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Mahato MK, Singh AK. Evaluation of atmospheric dust deposition rates and their mineral characterization in copper and iron mining areas, Singhbhum, India. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:1378-1389. [PMID: 32869720 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1818647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric dust can play a very important role in the polluted atmosphere. This has a direct impact on human health, global warming, climate change, visibility, precipitation, cloud formation, and so on. To evaluate the atmospheric dustfall rate and their mineralogical aspects, three separate sites were selected, namely mining, suburban, and control for dust sampling. Dustfall samples were collected at monthly intervals from copper and iron mining areas, in Singhbhum, India. The average atmospheric dustfall rate varied from 7.51 to 28.58 g/m2/month, and 7.40 to 26.37 g/m2/month during the summer and winter seasons, respectively, in the copper mining areas. At the same time, an average atmospheric dustfall rate varied from 7.23 to 76.99 g/m2/month during summer season and 6.48 to73.92 g/m2/month during the winter season in the iron mining area. The major minerals identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of dustfall samples from copper mining area were quartz, kaolinite, pyrite, albite, and magnesio hornblende. However, in the case of iron mining area, the major minerals found were quartz, cristobalite, hematite, magnetite, biotite, albite, ilmenete, pyrite, rutile, and dolomite. Overall, the intensity of dust pollution is greater in the vicinity of mining and industrial sites of the copper and iron mining areas. Implications: The study has been conducted in the copper and iron mining areas of East and West Singhbhum districts of Jharkhand state, respectively. The aim of the present study was twofold, namely, (i) to evaluate the dustfall rates (ii) and to characterize the mineralogy of atmospheric dust. East and West Singhbhum are the significantly industrialized areas of India known for the mining of copper and iron ores, steel production, power generation, and other related activities. In order to improve local people's living conditions, there is an urgent need for baseline data of dust pollution and its general characteristics based on scientific disclosures to allow policy recommendations and their implementation. Therefore, the study falls within the scope of the journal. The atmospheric dustfall rates were found to be higher during the summer season due to increased dispersion caused by the high wind speed during the summer season. During the winter season, lower rates were observed due to monsoonal rainfall washout and higher relative humidity, which reduces dust resuspension. However, the present study considered the extent of dustfall rates and their mineral characteristics. An immediate need arises to regularly monitor the dust pollution and to implement suitable dust control system like wet dust suppression and airborne dusts capture for dust abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Mahato
- Natural Resources and Environment Management Research Group, CSIR- Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research , Dhanbad, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Singh
- Natural Resources and Environment Management Research Group, CSIR- Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research , Dhanbad, India
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Corral AF, Dadashazar H, Stahl C, Edwards EL, Zuidema P, Sorooshian A. Source Apportionment of Aerosol at a Coastal Site and Relationships with Precipitation Chemistry: A Case Study over the Southeast United States. ATMOSPHERE 2020; 11:1212. [PMID: 34211764 PMCID: PMC8243544 DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the long-term aerosol and precipitation chemistry measurements from colocated monitoring sites in Southern Florida between 2013 and 2018. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified six potential emission sources impacting the study area. The PMF model solution yielded the following source concentration profiles: (i) combustion; (ii) fresh sea salt; (iii) aged sea salt; (iv) secondary sulfate; (v) shipping emissions; and (vi) dust. Based on these results, concentration-weighted trajectory maps were developed to identify sources contributing to the PMF factors. Monthly mean precipitation pH values ranged from 4.98 to 5.58, being positively related to crustal species and negatively related to SO4 2-. Sea salt dominated wet deposition volume-weighted concentrations year-round without much variability in its mass fraction in contrast to stronger seasonal changes in PM2.5 composition where fresh sea salt was far less influential. The highest mean annual deposition fluxes were attributed to Cl-, NO3 -, SO4 2-, and Na+ between April and October. Nitrate is strongly correlated with dust constituents (unlike sea salt) in precipitation samples, indicative of efficient partitioning to dust. Interrelationships between precipitation chemistry and aerosol species based on long-term surface data provide insight into aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F. Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Eva-Lou Edwards
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Paquita Zuidema
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Yu H, Tan Q, Chin M, Remer LA, Kahn RA, Bian H, Kim D, Zhang Z, Yuan T, Omar AH, Winker DM, Levy R, Kalashnikova O, Crepeau L, Capelle V, Chedin A. Estimates of African Dust Deposition Along the Trans-Atlantic Transit Using the Decade-long Record of Aerosol Measurements from CALIOP, MODIS, MISR, and IASI. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:7975-7996. [PMID: 32637291 PMCID: PMC7340100 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of mineral dust into ocean fertilizes ecosystems and influences biogeochemical cycles and climate. In-situ observations of dust deposition are scarce, and model simulations depend on the highly parameterized representations of dust processes with few constraints. By taking advantage of satellites' routine sampling on global and decadal scales, we estimate African dust deposition flux and loss frequency (LF, a ratio of deposition flux to mass loading) along the trans-Atlantic transit using the three-dimensional distributions of aerosol retrieved by spaceborne lidar (CALIOP) and radiometers (MODIS, MISR, and IASI). On the basis of a ten-year (2007-2016) and basin scale average, the amount of dust deposition into the tropical Atlantic Ocean is estimated at 136 - 222 Tg yr-1. The 65-83% of satellite-based estimates agree with the in-situ climatology within a factor of 2. The magnitudes of dust deposition are highest in boreal summer and lowest in fall, whereas the interannual variability as measured by the normalized standard deviation with mean is largest in spring (28-41%) and smallest (7-15%) in summer. The dust deposition displays high spatial heterogeneity, revealing that the meridional shifts of major dust deposition belts are modulated by the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). On the basis of the annual and basin mean, the dust LF derived from the satellite observations ranges from 0.078 to 0.100 d-1, which is lower than model simulations by up to factors of 2 to 5. The most efficient loss of dust occurs in winter, consistent with the higher possibility of low-altitude transported dust in southern trajectories being intercepted by rainfall associated with the ITCZ. The satellite-based estimates of dust deposition can be used to fill the geographical gaps and extend time span of in-situ measurements, study the dust-ocean interactions, and evaluate model simulations of dust processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yu
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Qian Tan
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, Petaluma, California, USA
- Earth Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Mian Chin
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Lorraine A Remer
- JCET, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ralph A Kahn
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Huisheng Bian
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- JCET, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dongchul Kim
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- GESTAR, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- JCET, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Physics Department, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tianle Yuan
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- JCET, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ali H Omar
- Earth Science Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - David M Winker
- Earth Science Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert Levy
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga Kalashnikova
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | | | - Alain Chedin
- Laboratoire deMeteorologie Dynamique, Palaiseau, France
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Bali K, Mishra AK, Singh S, Chandra S, Lehahn Y. Impact of dust storm on phytoplankton bloom over the Arabian Sea: a case study during March 2012. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11940-11950. [PMID: 30825122 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dust storms affect the primary productivity of the ocean by providing necessary micronutrients to the surface layer. One such dust storm during March 2012 led to a substantial reduction in visibility and enhancement in aerosol optical depth (AOD) up to ~ 0.8 (AOD increased from 0.1 to 0.9) over the Arabian Sea. We explored the possible effects and mechanisms through which this particular dust storm could impact the ocean's primary productivity (phytoplankton concentration), using satellite-borne remote sensors and reanalysis model data (2003-2016). The climatological analyses revealed anomalous March 2012 in terms of dust deposition and enhancement in phytoplankton concentration in the month of March during 2003-2016 over this region. The studied dust storm accounts for increase in the daily average surface dust deposition rate from ~ 3 to ~53 mg m-2 day-1, which is followed by a significant enhancement in the chlorophyll-a (Chl_a) concentration (~ 2 to ~9 mg m-3). We show strong association between a dust storm and an event of anomalously high biological production (with a 4-day forward lag) in the Arabian Sea. We suggest that the increase in biological production results from the superposition of two complementary processes (deposition of atmospheric nutrients and deepening of the mixed layer due to dust-induced sea surface temperature cooling) that enhance nutrient availability in the euphotic layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Bali
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mishra
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sachchidanand Singh
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Campus, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Environmental Sciences and Biomedical Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Yoav Lehahn
- Department of Marine Geosciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
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Newman S, Osborne TZ, Hagerthey SE, Saunders C, Rutchey K, Schall T, Reddy KR. Drivers of landscape evolution: multiple regimes and their influence on carbon sequestration in a sub-tropical peatland. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Newman
- Everglades Systems Assessment Section; South Florida Water Management District; 8894 Belvedere Road, Building 374 West Palm Beach Florida 33411 USA
| | - Todd Z. Osborne
- Soil and Water Science Department; Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience; University of Florida; St Augustine Florida 32080 USA
| | - Scot E. Hagerthey
- Everglades Systems Assessment Section; South Florida Water Management District; 8894 Belvedere Road, Building 374 West Palm Beach Florida 33411 USA
| | - Colin Saunders
- Everglades Systems Assessment Section; South Florida Water Management District; 8894 Belvedere Road, Building 374 West Palm Beach Florida 33411 USA
| | - Ken Rutchey
- Everglades Systems Assessment Section; South Florida Water Management District; 8894 Belvedere Road, Building 374 West Palm Beach Florida 33411 USA
| | - Ted Schall
- Everglades Systems Assessment Section; South Florida Water Management District; 8894 Belvedere Road, Building 374 West Palm Beach Florida 33411 USA
| | - Konda R. Reddy
- Soil and Water Science Department; Wetland Biogeochemistry Laboratory; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
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Williams RH, McGee D, Kinsley CW, Ridley DA, Hu S, Fedorov A, Tal I, Murray RW, deMenocal PB. Glacial to Holocene changes in trans-Atlantic Saharan dust transport and dust-climate feedbacks. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600445. [PMID: 28138515 PMCID: PMC5262466 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Saharan mineral dust exported over the tropical North Atlantic is thought to have significant impacts on regional climate and ecosystems, but limited data exist documenting past changes in long-range dust transport. This data gap limits investigations of the role of Saharan dust in past climate change, in particular during the mid-Holocene, when climate models consistently underestimate the intensification of the West African monsoon documented by paleorecords. We present reconstructions of African dust deposition in sediments from the Bahamas and the tropical North Atlantic spanning the last 23,000 years. Both sites show early and mid-Holocene dust fluxes 40 to 50% lower than recent values and maximum dust fluxes during the deglaciation, demonstrating agreement with records from the northwest African margin. These quantitative estimates of trans-Atlantic dust transport offer important constraints on past changes in dust-related radiative and biogeochemical impacts. Using idealized climate model experiments to investigate the response to reductions in Saharan dust's radiative forcing over the tropical North Atlantic, we find that small (0.15°C) dust-related increases in regional sea surface temperatures are sufficient to cause significant northward shifts in the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone, increased precipitation in the western Sahel and Sahara, and reductions in easterly and northeasterly winds over dust source regions. Our results suggest that the amplifying feedback of dust on sea surface temperatures and regional climate may be significant and that accurate simulation of dust's radiative effects is likely essential to improving model representations of past and future precipitation variations in North Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross H. Williams
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David McGee
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Christopher W. Kinsley
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - David A. Ridley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shineng Hu
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Irit Tal
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Richard W. Murray
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter B. deMenocal
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
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8
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Deposition and Mineralogical Characteristics of Atmospheric Dust in relation to Land Use and Land Cover Change in Delhi (India). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/325612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study highlights that the increasing urbanization and industrialization in Delhi are responsible for higher fluxes of atmospheric dust and its chemical constituents. Delhi has experienced a drastic change in land use and land cover area during the past two decades. Road lengths of the city have increased by 76% from 1985 to 2011. The number of mobile vehicles has reached 80,52,508 in 2014 from 24,32,295 in 1994. The industrial units in Delhi have increased by 39.54% in 2011 as compared to 1994 value. Atmospheric dust which is originated from soil in this region becomes carbon rich due to interaction of suspended soil with atmospheric pollutants. Emissions of carbonaceous aerosols from coal and petroleum combustions are mainly responsible for silica dominated soil dust transforming into carbon rich particulate matter. Such dust may play very important role in the atmosphere having significant influence on human health, global warming, climate change, radiative forcing, visibility, and cloud formation. It is expected that if the rate of development remains the same, green cover of the city invariably will be sized down in order to meet the demand of housing, transportation, industries, and so forth in proportion to the rising population.
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Li F, Ren J, Yan L, Liu S, Liu C, Zhou F, Zhang J. The biogeochemical behavior of dissolved aluminum in the southern Yellow Sea: Influence of the spring phytoplankton bloom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Arimoto R, Duce RA, Ray BJ, Ellis WG, Cullen JD, Merrill JT. Trace elements in the atmosphere over the North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhu X, Prospero JM, Savoie DL, Millero FJ, Zika RG, Saltzman ES. Photoreduction of iron(III) in marine mineral aerosol solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Muhs DR, Budahn JR, Prospero JM, Skipp G, Herwitz SR. Soil genesis on the island of Bermuda in the Quaternary: The importance of African dust transport and deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jf002366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Cao Z, Yang Y, Lu J, Zhang C. Atmospheric particle characterization, distribution, and deposition in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, Central China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:577-584. [PMID: 21084140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Physical characterization and chemical analysis of settled dusts collected in Xi'an from November 2007 to December 2008 show that (1) dust deposition rates ranged from 14.6 to 350.4 g m(-2) yr(-1). The average deposition rate (76.7 g m(-2) yr(-1)) ranks the 11th out of 56 dust deposition rates observed throughout the world. The coal-burning power was the major particle source; (2) on average (except site 4), ∼10% of the settled dusts having size <2.6, ∼30% having size <10.5, and >70% having size <30 μm; (3) the concentrations for 20 out of 27 elements analyzed were upto 18 times higher than their soil background values in China. With such high deposition rates of dusts that contain elevated levels of toxic elements, actions should be taken to reduce emission and studies are needed to assess the potential impacts of settled particles on surface ecosystem, water resource, and human health in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongze Cao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
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Prospero JM, Landing WM, Schulz M. African dust deposition to Florida: Temporal and spatial variability and comparisons to models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Mahowald NM, Engelstaedter S, Luo C, Sealy A, Artaxo P, Benitez-Nelson C, Bonnet S, Chen Y, Chuang PY, Cohen DD, Dulac F, Herut B, Johansen AM, Kubilay N, Losno R, Maenhaut W, Paytan A, Prospero JM, Shank LM, Siefert RL. Atmospheric iron deposition: global distribution, variability, and human perturbations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2009; 1:245-78. [PMID: 21141037 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric inputs of iron to the open ocean are hypothesized to modulate ocean biogeochemistry. This review presents an integration of available observations of atmospheric iron and iron deposition, and also covers bioavailable iron distributions. Methods for estimating temporal variability in ocean deposition over the recent past are reviewed. Desert dust iron is estimated to represent 95% of the global atmospheric iron cycle, and combustion sources of iron are responsible for the remaining 5%. Humans may be significantly perturbing desert dust (up to 50%). The sources of bioavailable iron are less well understood than those of iron, partly because we do not know what speciation of the iron is bioavailable. Bioavailable iron can derive from atmospheric processing of relatively insoluble desert dust iron or from direct emissions of soluble iron from combustion sources. These results imply that humans could be substantially impacting iron and bioavailable iron deposition to ocean regions, but there are large uncertainties in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Mahowald
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Muhs DR, Budahn JR, Prospero JM, Carey SN. Geochemical evidence for African dust inputs to soils of western Atlantic islands: Barbados, the Bahamas, and Florida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jf000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Walsh JJ, Jolliff JK, Darrow BP, Lenes JM, Milroy SP, Remsen A, Dieterle DA, Carder KL, Chen FR, Vargo GA, Weisberg RH, Fanning KA, Muller-Karger FE, Shinn E, Steidinger KA, Heil CA, Tomas CR, Prospero JS, Lee TN, Kirkpatrick GJ, Whitledge TE, Stockwell DA, Villareal TA, Jochens AE, Bontempi PS. Red tides in the Gulf of Mexico: Where, when, and why? JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH 2006; 111:1-46. [PMID: 20411040 PMCID: PMC2856968 DOI: 10.1029/2004jc002813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
[1] Independent data from the Gulf of Mexico are used to develop and test the hypothesis that the same sequence of physical and ecological events each year allows the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis to become dominant. A phosphorus-rich nutrient supply initiates phytoplankton succession, once deposition events of Saharan iron-rich dust allow Trichodesmium blooms to utilize ubiquitous dissolved nitrogen gas within otherwise nitrogen-poor sea water. They and the co-occurring K. brevis are positioned within the bottom Ekman layers, as a consequence of their similar diel vertical migration patterns on the middle shelf. Upon onshore upwelling of these near-bottom seed populations to CDOM-rich surface waters of coastal regions, light-inhibition of the small red tide of ~1 ug chl l(-1) of ichthytoxic K. brevis is alleviated. Thence, dead fish serve as a supplementary nutrient source, yielding large, self-shaded red tides of ~10 ug chl l(-1). The source of phosphorus is mainly of fossil origin off west Florida, where past nutrient additions from the eutrophied Lake Okeechobee had minimal impact. In contrast, the P-sources are of mainly anthropogenic origin off Texas, since both the nutrient loadings of Mississippi River and the spatial extent of the downstream red tides have increased over the last 100 years. During the past century and particularly within the last decade, previously cryptic Karenia spp. have caused toxic red tides in similar coastal habitats of other western boundary currents off Japan, China, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa, downstream of the Gobi, Simpson, Great Western, and Kalahari Deserts, in a global response to both desertification and eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Walsh
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
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Mancinelli V, Decesari S, Facchini MC, Fuzzi S, Mangani F. Partitioning of metals between the aqueous phase and suspended insoluble material in fog droplets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 95:275-90. [PMID: 16477936 DOI: 10.1002/adic.200590033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses the partitioning of metals (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn) between the aqueous phase and the suspended insoluble material in fog samples collected in the Po Valley during two extensive fields campaigns. Metals represent on average 11% of the mass of suspended insoluble matter, while the main component is carbon (both organic carbon, OC = 35%, and black carbon, BC = 8%). The unaccounted suspended matter mass is very high, on average 46%, and is attributable to non metallic species, such as O and N and of Si. The principal metals in the insoluble suspended fraction are Fe and Al (2-5%), while the contributions of other metals (Na, Mg, Cu, Pb and Zn) are lower than 1%. Ca and K exhibited high blank values and could not be detected above blank detection limit threshold. The main components in the aqueous phase are NO3- (34%), WSOC (23%), SO4(2-) (18%) and NH4+ (19%), while trace metals and remaining cations and anions accounted for less than 1% of solute mass. The main dissolved trace metals in fog droplets are Zn, Al and Fe, while the main metallic cations are Na and Ca. Fe and Al are the only metals preferentially distributed in the suspended insoluble matter of fog droplets (partitioning ratio respectively 37% and 33%). All other metals are mostly dissolved in the aqueous phase (mean partitioning ratios of Mg, Pb, Zn, Cu and Na are 69%, 70%, 77%, 81% and 87%). These findings are in agreement with literature data on metal speciation in cloud and rain samples. The dependence of partitioning ratios on pH is investigated for the different metals, with only Al showing a clear partitioning ratio decrease with increasing pH. Conversely, the other metals show no dependence or a complex and highly variable behaviour. The partitioning ratio of iron (mean 37%) observed in the Po Valley fog samples is much higher than the water extractable iron in aerosol particles (typically 1-2 %): this fact can be explained by differences in the aerosol sources and composition among sites and by chemical processes in the aqueous phase, such as complexation and redox reactions involving organic ligands (oxalate, or other organic acids as humic-like organic matter) which may promote Fe solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriana Mancinelli
- Facoltà di Scienze Ambientali, Università degli studi di Urbino, Campus Scientifico ex Sogesta località Crocicchia, 61029 Urbino, Italy
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Rodríguez S, Querol X, Alastuey A, Plana F. Sources and processes affecting levels and composition of atmospheric aerosol in the western Mediterranean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rodríguez
- Institute of Earth Sciences “Jaume Almera” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Earth Sciences “Jaume Almera” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona Spain
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Earth Sciences “Jaume Almera” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona Spain
| | - Felicia Plana
- Institute of Earth Sciences “Jaume Almera” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Barcelona Spain
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Ginoux P, Chin M, Tegen I, Prospero JM, Holben B, Dubovik O, Lin SJ. Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1398] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Walsh JJ, Steidinger KA. Saharan dust and Florida red tides: The cyanophyte connection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jc000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ozsoy T, Saydam AC. Acidic and alkaline precipitation in the Cilician Basin, north-eastern Mediterranean Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2000; 253:93-109. [PMID: 10843334 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Samples from precipitation events collected at Erdemli during February 1996-June 1997 were analyzed to determine their particulate aluminium content, in addition to pH and conductivity measurements. Backward air mass trajectories corresponding to the rainy days were analyzed to determine potential source regions of acidic and alkaline constituents transported to the Cilician Basin. Approximately 28% of the rain samples were found to be acidic and the trajectories associated with half of the acid precipitation events were from the Mediterranean Basin and the Balkan Peninsula, while the other half were from the Anatolian mainland and local sources. Rain samples were found to be alkaline (58%), with their trajectories originating from North Africa and the Middle East. As a result of its CaCO3 content, mineral dust from these arid regions significantly increased the pH of rainwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ozsoy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, Turkey
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Desboeufs KV, Losno R, Vimeux F, Cholbi S. The pH-dependent dissolution of wind-transported Saharan dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prospero JM. Long-term measurements of the transport of African mineral dust to the southeastern United States: Implications for regional air quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chiapello I, Prospero JM, Herman JR, Hsu NC. Detection of mineral dust over the North Atlantic Ocean and Africa with the Nimbus 7 TOMS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd200083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prospero JM. Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global atmosphere: impact of African dust on the environment of the southeastern United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:3396-403. [PMID: 10097049 PMCID: PMC34280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil dust is a major constituent of airborne particles in the global atmosphere. Dust plumes frequently cover huge areas of the earth; they are one of the most prominent and commonly visible features in satellite imagery. Dust is believed to play a role in many biogeochemical processes, but the importance of dust in these processes is not well understood because of the dearth of information about the global distribution of dust and its physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties. This paper describes some features of the large-scale distribution of dust and identifies some of the geological characteristics of important source areas. The transport of dust from North Africa is presented as an example of possible long-range dust effects, and the impact of African dust on environmental processes in the western North Atlantic and the southeastern United States is assessed. Dust transported over long distances usually has a mass median diameter <10 microm. Small wind-borne soil particles show signs of extensive weathering; consequently, the physical and chemical properties of the particles will greatly depend on the weathering history in the source region and on the subsequent modifications that occur during transit in the atmosphere (typically a period of a week or more). To fully understand the role of dust in the environment and in human health, mineralogists will have to work closely with scientists in other disciplines to characterize the properties of mineral particles as an ensemble and as individual particles especially with regard to surface characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Prospero
- University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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Li-Jones X, Prospero JM. Variations in the size distribution of non-sea-salt sulfate aerosol in the marine boundary layer at Barbados: Impact of African dust. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Husar RB, Prospero JM, Stowe LL. Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Perry KD, Cahill TA, Eldred RA, Dutcher DD, Gill TE. Long-range transport of North African dust to the eastern United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Herwitz SR, Muhs DR, Prospero JM, Mahan S, Vaughn B. Origin of Bermuda's clay-rich Quaternary paleosols and their paleoclimatic significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Swap R, Ulanski S, Cobbett M, Garstang M. Temporal and spatial characteristics of Saharan dust outbreaks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chapter 158 Marine chemistry and geochemistry of the lanthanides. HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1273(96)23009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Estimating Dust Input to the Atlantic Ocean Using Surface Water Aluminium Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3354-0_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Prospero JM. Saharan Dust Transport Over the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean: An Overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-3354-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Reheis MC, Kihl R. Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984–1989: Relations to climate, source area, and source lithology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd03245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sholkovitz ER, Church TM, Arimoto R. Rare Earth element composition of precipitation, precipitation particles, and aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jickells T, Davies T, Tranter M, Landsberger S, Jarvis K, Abrahams P. Trace elements in snow samples from the Scottish Highlands: Sources and dissolved/particulate distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90325-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Measures CI, Edmond JM. Aluminium in the South Atlantic: Steady state distribution of a short residence time element. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jc095ic04p05331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Arimoto R, Ray BJ, Duce RA, Hewitt AD, Boldi R, Hudson A. Concentrations, sources, and fluxes of trace elements in the remote marine atmosphere of New Zealand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1029/jd095id13p22389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Savoie DL, Prospero JM, Saltzman ES. Non-sea-salt sulfate and nitrate in trade wind aerosols at Barbados: Evidence for long-range transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id04p05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Uematsu M. Study of continental material transported through the atmosphere to the oeean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02109292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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