1
|
Bajgain SK, Ashley AW, Mookherjee M, Ghosh DB, Karki BB. Insights into magma ocean dynamics from the transport properties of basaltic melt. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7590. [PMID: 36481757 PMCID: PMC9731987 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The viscosity of magma plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the Earth: from the crystallization of a magma ocean during its initial stages to modern-day volcanic processes. However, the pressure-dependence behavior of viscosity at high pressure remains controversial. In this study, we report the results of first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of basaltic melt to show that the melt viscosity increases upon compression along each isotherm for the entire lower mantle after showing minima at ~6 GPa. However, elevated temperatures of the magma ocean translate to a narrow range of viscosity, i.e., 0.01-0.03 Pa.s. This low viscosity implies that the crystallization of the magma ocean could be complete within a few million years. These results also suggest that the crystallization of the magma ocean is likely to be fractional, thus supporting the hypothesis that present-day mantle heterogeneities could have been generated during the early crystallization of the primitive mantle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj K Bajgain
- Earth Materials Laboratory, Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
- Department of Geology, School of Natural Resources & Environment, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste Marie, MI, USA.
| | - Aaron Wolfgang Ashley
- Earth Materials Laboratory, Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Mainak Mookherjee
- Earth Materials Laboratory, Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Dipta B Ghosh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Bijaya B Karki
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Flow Kinetics of Molten Silicates through Thermal Barrier Coating: A Numerical Study. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9050332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infiltration of molten calcium–magnesium–alumina–silicates (CMAS) through thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) causes structural degradation of TBC layers. The infiltration kinetics can be altered by careful tailoring of the electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) microstructure such as feather arm lengths and inter-columnar gaps, etc. Morphology of the feathery columns and their inherent porosities directly influences the infiltration kinetics of molten CMAS. To understand the influence of columnar morphology on the kinetics of the CAMS flow, a finite element based parametric model was developed for describing a variety of EB-PVD top coat microstructures. A detailed numerical study was performed considering fluid-solid interactions (FSI) between the CMAS and TBC top coat (TC). The CMAS flow characteristics through these microstructures were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively. Finally, correlations between the morphological parameters and CMAS flow kinetics were established. It was shown that the rate of longitudinal and lateral infiltration could be minimized by reducing the gap between columns and increasing the length of the feather arms. The results also show that the microstructures with long feather arms having a lower lateral inclination decrease the CMAS infiltration rate, therefore, reduce the CMAS infiltration depth. The analyses allow the identification of key morphological features that are important for mitigating the CMAS infiltration.
Collapse
|
3
|
Bajgain S, Ghosh DB, Karki BB. Structure and density of basaltic melts at mantle conditions from first-principles simulations. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8578. [PMID: 26450568 PMCID: PMC4633951 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and stability of deep-mantle melts, and the magmatic processes at different times of Earth's history are controlled by the physical properties of constituent silicate liquids. Here we report density functional theory-based simulations of model basalt, hydrous model basalt and near-MORB to assess the effects of iron and water on the melt structure and density, respectively. Our results suggest that as pressure increases, all types of coordination between major cations and anions strongly increase, and the water speciation changes from isolated species to extended forms. These structural changes are responsible for rapid initial melt densification on compression thereby making these basaltic melts possibly buoyantly stable at one or more depths. Our finding that the melt-water system is ideal (nearly zero volume of mixing) and miscible (negative enthalpy of mixing) over most of the mantle conditions strengthens the idea of potential water enrichment of deep-mantle melts and early magma ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Bajgain
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Dipta B. Ghosh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Bijaya B. Karki
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
- Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shock Wave Data for Rocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/rf003p0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
5
|
|
6
|
Thomas CW, Liu Q, Agee CB, Asimow PD, Lange RA. Multi-technique equation of state for Fe2SiO4melt and the density of Fe-bearing silicate melts from 0 to 161 GPa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jb009403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
Rustad JR, Yuen DA, Spera FJ. The statistical geometry of amorphous silica at lower mantle pressures: Implications for melting slopes of silicates and anharmonicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91jb01925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
9
|
Yasuda A, Fujii T, Kurita K. Melting phase relations of an anhydrous mid-ocean ridge basalt from 3 to 20 GPa: Implications for the behavior of subducted oceanic crust in the mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb03205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
10
|
Zhang J, Liebermann RC, Gasparik T, Herzberg CT, Fei Y. Melting and subsolidus relations of SiO2at 9-14 GPa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jb02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
11
|
Asimow PD, Ahrens TJ. Shock compression of liquid silicates to 125 GPa: The anorthite-diopside join. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb007145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Ai Y, Lange RA. New acoustic velocity measurements on CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2liquids: Reevaluation of the volume and compressibility of CaMgSi2O6-CaAl2Si2O8liquids to 25 GPa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jb005010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
First-principles molecular-dynamics simulations show that over the pressure regime of Earth's mantle the mean silicon-oxygen coordination number of magnesium metasilicate liquid changes nearly linearly from 4 to 6. The density contrast between liquid and crystal decreases by a factor of nearly 5 over the mantle pressure regime and is 4% at the core-mantle boundary. The ab initio melting curve, obtained by integration of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, yields a melting temperature at the core-mantle boundary of 5400 +/- 600 kelvins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Stixrude
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hammond WC, Humphreys ED. Upper mantle seismic wave attenuation: Effects of realistic partial melt distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jb900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Wysession ME, Lay T, Revenaugh J, Williams Q, Garnero EJ, Jeanloz R, Kellogg LH. The D″ discontinuity and its implications. THE CORE‐MANTLE BOUNDARY REGION 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/gd028p0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Smith KH, Shero E, Chizmeshya A, Wolf GH. The equation of state of polyamorphic germania glass: A two‐domain description of the viscoelastic response. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
17
|
|
18
|
Miller GH, Stolper EM, Ahrens TJ. The equation of state of a molten komatiite: 1 Shock wave compression to 36 GPa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jb01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
Of the planets, Venus and Earth are by far the most similar in primary properties, yet they differ markedly in secondary properties. A great impact into Earth is believed to have created its moon and removed its atmosphere; the lack of such an impact into Venus apparently led to a greatly differing atmospheric evolution. The lack of an ocean on Venus prevents the recycling of volatiles and inhibits subduction, so that its crust is probably more voluminous than Earth's, although distorted and quite variable in thickness. Venus's upper mantle appears to be depleted in both volatiles and energy sources because, in addition to the lack of volatile recycling, melts of mantle rocks are more dense than their solid matrix at pressures above 8 gigapascals and hence sink if they occur at depths below 250 kilometers. Appreciable energy sources persist at great depths to sustain the few great mountain complexes. The greatest current problem is reconciling the likelihood of a voluminous crust with indications of considerable strength at shallow depths of 20 to 100 kilometers.
Collapse
|
20
|
Stixrude L, Bukowinski MST. Fundamental thermodynamic relations and silicate melting with implications for the constitution ofD″. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib12p19311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Williams Q, Knittle E, Reichlin R, Martin S, Jeanloz R. Structural and electronic properties of Fe2SiO4-fayalite at ultrahigh pressures: Amorphization and gap closure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib13p21549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
22
|
Webb SL, Dingwell DB. Non-Newtonian rheology of igneous melts at high stresses and strain rates: Experimental results for rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and nephelinite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jb095ib10p15695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
23
|
Xue X, Kanzaki M, Trønnes RG, Stebbins JF. Silicon Coordination and Speciation Changes in a Silicate Liquid at High Pressures. Science 1989; 245:962-4. [PMID: 17780537 DOI: 10.1126/science.245.4921.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Coordination and local geometry around Si cations in silicate liquids are of primary importance in controlling the chemical and physical properties of magmas. Pressure-induced changes from fourfold to sixfold coordination of Si in silicate glass samples quenched from liquids has been detected with (29)Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Samples of Na(2)Si(2)O(5) glass quenched from 8 gigapascals and 1500 degrees C contained about 1.5 percent octahedral Si, which was demonstrably part of a homogeneous, amorphous phase. The dominant tetrahedral Si speciation in these glasses became disproportionated to a more random distribution of bridging and nonbridging oxygens with increasing pressure.
Collapse
|
24
|
Stebbins JF, Farnan I. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Earth Sciences: Structure and Dynamics. Science 1989; 245:257-63. [PMID: 17834676 DOI: 10.1126/science.245.4915.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the structure and dynamics of the materials that make up the earth is necessary for fundamental understanding of most geological processes. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is beginning to play an important role in investigations of inorganic solid materials, as well as of liquids and organic compounds; it has already contributed substantially to our knowledge of minerals and rocks, compositionally simplified analogs of magmas, and the surfaces of silicate crystals. The technique is particularly useful for determining local structure and ordering state in crystals, glasses, and liquids, and is sensitive to atomic motion at the time scales of diffusion and viscosity in silicates. New techniques offer promise for increased resolution for quadrupolar nuclei and for extension of experiments to high temperature and pressure.
Collapse
|
25
|
Rigden SM, Ahrens TJ, Stolper EM. High-pressure equation of state of molten anorthite and diopside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib07p09508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
26
|
Schmitt DR, Ahrens TJ. Shock temperatures in silica glass: Implications for modes of shock-induced deformation, phase transformation, and melting with pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jb094ib05p05851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Abstract
Measurements of the yield strength of SiO(2) glass to pressures as high as 81 gigapascals at room temperature show that the strength of amorphous silica decreases significantly as it is compressed to denser strctures with higher coordination. Above 27 gigapascals, as the silicon in amorphous SiO(2) is continuously transformed from fourfold to sixfold coordination, the strength of the glass decrases by more than an order of magnitude. These data confirm theoretical predictions that the mechanical properties of polymerized amorphous silicates are sensitive to pressure-induced structural transformations and suggest that the viscosity of silica-rich liquids decreases significantly at high pressures. Such a change in melt rheology could enhance the processes of chemical differentiation with depth in the Earth's mantle.
Collapse
|
29
|
Jeanloz R. Universal equation of state. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1988; 38:805-807. [PMID: 9945261 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
|
30
|
|