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Lizhi H, Zhenghui X, Cheng X, Yongquan L. Characteristics of surface ozone pollution and its correlations with meteorological factors: the case of Xiangtan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:658. [PMID: 38916763 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Based on ozone (O3) monitoring data for Xiangtan and meteorological observation data for 2020-2022, we examined ozone pollution characteristics and the effects of meteorological factors on daily maximum 8-h average ozone (O3-8h) concentrations in Xiangtan. Thus, we observed significant increases as well as notable seasonal variations in O3-8h concentrations in Xiangtan during the period considered. The ozone and temperature change response slope (KO3-T) indicated that local emissions had no significant effect on O3-8h generation. Further, average O3-8h concentration and maximum temperature (Tmax) values showed a polynomial distribution. Specifically, at Tmax < 27 °C, it increased almost linearly with increasing temperature, and at Tmax between 27 and 37 °C, it showed an upward curvilinear trend as temperature increased, but at a much lower rate. Then, at Tmax > 37 °C, it decreased with increasing temperature. With respect to relative humidity (RH), the average O3-8h concentration primarily exceeded the standard value when RH varied in the range of 45-65%, which is the key humidity range for O3 pollution, and the inflection point for the correlation curve between O3-8h concentration and RH appeared at ~55%. Furthermore, at wind speeds (WSs) below 1.5 m∙s-1, O3-8h concentration increased rapidly, and at WSs in the 1.5-2 m∙s-1 range, it increased at a much faster rate. However, at WSs > 2 m∙s-1, it decreased slowly with increasing WS. O3-8h concentration also showed the tendency to exceed the standard value when the dominant wind directions in Xiangtan were easterly or southeasterly.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Lizhi
- Xiangtan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Hunan Province, Xiangtan, 411100, China.
| | - Xiao Zhenghui
- School of Earth Science and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Xie Cheng
- Xiangtan Ecological Environment Monitoring Center of Hunan Province, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Long Yongquan
- School of Earth Science and Spatial Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
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2
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Chu W, Li H, Ji Y, Zhang X, Xue L, Gao J, An C. Research on ozone formation sensitivity based on observational methods: Development history, methodology, and application and prospects in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:543-560. [PMID: 38135419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Observation-based method for O3 formation sensitivity research is an important tool to analyze the causes of ground-level O3 pollution, which has broad application potentials in determining the O3 pollution formation mechanism and developing prevention and control strategies. This paper outlined the development history of research on O3 formation sensitivity based on observational methods, described the principle and applicability of the methodology, summarized the relative application results in China and provided recommendations on the prevention and control of O3 pollution in China based on relevant study results, and finally pointed out the shortcomings and future development prospects in this field in China. The overview study showed that the O3 formation sensitivity in some urban areas in China in recent years presented a gradual shifting tendency from the VOC-limited regime to the transition regime or the NOx-limited regime due to the implementation of the O3 precursors emission reduction policies; O3 pollution control strategies and precursor control countermeasures should be formulated based on local conditions and the dynamic control capability of O3 pollution control measures should be improved. There are still some current deficiencies in the study field in China. Therefore, it is recommended that a stereoscopic monitoring network for atmospheric photochemical components should be further constructed and improved; the atmospheric chemical mechanisms should be vigorously developed, and standardized methods for determining the O3 formation sensitivity should be established in China in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanghui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cong An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Tao C, Zhang Q, Huo S, Ren Y, Han S, Wang Q, Wang W. PM 2.5 pollution modulates the response of ozone formation to VOC emitted from various sources: Insights from machine learning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170009. [PMID: 38220017 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Numerous studies have linked ozone (O3) production to its precursors and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), while the complex interaction effects of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on O3 remain poorly understood. A systematic approach based on an interpretable machine learning (ML) model was utilized to evaluate the primary driving factors that impact O3 and to elucidate how changes in PM2.5, VOCs from different sources, NOx, and meteorological conditions either promote or inhibit O3 formation through their individual and synergistic effects in a tropical coastal city, Haikou, from 2019 to 2020. The results suggest that under low PM2.5 levels, alongside the linear O3-PM2.5 relationship observed, O3 formation is suppressed by PM2.5 with higher proportions of traffic-derived aerosol. Vehicle VOC emissions contributed maximally to O3 formation at midday, despite the lowest concentration. VOCs from fossil fuel combustion and industry emissions, which have opposing effects on O3, act as inhibitors and promoters by inducing diverse photochemical regimes. As PM2.5 pollution escalates, the impact of these VOCs reverses, becoming more pronounced in shaping O3 variation. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the O3 formation regime is VOC-limited, and effective regional O3 mitigation requires prioritizing substantial VOC reductions to offset enhanced VOC sensitivity induced by the co-reduction in PM2.5, with a focus on industrial and vehicular emissions, and subsequently, fossil fuel combustion once PM2.5 is effectively controlled. This study underscores the potential of the SHAP-based ML approach to decode the intricate O3-NOx-VOCs-PM2.5 interplay, considering both meteorological and atmospheric compositional variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenliang Tao
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Sisi Huo
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yuchao Ren
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Shuyan Han
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Big Data Research Center for Ecology and Environment, Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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4
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Lu K, Zhou H, Lee J, Nelson B, Zhang Y. Ozone mitigations beyond the control of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1989-1992. [PMID: 37599178 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keding Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Houhua Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - James Lee
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Beth Nelson
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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5
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Borhani F, Shafiepour Motlagh M, Stohl A, Rashidi Y, Ehsani AH. Tropospheric Ozone in Tehran, Iran, during the last 20 years. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3615-3637. [PMID: 34661832 PMCID: PMC8520826 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution and its effects on human health and the environment are one of the main concerns in urban areas. This study focuses on the distribution and changes in the concentrations of ozone and its precursors (i.e., NO, NO2 and CO) in Tehran for the 20-year period from 2001 to 2020. The effects of precursors and meteorological conditions (temperature, wind speed, dew point, humidity and rainfall) on ozone were investigated using data from 22 stations of the Air Quality Control Company (AQCC) and meteorological stations. Regression models were applied to evaluate the dependence of ozone concentration on its precursors and meteorological parameters based on monthly average values. Finally, the monthly and annual levels of surface ozone and total column ozone were compared during the study period. The results show that the average ozone concentration in Tehran varied substantially between 2001 and 2008, and decreased after 2008 when stringent air quality control measures were implemented. The highest average concentration of ozone occurred in the southwest of Tehran. Although mobile and resident sources play an important role in the release of precursors, the results also indicate a significant effect of meteorological conditions on the changes in ozone concentration. This study is an effective step toward a better understanding of ozone changes in Tehran under the changing influence of precursors and meteorological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Borhani
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, 14155-6135 Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Shafiepour Motlagh
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, 14155-6135 Tehran, Iran
| | - Andreas Stohl
- Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yousef Rashidi
- Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Houshang Ehsani
- School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P.O. Box, 14155-6135 Tehran, Iran
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Guo W, Yang Y, Chen Q, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li G, Sun W, She J. Chemical reactivity of volatile organic compounds and their effects on ozone formation in a petrochemical industrial area of Lanzhou, Western China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:155901. [PMID: 35569665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of ozone (O3) and its precursors were performed in the summer of 2019 in Lanzhou, a petrochemical industrial city, to better understand the reactivity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their effects on O3 production. During the campaign, the daily maximum 8-hour average (MDA8) O3, NO2, and total VOC (TVOC) concentrations reached 72.2 ± 19.9 ppb, 24.9 ± 10.8 ppb, and 50.8 ± 46.1 ppb, respectively. Alkanes, alkenes, halocarbons, aromatics, and alkynes contributed 45.3%, 24.0%, 16.5%, 10.0%, and 4.2% to TVOCs, respectively. The OH reactivity and relative incremental reactivity (RIR) of VOCs at different times were calculated. The results indicated that alkenes played a predominant role, accounting for an average of 68.5% of the initial VOC reactivity. Compared to other regions, alkenes are relatively more important for O3 formation in the petrochemical industry area of Lanzhou, while aromatics are relatively less important. Generally, O3 formation occurred in a VOC-limited regime in the morning and in a transitional regime in the afternoon. The response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a chemical box model was applied to obtain relationships between O3 and its precursors and determine the most effective way to reduce the O3 concentration. Reduction in the non-alkene concentration slightly affected the O3 concentration. In contrast, the effect of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was closely related to the alkene concentration, and NOx concentration reduction could lead to an increase in the O3 concentration when alkenes were abated to less than 80% of the present concentration. To mitigate O3 pollution near the petrochemical industrial area of Lanzhou, reducing the alkene concentration, especially the C4 alkene concentration (1,3-butadiene, cis-2-butene, and trans-2-butene), was the fastest and most effective control strategy. The results of this study serve as a reference for O3 pollution control in petrochemical industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Northwest Institute of Eco-environmental Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yuhuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yingnan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Yongle Liu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing She
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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7
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Harrison RM, Beddows DCS, Tong C, Damayanti S. Non-linearity of secondary pollutant formation estimated from emissions data and measured precursor-secondary pollutant relationships. NPJ CLIMATE AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE 2022; 5:71. [PMID: 36120117 PMCID: PMC9471023 DOI: 10.1038/s41612-022-00297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to predict the impacts of reductions in air pollutant emissions, it is important to know whether secondary pollutant concentrations will decline in direct proportion to the reduction in their precursor, referred to as linearity. Trends in airborne concentrations of nitrate, sulfate, and SOC at sites in southern England are compared with emissions and concentration trends for sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), and non-methane VOC, and show some increased ratios of concentrations to emissions, strongly suggestive of non-linearity in the primary-secondary pollutant relationships for nitrate, but not the other pollutants. Analysis of a further 20-year dataset from the AGANET network shows a decline of nitrate concentrations significantly lower than that of NO x emissions and ambient NO x concentrations. For sulfate, the decline lies between that of emissions and airborne concentrations of SO2. Back trajectory analysis and Potential Source Contribution Function mapping for 2014-2018 show that the highest concentrations of secondary constituents in southern England are associated with air masses originating in mainland Europe, with 42% of sulfate, 55% of nitrate, and 35% of SOC estimated to be associated with air masses entering the UK from the European mainland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy M. Harrison
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Chengxu Tong
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Seny Damayanti
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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8
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Wang Y, Wild O, Ashworth K, Chen X, Wu Q, Qi Y, Wang Z. Reductions in crop yields across China from elevated ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118218. [PMID: 34571069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of crops to high concentrations of ozone can cause substantial reductions in yield that pose a serious threat to global food security. Here we provide comprehensive estimates of yield losses for key crops across China between 2014 and 2017 attributed to ozone using a number of new approaches. We use an air quality model at 5 km resolution and crop-specific dose-response functions developed for both concentration- and flux-based metrics. We bias correct modelled ozone concentrations and metrics using observations from more than 1000 locations. We find that on a 4-year average basis, production losses of key crops are 34-91 million metric tonnes (Mt/yr), dependent on the approach used, with highest losses in Henan province. At a national level, loss of winter wheat production derived using a China-specific dose-response function increased by 82% from 2014 to 2017, with large interannual variations in the North China Plain and in eastern China. Winter wheat losses estimated using flux-based functions, which require robust simulation of stomatal conductance and underlying vegetation physiology, are significantly lower, at 30 Mt/yr. We show that the definition of the growing season may have a greater impact on estimated losses than small biases in ozone surface concentrations. Although uncertainties remain, our findings demonstrate that increasing ozone concentrations have substantial adverse impacts on crop yields and threaten food security in China. It is important to control ozone concentrations to mitigate these negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Oliver Wild
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsti Ashworth
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Xueshun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qizhong Wu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yi Qi
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Centre for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Large contribution of biomass burning emissions to ozone throughout the global remote troposphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109628118. [PMID: 34930838 PMCID: PMC8719870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109628118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone is the third most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide and methane but has a larger uncertainty in its radiative forcing, in part because of uncertainty in the source characteristics of ozone precursors, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic carbon that directly affect ozone formation chemistry. Tropospheric ozone also negatively affects human and ecosystem health. Biomass burning (BB) and urban emissions are significant but uncertain sources of ozone precursors. Here, we report global-scale, in situ airborne measurements of ozone and precursor source tracers from the NASA Atmospheric Tomography mission. Measurements from the remote troposphere showed that tropospheric ozone is regularly enhanced above background in polluted air masses in all regions of the globe. Ozone enhancements in air with high BB and urban emission tracers (2.1 to 23.8 ppbv [parts per billion by volume]) were generally similar to those in BB-influenced air (2.2 to 21.0 ppbv) but larger than those in urban-influenced air (-7.7 to 6.9 ppbv). Ozone attributed to BB was 2 to 10 times higher than that from urban sources in the Southern Hemisphere and the tropical Atlantic and roughly equal to that from urban sources in the Northern Hemisphere and the tropical Pacific. Three independent global chemical transport models systematically underpredict the observed influence of BB on tropospheric ozone. Potential reasons include uncertainties in modeled BB injection heights and emission inventories, export efficiency of BB emissions to the free troposphere, and chemical mechanisms of ozone production in smoke. Accurately accounting for intermittent but large and widespread BB emissions is required to understand the global tropospheric ozone burden.
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Liu C, Shi K. A review on methodology in O 3-NOx-VOC sensitivity study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118249. [PMID: 34600066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gaining insight into the response of surface ozone (O3) formation to its precursors plays an important role in the policy-making of O3 pollution control. However, the real atmosphere is an open and dissipative system, and its complexity poses a great challenge to the study of nonlinear relations between O3 and its precursors. At present, model-based methods based on reductionism try to restore the real atmospheric photochemical system, by coupling meteorological model and chemical transport model in temporal and spatial resolution completely. Nevertheless, large inconsistencies between predictions and true values still exist, due to the great uncertainty originated from emission inventory, photochemical reaction mechanism and meteorological factors. Recently, based on field observations, some nonlinear methods have successfully revealed the complex emergent properties (long-term persistence, multi-fractal, etc) in coupling correlation between O3 and its precursors at different time scales. The emergent properties are closely associated with the intrinsic dynamics of atmospheric photochemical system. Taking them into account when building O3 prediction model, is helpful to reduce the uncertainty in the results. Nonlinear methods (fractal, chaos, etc) based on holism can give new insights into the nonlinear relations between O3 and its precursors. Changes of thinking models in methodology are expected to improve the precision of forecasting O3 concentration. This paper has reviewed the advances of different methods for studying the sensitivity of O3 formation to its precursors during the past few decades. This review highlights that it is necessary to incorporate the emergent properties obtained by nonlinear methods into the modern models, for assessing O3 formation under combined air pollution environment more accurately. Moreover, the scaling property of coupling correlation detected in the real observations of O3 and its precursors could be used to test and improve the simulation performance of modern models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqiong Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China; College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China; College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan, China.
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11
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Jonidi Jafari A, Charkhloo E, Pasalari H. Urban air pollution control policies and strategies: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1911-1940. [PMID: 34900316 PMCID: PMC8617239 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of policies, strategies, and interventions have been implemented to improve air quality all over the world. This systematic review comprehensively appraises the policies and strategies on air pollutants controls enacted in different countries, worldwide. Three databases, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus, were used for the search. After screening, a total of 114 eligible manuscripts were selected from 2219 documents for further analysis. Selected articles were divided into two categories: (1) articles focusing on introducing the policies and strategies enacted for controlling air pollution in different countries, and (2) articles which focused on different policies and strategies to control one or more specific pollutants. In the former one, urban air pollution control strategies and policies were divided into four categories, namely, general strategies and policies, transportation, energy, and industry. In case of latter category, policies and strategies focused on controlling six pollutants (PM, SO2, NO2, VOCS, O3 and photochemical smog). The results indicated that, the most common policies and strategies enacted in most countries are pertinent to the transportation sector. Changing energy sources, in particular elimination or limited use of solid fuels, was reported as an effective action by governments to reduce air pollution. Overall, most policies enacted by governments can be divided into three general categories: (a) incentive policies such as implementing a free public transportation program to use fewer private cars, (b) supportive policies such as paying subsidies to change household fuels, and (c) punitive policies such as collecting tolls for cars to enter the congestion charging areas. Depending on the circumstances, these policies are implemented alone or jointly. In addition to the acceptance of international agreements to reduce air pollution by governments, greater use of renewable energy, clean fuels, and low-pollution or no-pollution vehicles such as electric vehicles play an important role in reducing air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmail Charkhloo
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Pasalari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Yin H, Liu C, Hu Q, Liu T, Wang S, Gao M, Xu S, Zhang C, Su W. Opposite impact of emission reduction during the COVID-19 lockdown period on the surface concentrations of PM 2.5 and O 3 in Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117899. [PMID: 34358865 PMCID: PMC8326756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, the Chinese megacity Wuhan has taken emergent lockdown measures starting on January 23, 2020. This provided a natural experiment to investigate the response of air quality to such emission reductions. Here, we decoupled the influence of meteorological and non-meteorological factors on main air pollutants using generalized additive models (GAMs), driven by data from the China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC) network. During the lockdown period (Jan. 23 - Apr. 8, 2020), PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO concentrations decreased significantly by 45 %, 49 %, 56 %, 39 %, and 18 % compared with the corresponding period in 2015-2019, with contributions by S(meteos) of 15 %, 17 %, 13 %, 10 %, and 6 %. This indicates an emission reduction of NOx at least 43 %. However, O3 increased by 43 % with a contribution by S(meteos) of 6 %. In spite of the reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions by 30 % during the strict lockdown period (Jan. 23 - Feb. 14, 2020), which likely reduced the production of O3, O3 concentrations increased due to a weakening of the titration effect of NO. Our results suggest that conventional emission reduction (NOx reduction only) measures may not be sufficient to reduce (or even lead to an increase of) surface O3 concentrations, even if reaching the limit, and VOC-specific measures should also be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shuntian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiqi Xu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Wenjing Su
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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Yan Q, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Li J. Summertime Clean-Background Ozone Concentrations Derived from Ozone Precursor Relationships are Lower than Previous Estimates in the Southeast United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12852-12861. [PMID: 34546042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background ozone in this study is defined as the amount of ozone that is not affected by the emissions of ozone precursors in the region of study and is transported from the distant troposphere or the stratosphere. It is one of the factors that must be considered in regional ozone control strategies. Different methods have been applied to define the background ozone level. We develop a new method based on the O3-CO-HCHO relationships, which can be applied to both observation and modeling data for regions with high isoprene emission ozone, such as the Southeast United States. We make use of the extensive aircraft and surface observations in the Southeast in the summer of 2013. Compared to the diagnostic results using the relationship of O3-NOz (total reactive nitrogen excluding nitrogen oxides), zero-emission (model-only), and 5th percentile methods, the new method is most consistent using observation or model data and the resulting background ozone concentrations are 4-50% lower than the other methods for field campaigns. Using this method, we find that the summertime background ozone at the surface is in the range of 10-15 ppbv in the inland areas of the Southeast, which is lower than that reported in previous studies. This background ozone tends to increase from urban centers to rural regions and from the surface to higher altitude due to changing ozone lifetime driven by anthropogenic emissions and dry deposition to the surface. The better quantification of background ozone using the new method highlights the importance of the contributions by natural emissions to ozone and the necessity to control anthropogenic emissions in ozone nonattainment areas of the Southeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Yan
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ye Cheng
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jianfeng Li
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Wang H, Ding K, Huang X, Wang W, Ding A. Insight into ozone profile climatology over northeast China from aircraft measurement and numerical simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147308. [PMID: 33932671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is a major pollutant that can harm human health, animals and plants. With a rapid development in Northeast China, ozone pollution has become an increasingly serious environmental challenge. To study the ozone distribution and the potential sources of ozone precursors in Northeast China, we analyzed vertical ozone profiles from the In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) in 2012-2014 and provided the climatological vertical structure of tropospheric ozone over Shenyang. The tropospheric ozone generally presents high in hot months, mainly due to the combined effects of the strong solar radiation and high volatile organic compounds emission in summer. While in cold months, the ozone is low because of weak solar radiation and high nitrogen oxides emission. Besides, a low-ozone center exists within lower troposphere in August, which is mainly caused by the East Asian summer monsoon prevailing in summer. To analyze the sources of ozone, typical ozone pollution episodes were studied and the results revealed the different pathways for the enhancement of ozone pollution in Shenyang: regional transport of anthropogenic emissions from North China Plain (NCP), long-range transport from Siberian biomass burning and local photochemical production. Modeling results show that the largest contribution to the surface ozone in Northeast China is local anthropogenic emissions (exceed 90%); the regional transport of NCP anthropogenic emissions contribute more to the pollutants around 2 km, and account for more than 50% pollutants during highly ozone polluted days; through long-range transport, Siberian biomass burning in the spring also have a nonnegligible effect on the near-ground ozone in Northeast China. Overall, this study provides tropospheric ozone climatology and its source attribution in Northeast China, and highlight the great importance of regional transport of anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions in ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, China
| | - Wuke Wang
- Department of atmospheric science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing, China.
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15
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Xue L, Ding A, Cooper O, Huang X, Wang W, Zhou D, Wu Z, McClure-Begley A, Petropavlovskikh I, Andreae MO, Fu C. ENSO and Southeast Asian biomass burning modulate subtropical trans-Pacific ozone transport. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa132. [PMID: 34691654 PMCID: PMC8288171 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-Pacific transport of enhanced ozone plumes has been mainly attributed to fossil fuel combustion in Asia in spring, but less attention has been paid to vegetation fires in Asia. Here we show that the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-modulated fires in Southeast Asia, rather than Asian fossil fuel plumes, dominate the interannual variability of springtime trans-Pacific transport of ozone across the entire North Pacific Ocean. During El Niño springs, the intensified fires from both the Indochinese Peninsula and Indonesia, together with large-scale circulation anomalies, result in enhanced ozone plumes that stretch over 15 000 km in both the lower-middle and upper troposphere. This enhancement is also observed in the in situ measurements of ozone concentration, with an almost 10% increase at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, a unique site to monitor the long-distance transport over the North Pacific. This study reports an unexpectedly strong influence of vegetation fires, linked with climate variability, on global tropospheric chemistry and proves once more how complex the interactions in the climate system are.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xue
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Owen Cooper
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wuke Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Derong Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhaohua Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Audra McClure-Begley
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Irina Petropavlovskikh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Congbin Fu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
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16
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Assessment of Tropospheric Concentrations of NO2 from the TROPOMI/Sentinel-5 Precursor for the Estimation of Long-Term Exposure to Surface NO2 over South Korea. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13101877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since April 2018, the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) has provided data on tropospheric NO2 column concentrations (CTROPOMI) with unprecedented spatial resolution. This study aims to assess the capability of TROPOMI to acquire high spatial resolution data regarding surface NO2 mixing ratios. In general, the instrument effectively detected major and moderate sources of NO2 over South Korea with a clear weekday–weekend distinction. We compared the CTROPOMI with surface NO2 mixing ratio measurements from an extensive ground-based network over South Korea operated by the Korean Ministry of Environment (SKME; more than 570 sites), for 2019. Spatiotemporally collocated CTROPOMI and SKME showed a moderate correlation (correlation coefficient, r = 0.67), whereas their annual mean values at each site showed a higher correlation (r = 0.84). The CTROPOMI and SKME were well correlated around the Seoul metropolitan area, where significant amounts of NO2 prevailed throughout the year, whereas they showed lower correlation at rural sites. We converted the tropospheric NO2 from TROPOMI to the surface mixing ratio (STROPOMI) using the EAC4 (ECMWF Atmospheric Composition Reanalysis 4) profile shape, for quantitative comparison with the SKME. The estimated STROPOMI generally underestimated the in-situ value obtained, SKME (slope = 0.64), as reported in previous studies.
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Wang F, Du W, Lv S, Ding Z, Wang G. Spatial and Temporal Distributions and Sources of Anthropogenic NMVOCs in the Atmosphere of China: A Review. ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2021; 38:1085-1100. [PMID: 33948045 PMCID: PMC8085794 DOI: 10.1007/s00376-021-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As the key precursors of O3, anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) have been studied intensively. This paper performed a meta-analysis on the spatial and temporal variations of NMVOCs, their roles in photochemical reactions, and their sources in China, based on published research. The results showed that both non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) in China have higher mixing ratios in the eastern developed cities compared to those in the central and western areas. Alkanes are the most abundant NMHCs species in all reported sites while formaldehyde is the most abundant among the OVOCs. OVOCs have the highest mixing ratios in summer and the lowest in winter, which is opposite to NMHCs. Among all NMVOCs, the top eight species account for 50%-70% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP) with different compositions and contributions in different areas. In devolved regions, OFP-NMHCs are the highest in winter while OFP-OVOCs are the highest in summer. Based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and solvent usage in China are the main sources for NMHCs. However, the emission trend analysis showed that solvent usage and industrial emissions will exceed vehicle exhaust and become the two major sources of NMVOCs in near future. Based on the meta-analysis conducted in this work, we believe that the spatio-temporal variations and oxidation mechanisms of atmospheric OVOCs, as well as generating a higher spatial resolution of emission inventories of NMVOCs represent an area for future studies on NMVOCs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Shaojun Lv
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Zhijian Ding
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 200062 China
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Abstract
An operational measure that is inspired by migrant birds aiming toward the mitigation of aviation climate impact is to fly in aerodynamic formation. When this operational measure is adapted to commercial aircraft it saves fuel and is, therefore, expected to reduce the climate impact of aviation. Besides the total emission amount, this mitigation option also changes the location of emissions, impacting the non-CO2 climate effects arising from NOx and H2O emissions and contrails. Here, we assess these non-CO2 climate impacts with a climate response model to assure a benefit for climate not only due to CO2 emission reductions, but also due to reduced non-CO2 effects. Therefore, the climate response model AirClim is used, which includes CO2 effects and also the impact of water vapor and contrail induced cloudiness as well as the impact of nitrogen dioxide emissions on the ozone and methane concentration. For this purpose, AirClim has been adopted to account for saturation effects occurring for formation flight. The results of the case studies show that the implementation of formation flights in the 50 most popular airports for the year 2017 display an average decrease of fuel consumption by 5%. The climate impact, in terms of average near surface temperature change, is estimated to be reduced in average by 24%, with values of individual formations between 13% and 33%.
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Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), meteorological parameters, and total non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) were analyzed from simultaneous measurements at the MSU-IAP (Moscow State University—Institute of Atmospheric Physics) observational site in Moscow from 2011–2013. Seasonal and diurnal variability of the compounds was studied. The highest O3 concentration in Moscow was observed in the summer daytime periods in anticyclonic meteorological conditions under poor ventilation of the atmospheric boundary layer and high temperatures (up to 105 ppbv or 210 μg/m3). In contrast, NOx, CO, and benzene decreased from 8 a.m. to 5–6 p.m. local time (LT). The high positive correlation of daytime O3 with secondary VOCs affirmed an important role of photochemical O3 production in Moscow during the summers of 2011–2013. The summertime average concentrations of the biogenic VOCs isoprene and monoterpenes were observed to be 0.73 ppbv and 0.53 ppbv, respectively. The principal source of anthropogenic VOCs in Moscow was established to be local vehicle emissions. Yet, only about 5% of the observed isoprene was safely attributed to anthropogenic sources, suggesting significant contribution of biogenic sources into the total levels of ozone precursors. The non-linear O3–NOx dependence shows a decrease in ground-level O3 with an increase in NOx during the summers of 2011–2013, which is typical for the VOC-sensitive photochemical regime of O3 formation. Nevertheless, during the elevated ozone episodes in July 2011, the photochemical regime of ozone production was either transitional or NOx-sensitive. Contribution of various anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs into the measured ozone values was evaluated. The ozone-forming potential (OFP) of total VOCs was 31–67 μg/m3 on average and exceeded 100 μg/m3 in the top 10% of high ozone events, reaching 136 μg/m3. Acetaldehyde, 1.3-butadiene, and isoprene have the highest ozone production potential in Moscow compared to that of other measured VOCs.
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Chattopadhyay G, Midya SK, Chattopadhyay S. Information Theoretic Study of the Ground-Level Ozone and Its Precursors Over Kolkata, India, During the Summer Monsoon. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, TRANSACTIONS A: SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40995-020-01007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Bae C, Kim HC, Kim BU, Kim S. Surface ozone response to satellite-constrained NO x emission adjustments and its implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113469. [PMID: 31902538 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Both surface and satellite observations have shown a decrease in NOx emissions in East Asian countries in recent years. In order to reflect the recent NOx emission reduction and to investigate its impact on surface O3 concentrations in Asian megacities, we adjusted two bottom-up regional emission inventories of which base years are 2006 (E2006) and 2010 (E2010), respectively. We applied direct and relative emission adjustments to both E2006 and E2010 to constrain NOx emissions using OMI NO2 vertical column densities. Except for the relative emission adjustment with E2006, modeling results with adjusted emissions exhibit that NOx emissions over East Asian megacities (Beijing, Shanghai, Seoul, and Tokyo) in the bottom-up inventories are generally overestimated. When the direct emission adjustment is applied to E2006, model biases in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), South Korea are reduced from 24 ppb to 2 ppb for NOx (=NO+NO2) and from -9 ppb to 0 ppb for O3. In addition, NO2 model biases in Beijing and Shanghai in China are reduced from 8 ppb to 18 ppb-0 ppb and 1 ppb, respectively. Daily maximum 8-h average O3 model biases over the same places are decreased by 8 ppb and 14 ppb. Further analyses suggest that the reduction in domestic South Korean NOx emissions plays a significant role in increasing O3 concentrations in SMA. We conclude that the current strong drive to reduce NOx emissions as part of the strategy to lower particulate matter concentrations in South Korea can account for increased O3 concentrations in recent years and suggest that more aggressive NOx emissions will be necessary soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhan Bae
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA; Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Byeong-Uk Kim
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.
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22
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Relaxing Energy Policies Coupled with Climate Change Will Significantly Undermine Efforts to Attain US Ozone Standards. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Yan Y, Cabrera-Perez D, Lin J, Pozzer A, Hu L, Millet DB, Porter WC, Lelieveld J. Global tropospheric effects of aromatic chemistry with the SAPRC-11 mechanism implemented in GEOS-Chem version 9-02. GEOSCIENTIFIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 12:111-130. [PMID: 33613856 PMCID: PMC7894209 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-12-111-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Goddard Earth Observing System with chemistry (GEOS-Chem) model has been updated with the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center version 11 (SAPRC-11) aromatics chemical mechanism, with the purpose of evaluating global and regional effects of the most abundant aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylenes) on the chemical species important for tropospheric oxidation capacity. The model evaluation based on surface and aircraft observations indicates good agreement for aromatics and ozone. A comparison between scenarios in GEOS-Chem with simplified aromatic chemistry (as in the standard setup, with no ozone formation from related peroxy radicals or recycling of NOx) and with the SAPRC-11 scheme reveals relatively slight changes in ozone, the hydroxyl radical, and nitrogen oxides on a global mean basis (1 %-4 %), although remarkable regional differences (5 %-20 %) exist near the source regions. NO x decreases over the source regions and increases in the remote troposphere, due mainly to more efficient transport of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), which is increased with the SAPRC aromatic chemistry. Model ozone mixing ratios with the updated aromatic chemistry increase by up to 5 ppb (more than 10 %), especially in industrially polluted regions. The ozone change is partly due to the direct influence of aromatic oxidation products on ozone production rates, and in part to the altered spatial distribution of NOx that enhances the tropospheric ozone production efficiency. Improved representation of aromatics is important to simulate the tropospheric oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean–Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - David Cabrera-Perez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jintai Lin
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean–Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - William C. Porter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jos Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
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Plocoste T, Dorville JF, Monjoly S, Jacoby-Koaly S, André M. Assessment of nitrogen oxides and ground-level ozone behavior in a dense air quality station network: Case study in the Lesser Antilles Arc. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:1278-1300. [PMID: 29708862 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1471428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a study on ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) concentrations, and their variabilities in the ambient air of three sites of a tropical archipelago that is moderately urbanized. Statistical analysis was performed on a quite complete (>80%) set of 5 years of measurements (2008-2012). There are few studies on those pollutants and their seasonal behavior in the Caribbean area, where pollution level and cities configuration are different from megacities. Analyses are focused on pollutant variations at the scale of the day, the week, and the seasons, using hourly data. The observations show that NOx concentrations are more elevated during the wet season, whereas O3 concentrations are higher in the dry season. Amplitudes of ozone cycles are strongly influenced by meteorological conditions (temperature, global radiation, and wind speed) and prevailing levels of NOx. An ozone weekend effect is detected with the highest amplitude in the city, where anthropogenic activity is the lowest during the weekend. Due to the nature and the origin of pollutants, NOx shows higher variability than O3 in the time series. Our results evince the need for continuous measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in order to better quantify their contribution in O3 formation in an insular context where numerous natural sources have been identified. Implications: Statistical analyses of observed NOx and O3 concentrations for 5 years for a typical low industrialized site of the Caribbean area have been done. Air quality for those components is correct based on the standards of the World Health Orgaization, pollutant source spatial distributions, and level of industrialization. Observations show the same patterns as in megacities but also a strong impact of weather conditions and road traffic. Behaviors of O3 cannot be fully explained without VOCs monitoring. Localization and type of AQS should be reconsidered to improve the accuracy of concentrations of the pollutant and better understand their behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Plocoste
- a EA 4539-LARGE (Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Énergies), Département de Physique , Université des Antilles , Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
| | - Jean-François Dorville
- b The Caribbean Geophysical and Numerical Research Group , Baie-Mahault , Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
| | - Stéphanie Monjoly
- a EA 4539-LARGE (Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Énergies), Département de Physique , Université des Antilles , Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
| | - Sandra Jacoby-Koaly
- a EA 4539-LARGE (Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Énergies), Département de Physique , Université des Antilles , Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
| | - Maïna André
- a EA 4539-LARGE (Laboratoire de Recherche en Géosciences et Énergies), Département de Physique , Université des Antilles , Pointe-à-Pitre , Guadeloupe (F.W.I.)
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Mo Z, Fu HZ, Ho YS. Bibliometrics of highly cited articles in the research field of volatile organic compounds. COLLNET JOURNAL OF SCIENTOMETRICS AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09737766.2018.1524958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Mo
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Fu
- Department of Information Resources Management, School of Public Affairs Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuh-Shan Ho
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Trend Research Centre, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Henneman LRF, Shen H, Liu C, Hu Y, Mulholland JA, Russell AG. Responses in Ozone and Its Production Efficiency Attributable to Recent and Future Emissions Changes in the Eastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13797-13805. [PMID: 29112386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone production efficiency (OPE), a measure of the number of ozone (O3) molecules produced per emitted NOX (NO + NO2) molecule, helps establish the relationship between NOX emissions and O3 formation. We estimate long-term OPE variability across the eastern United States using two novel approaches: an observation-based empirical method and a chemical transport model (CTM) method. The CTM approach explicitly controls for differing O3 and NOX reaction product (NOZ) deposition rates and separately estimates OPEs from on-road mobile and electricity generating unit sources across a broad spatial scale. We find lower OPEs in urban areas and that average July OPE increased over the eastern United States domain between 2001 and 2011 from 11 to 14. CTM and empirical approaches agree at low NOZ concentrations, but CTM OPEs are greater than empirical OPEs at high NOZ. Our results support that NOX emissions reductions become more effective at reducing O3 at lower NOZ concentrations. Electricity generating unit OPEs are higher than mobile OPEs except near emissions locations, meaning further utility NOX emissions reductions will have greater per unit impacts on O3 regionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R F Henneman
- Harvard University , T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02445, United States
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yongtao Hu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Zhou Y, Mao H, Demerjian K, Hogrefe C, Liu J. Regional and Hemispheric Influences on Temporal Variability in Baseline Carbon Monoxide and Ozone over the Northeast US. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2017; 164:309-324. [PMID: 30147427 PMCID: PMC6104834 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Interannual variability in baseline carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3), defined as mixing ratios under minimal influence of recent and local emissions, was studied for seven rural sites in the Northeast US over 2001 - 2010. Annual baseline CO exhibited statistically significant decreasing trends (-4.3 - -2.3 ppbv yr-1), while baseline O3 did not display trends at any site. In examining the data by season, wintertime and springtime baseline CO at the two highest sites (1.5 km and 2 km asl) did not experience significant trends. Decadal increasing trends (~2.55 ppbv yr-1) were found in springtime and wintertime baseline O3 in southern New Hampshire, which was associated with anthropogenic NOx emission reductions from the urban corridor. Biomass burning emissions impacted summertime baseline CO with ~38% variability from wildfire emissions in Russia and ~22% from Canada at five sites and impacted baseline O3 at the two high elevation sites only with ~27% variability from wildfires in both Russia and Canada. The Arctic Oscillation was negatively correlated with summertime baseline O3, while the North Atlantic Oscillation was positively correlated with springtime baseline O3. This study suggested that anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, and meteorological conditions were important factors working together to determine baseline O3 and CO in the Northeast U.S. during the 2000s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - H. Mao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - K. Demerjian
- Atmospheric Science Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12203, USA
| | - C. Hogrefe
- Emissions and Model Evaluation Branch, Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, NERL, ORD, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Sari D, İncecik S, Ozkurt N. Surface ozone levels in the forest and vegetation areas of the Biga Peninsula, Turkey. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:1284-1297. [PMID: 27474990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal variability of surface ozone in the rural, mountainous and suburban sites of Biga Peninsula, at the northwest of Turkey which is about 300km southwest of Istanbul was investigated using passive samplers and continuous analyzers. A total 10 passive samplers and two continuous analyzers were used between 1.1.2013 and 31.12.2014. OX levels in the study region were examined to understand NOx dependent or independent contribution to ozone. The influences of the meteorological parameters on ozone levels were also examined by wind speed and ambient temperature. The results clearly show that mountainous areas have higher cumulative exposure to ozone than suburban locations. In order to understand the long range transport sources contributing to the high ozone levels in the region backward trajectories were computed using HYSPLIT model and then clustering of trajectories are performed. The results clearly show the characteristics of pollutant transport from north to Biga Peninsula. Additionally, AOT40 (Accumulated hourly O3 concentrations Over a Threshold of 40ppb) cumulative index was calculated using daytime hourly measurements. The results indicate that the ozone values in the study area are much higher than the critical levels for forest and vegetation based on EU Directive 2008/50/EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Sari
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, 41470 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Selahattin İncecik
- Department of the Meteorology, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesimi Ozkurt
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, 41470 Kocaeli, Turkey
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Kim HS, Kim YH, Han KM, Kim J, Song CH. Ozone production efficiency of a ship-plume: ITCT 2K2 case study. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 143:17-23. [PMID: 26009472 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone production efficiency (OPE) of ship plume was first evaluated in this study, based on ship-plume photochemical/dynamic model simulations and the ship-plume composition data measured during the ITCT 2K2 (Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002) aircraft campaign. The averaged instantaneous OPEs (OPE(i)‾) estimated via the ship-plume photochemical/dynamic modeling for the ITCT 2K2 ship-plume ranged between 4.61 and 18.92, showing that the values vary with the extent of chemical evolution (or chemical stage) of the ship plume and the stability classes of the marine boundary layer (MBL). Together with OPE(i)‾, the equivalent OPEs (OPE(e)‾) for the entire ITCT 2K2 ship-plume were also estimated. The OPE(e)‾ values varied between 9.73 (for the stable MBL) and 12.73 (for the moderately stable MBL), which agreed well with the OPE(e)‾ of 12.85 estimated based on the ITCT 2K2 ship-plume observations. It was also found that both the model-simulated and observation-based OPE(e)‾ inside the ship-plume were 0.29-0.38 times smaller than the OPE(e)‾ calculated/measured outside the ITCT 2K2 ship-plume. Such low OPEs insides the ship plume were due to the high levels of NO and non-liner ship-plume photochemistry. Possible implications of this ship-plume OPE study in the global chemistry-transport modeling are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun S Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong H Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung M Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jhoon Kim
- Institute of Earth, Astronomy, and Atmosphere, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul H Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Travis KR, Jacob DJ, Fisher JA, Kim PS, Marais EA, Zhu L, Yu K, Miller CC, Yantosca RM, Sulprizio MP, Thompson AM, Wennberg PO, Crounse JD, St Clair JM, Cohen RC, Laughner JL, Dibb JE, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Wolfe GM, Pollack IB, Peischl J, Neuman JA, Zhou X. Why do Models Overestimate Surface Ozone in the Southeastern United States? ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; 16:13561-13577. [PMID: 29619045 PMCID: PMC5880041 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-13561-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ozone pollution in the Southeast US involves complex chemistry driven by emissions of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) and biogenic isoprene. Model estimates of surface ozone concentrations tend to be biased high in the region and this is of concern for designing effective emission control strategies to meet air quality standards. We use detailed chemical observations from the SEAC4RS aircraft campaign in August and September 2013, interpreted with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model at 0.25°×0.3125° horizontal resolution, to better understand the factors controlling surface ozone in the Southeast US. We find that the National Emission Inventory (NEI) for NOx from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is too high. This finding is based on SEAC4RS observations of NOx and its oxidation products, surface network observations of nitrate wet deposition fluxes, and OMI satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 columns. Our results indicate that NEI NOx emissions from mobile and industrial sources must be reduced by 30-60%, dependent on the assumption of the contribution by soil NOx emissions. Upper tropospheric NO2 from lightning makes a large contribution to satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 that must be accounted for when using these data to estimate surface NOx emissions. We find that only half of isoprene oxidation proceeds by the high-NOx pathway to produce ozone; this fraction is only moderately sensitive to changes in NOx emissions because isoprene and NOx emissions are spatially segregated. GEOS-Chem with reduced NOx emissions provides an unbiased simulation of ozone observations from the aircraft, and reproduces the observed ozone production efficiency in the boundary layer as derived from a regression of ozone and NOx oxidation products. However, the model is still biased high by 8±13 ppb relative to observed surface ozone in the Southeast US. Ozonesondes launched during midday hours show a 7 ppb ozone decrease from 1.5 km to the surface that GEOS-Chem does not capture. This bias may reflect a combination of excessive vertical mixing and net ozone production in the model boundary layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Travis
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jenny A. Fisher
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick S. Kim
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eloise A. Marais
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen Yu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher C. Miller
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert M. Yantosca
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa P. Sulprizio
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jason M. St Clair
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Jack E. Dibb
- Earth System Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Illana B. Pollack
- Atmospheric Science Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeff Peischl
- University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA, Division of Chemical Science, Earth Systems Research Lab, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Jonathan A. Neuman
- University of Colorado, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA, Division of Chemical Science, Earth Systems Research Lab, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
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Biancofiore F, Verdecchia M, Di Carlo P, Tomassetti B, Aruffo E, Busilacchio M, Bianco S, Di Tommaso S, Colangeli C. Analysis of surface ozone using a recurrent neural network. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 514:379-387. [PMID: 25681774 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hourly concentrations of ozone (O₃) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) have been measured for 16 years, from 1998 to 2013, in a seaside town in central Italy. The seasonal trends of O₃ and NO₂ recorded in this period have been studied. Furthermore, we used the data collected during one year (2005), to define the characteristics of a multiple linear regression model and a neural network model. Both models are used to model the hourly O₃ concentration, using, two scenarios: 1) in the first as inputs, only meteorological parameters and 2) in the second adding photochemical parameters at those of the first scenario. In order to evaluate the performance of the model four statistical criteria are used: correlation coefficient, fractional bias, normalized mean squared error and a factor of two. All the criteria show that the neural network gives better results, compared to the regression model, in all the model scenarios. Predictions of O₃ have been carried out by many authors using a feed forward neural architecture. In this paper we show that a recurrent architecture significantly improves the performances of neural predictors. Using only the meteorological parameters as input, the recurrent architecture shows performance better than the multiple linear regression model that uses meteorological and photochemical data as input, making the neural network model with recurrent architecture a more useful tool in areas where only weather measurements are available. Finally, we used the neural network model to forecast the O₃ hourly concentrations 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h ahead. The performances of the model in predicting O₃ levels are discussed. Emphasis is given to the possibility of using the neural network model in operational ways in areas where only meteorological data are available, in order to predict O₃ also in sites where it has not been measured yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Biancofiore
- Center of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Verdecchia
- Center of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Piero Di Carlo
- Center of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Barbara Tomassetti
- Center of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aruffo
- Center of Excellence CETEMPS, University of L'Aquila, Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Sebastiano Bianco
- ARTA, Agenzia Regionale per l'Ambiente, viale Marconi, Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Colangeli
- ARTA, Agenzia Regionale per l'Ambiente, viale Marconi, Pescara, Italy
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Susaya J, Kim KH, Shon ZH, Brown RJC. Demonstration of long-term increases in tropospheric O3 levels: causes and potential impacts. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1520-1528. [PMID: 23756130 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) is a well-known atmospheric pollutant with its adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Here, the tropospheric O3 concentrations monitored in seven major cities in Korea at monthly intervals over a 22-year period (1989-2010) are presented, and their long-term variability examined. The analysis of annual mean values of O3 (in nmolmol(-1), or ppb) showed a noticeable increase of 118±69% in all seven cities over the two decades (p<0.01). Changes in O3 levels are closely associated with both environmental (e.g., NOx (NO+NO2), SO2, CO, and total suspended particles (TSPs) (p<0.01), temperature, and sunshine hours) and common anthropogenic variables (e.g., population density and number of vehicles). Evidence collected in this study suggests that the atmospheric conditions in most major cities of Korea should be volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensitive or NOx saturated with respect to O3 formation. As such, establishment of a proper management strategy seems a sensible approach to control tropospheric ozone concentrations in densely populated cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Susaya
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
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34
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Pollution plumes observed by aircraft over North China during the IPAC-NC field campaign. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Luke WT, Dickerson RR, Nunnermacker LJ. Direct measurements of the photolysis rate coefficients and Henry's law constants of several alkyl nitrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id12p14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Pickering KE, Dickerson RR, Luke WT, Nunnermacker LJ. Clear-sky vertical profiles of trace gases as influenced by upstream convective activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id12p14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Carroll MA, Hastie DR, Ridley BA, Rodgers MO, Torres AL, Davis DD, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Schiff HI, Karecki DR, Harris GW, Mackay GI, Gregory GL, Condon EP, Trainer M, Hubler G, Montzka DD, Madronich S, Albritton DL, Singh HB, Beck SM, Shipham MC, Bachmeier AS. Aircraft measurements of NOxover the eastern Pacific and continental United States and implications for ozone production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p10205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Penkett SA, Blake NJ, Lightman P, Marsh ARW, Anwyl P, Butcher G. The seasonal variation of nonmethane hydrocarbons in the free troposphere over the North Atlantic Ocean: Possible evidence for extensive reaction of hydrocarbons with the nitrate radical. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Davies TD, Kelly PM, Low PS, Pierce CE. Surface ozone concentrations in Europe: Links with the regional-scale atmospheric circulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Aneja VP, Li Z. Characterization of ozone at high elevation in the eastern United States: Trends, seasonal variations, and exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jacob DJ, Sillman S, Logan JA, Wofsy SC. Least independent variables method for simulation of tropospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id06p08497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thompson AM, Ann Huntley M, Stewart RW. Perturbations to tropospheric oxidants, 1985-2035: 1. Calculations of ozone and OH in chemically coherent regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p09829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Law KS, Pyle JA. Modeling trace gas budgets in the troposphere: 1. Ozone and odd nitrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Trainer M, Parrish DD, Buhr MP, Norton RB, Fehsenfeld FC, Anlauf KG, Bottenheim JW, Tang YZ, Wiebe HA, Roberts JM, Tanner RL, Newman L, Bowersox VC, Meagher JF, Olszyna KJ, Rodgers MO, Wang T, Berresheim H, Demerjian KL, Roychowdhury UK. Correlation of ozone with NOyin photochemically aged air. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Singh HB, Condon E, Vedder J, O'Hara D, Ridley BA, Gandrud BW, Shetter JD, Salas LJ, Huebert B, Hübler G, Carroll MA, Albritton DL, Davis DD, Bradshaw JD, Sandholm ST, Rodgers MO, Beck SM, Gregory GL, LeBel PJ. Peroxyacetyl nitrate measurements during CITE 2: Atmospheric distribution and precursor relationships. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hübler G, Fahey DW, Ridley BA, Gregory GL, Fehsenfeld FC. Airborne measurements of total reactive odd nitrogen (NOy). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ridley BA, Shetter JD, Gandrud BW, Salas LJ, Singh HB, Carroll MA, Hübler G, Albritton DL, Hastie DR, Schiff HI, Mackay GI, Karechi DR, Davis DD, Bradshaw JD, Rodgers MO, Sandholm ST, Torres AL, Condon EP, Gregory GL, Beck SM. Ratios of peroxyacetyl nitrate to active nitrogen observed during aircraft flights over the eastern Pacific Oceans and continental United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Buhr MP, Parrish DD, Norton RB, Fehsenfeld FC, Sievers RE, Roberts JM. Contribution of organic nitrates to the total reactive nitrogen budget at a rural eastern U.S. site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id07p09809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Johansson C, Rodhe H, Sanhueza E. Emission of NO in a tropical savanna and a cloud forest during the dry season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/jd093id06p07180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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