Fort Hoofddijk, department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 17, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Tarduno JA, Cottrell RD, Nimmo F, Hopkins J, Voronov J, Erickson A, Blackman E, Scott ERD, McKinley R. Evidence for a dynamo in the main group pallasite parent body. Science 2012; 338:939-42. [PMID: 23161997 DOI: 10.1126/science.1223932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the origin of pallasites, stony-iron meteorites made mainly of olivine crystals and FeNi metal, has been a vexing problem since their discovery. Here, we show that pallasite olivines host minute magnetic inclusions that have favorable magnetic recording properties. Our paleointensity measurements indicate strong paleomagnetic fields, suggesting dynamo action in the pallasite parent body. We use these data and thermal modeling to suggest that some pallasites formed when liquid FeNi from the core of an impactor was injected as dikes into the shallow mantle of a ~200-kilometer-radius protoplanet. The protoplanet remained intact for at least several tens of millions of years after the olivine-metal mixing event.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Tarduno
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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19
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20
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Grommé S, Mankinen EA, Marshall M, Coe RS. Geomagnetic paleointensities by the Thelliers' method from submarine pillow basalts: Effects of seafloor weathering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb084ib07p03553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Pick T, Tauxe L. Holocene paleointensities: Thellier Experiments on submarine basaltic glass from the East Pacific Rise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Baag C, Helsley CE, Xu SZ, Lienert BR. Deflection of paleomagnetic directions due to magnetization of the underlying terrain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Sager WW. Paleomagnetism of abbott seamount and implications for the latitudinal drift of the Hawaiian Hot Spot. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb089ib07p06271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Bogue SW, Coe RS. Transitional paleointensities from Kauai, Hawaii, and geomagnetic reversal models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb089ib12p10341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Salis JS, Bonhommet N, Levi S. Paleointensity of the geomagnetic field from dated lavas of the Chaîne des Puys, France: 1. 7-12 Thousand years before present. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib11p15771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Moskowitz BM. High-temperature magnetostriction of magnetite and titanomagnetites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jb01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Perrin M, Prevot M, Mankinen EA. Low intensity of the geomagnetic field in Early Jurassic time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91jb00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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28
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Coupland DH, Van der Voo R. Long-term nondipole components in the geomagnetic field during the last 130 m.y. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb085ib07p03529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Coe RS, Gromme S, Mankinen EA. Geomagnetic paleointensities from excursion sequences in lavas on Oahu, Hawaii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jb089ib02p01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Hagstrum JT, Champion DE. Late Quaternary geomagnetic secular variation from historical and14C-dated lava flows on Hawaii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/95jb02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Mankinen EA, Champion DE. Broad trends in geomagnetic paleointensity on Hawaii during Holocene time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Yu Y. Importance of cooling rate dependence of thermoremanence in paleointensity determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Paterson GA, Muxworthy AR, Roberts AP, Mac Niocaill C. Assessment of the usefulness of lithic clasts from pyroclastic deposits for paleointensity determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Hagstrum JT, Champion DE. Paleomagnetic correlation of Late Quaternary lava flows in the lower east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/94jb01852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Riisager J, Riisager P, Zhao X, Coe RS, Pedersen AK. Paleointensity during a chron C26r excursion recorded in west Greenland lava flows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Riisager
- Geological Museum; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter Riisager
- Earth Sciences Department; University of California, Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Xixi Zhao
- Earth Sciences Department; University of California, Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Robert S. Coe
- Earth Sciences Department; University of California, Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz California USA
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36
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Carlut J, Cormier MH, Kent DV, Donnelly KE, Langmuir CH. Timing of volcanism along the northern East Pacific Rise based on paleointensity experiments on basaltic glasses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Carlut
- Laboratoire de Géologie, UMR 8538; CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris; Paris France
| | - M.-H. Cormier
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory; Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | - D. V. Kent
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory; Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | - K. E. Donnelly
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory; Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
| | - C. H. Langmuir
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory; Columbia University; Palisades New York USA
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37
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Goguitchaichvili A, Alva-Valdivia LM, Rosas-Elguera J, Urrutia-Fucugauchi J, Solé J. Absolute geomagnetic paleointensity after the Cretaceous Normal Superchron and just prior to the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jb002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avto Goguitchaichvili
- Laboratorio de Paleomagnetismo y Geofisica Nuclear, Instituto de Geofisica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
| | - Luis M. Alva-Valdivia
- Laboratorio de Paleomagnetismo y Geofisica Nuclear, Instituto de Geofisica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
| | | | - Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi
- Laboratorio de Paleomagnetismo y Geofisica Nuclear, Instituto de Geofisica; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
| | - Jesús Solé
- Instituto de Geologia; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; México
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38
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Goguitchaichvili A, Urrutia-Fucugauchi J, Alva-Valdivia LM, Riisager J, Riisager P. Long-term variation of geomagnetic field strength: A cautionary note. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004eo210001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Genevey A, Gallet Y, Margueron JC. Eight thousand years of geomagnetic field intensity variations in the eastern Mediterranean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Genevey
- Laboratoire de Paléomagnétisme; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
| | - Yves Gallet
- Laboratoire de Paléomagnétisme; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
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40
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Goguitchaichvili A, Morales J, Cañon-Tapia E, Negrete R. Geomagnetic field strength during late Miocene: First paleointensity results from Baja California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jb002081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avto Goguitchaichvili
- Laboratorio de Paleomagnetismo y Geofisica Nuclear; Instituto de Geofisica, UNAM; Mexico D. F. Mexico
| | - Juan Morales
- Laboratorio de Paleomagnetismo y Geofisica Nuclear; Instituto de Geofisica, UNAM; Mexico D. F. Mexico
| | | | - Raquel Negrete
- CICESE, Depatamento de Geologia, Enseneda; Baja California Mexico
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41
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Genevey A, Gallet Y. Intensity of the geomagnetic field in western Europe over the past 2000 years: New data from ancient French pottery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Genevey
- Laboratoire de Paléomagnétisme; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
| | - Yves Gallet
- Laboratoire de Paléomagnétisme; Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris; Paris France
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42
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Carlut J. Grain-size-dependent paleointensity results from very recent mid-oceanic ridge basalts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Yu Y, Dunlop DJ. Paleointensity determination on the Late Precambrian Tudor Gabbro, Ontario. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jb000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Tarduno JA, Cottrell RD, Smirnov AV. High geomagnetic intensity during the mid-Cretaceous from Thellier analyses of single plagioclase crystals. Science 2001; 291:1779-83. [PMID: 11230692 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent numerical simulations have yielded the most efficient geodynamo, having the largest dipole intensity when reversal frequency is low. Reliable paleointensity data are limited but heretofore have suggested that reversal frequency and paleointensity are decoupled. We report data from 56 Thellier-Thellier experiments on plagioclase crystals separated from basalts of the Rajmahal Traps (113 to 116 million years old) of India that formed during the Cretaceous Normal Polarity Superchron. These data suggest a time-averaged paleomagnetic dipole moment of 12.5 +/- 1.4 x 10(22) amperes per square meter, three times greater than mean Cenozoic and Early Cretaceous-Late Jurassic dipole moments when geomagnetic reversals were frequent. This result supports a correlation between intervals of low reversal frequency and high geomagnetic field strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tarduno
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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45
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Bogue SW. Geomagnetic field behavior before and after the Kauai reverse-normal polarity transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Gee JS, Cande SC, Hildebrand JA, Donnelly K, Parker RL. Geomagnetic intensity variations over the past 780 kyr obtained from near-seafloor magnetic anomalies. Nature 2000; 408:827-32. [PMID: 11130715 DOI: 10.1038/35048513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of past variations in the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field provides an important constraint on models of the geodynamo. A record of absolute palaeointensity for the past 50 kyr has been compiled from archaeomagnetic and volcanic materials, and relative palaeointensities over the past 800 kyr have been obtained from sedimentary sequences. But a long-term record of geomagnetic intensity should also be carried by the thermoremanence of the oceanic crust Here we show that near-seafloor magnetic anomalies recorded over the southern East Pacific Rise are well correlated with independent estimates of geomagnetic intensity during the past 780 kyr. Moreover, the pattern of absolute palaeointensity of seafloor glass samples from the same area agrees with the well-documented dipole intensity pattern for the past 50 kyr. A comparison of palaeointensities derived from seafloor glass samples with global intensity variations thus allows us to estimate the ages of surficial lava flows in this region. The record of geomagnetic intensity preserved in the oceanic crust should provide a higher-time-resolution record of crustal accretion processes at mid-ocean ridges than has previously been obtainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Gee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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47
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Cottrell RD, Tarduno JA. In search of high-fidelity geomagnetic paleointensities: A comparison of single plagioclase crystal and whole rock Thellier-Thellier analyses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Yu Y, Dunlop DJ, Pavlish L, Cooper M. Archeomagnetism of Ontario potsherds from the last 2000 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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