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Adhikari PB. The Report of Lightning in Himalayan Locale. ScientificWorldJournal 2023; 2023:1888382. [PMID: 37398914 PMCID: PMC10310457 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1888382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A few normal calamities (disasters) as often as possible happen within the Himalayan locale in Nepal. The height of this locale ranges from 59 m to "8848.86 m" along the range of 160 km. As a result, there is a significant variety of temperatures within the locale. In addition, Nepal includes a heterogeneous geography. All these highlights impact different normal fiascos counting the lightning action. This report points at analyzing the varieties of lightning inside and over a long time from January 2011 to present. For this report, the information was taken from the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) portal of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA). The investigation indicated that there was no lightning occasion in November, and the lightning stroke density was higher in the premonsoon period, and the number of harmed individuals was almost three times the number of individuals passing due to the lightning.
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Branching Morphology of Negative Leaders with Different Propagation Directions in Natural Lightning. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13081217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Comparing the branching features of negative leaders with different propagation directions could provide insight into the common tendency of development pathways and the formation pattern of branches in natural lightning. This paper reports an upward negative leader (UNL) and a downward negative leader (DNL), and their branching features are analyzed and compared. The UNL is classified into vertical (UNL-V) and horizontal (UNL-H) segments based on propagation directions at different stages. The downward negative leader (DNL) is classified into main (DNL-M) and secondary (DNL-S) channels based on whether the channel is ultimately connected to the upward connecting leader. The vital angle parameters characterizing the branching morphology are investigated. For the strong branch eventually forming a section of the main channel, its deflection angle conforms to the lognormal distribution with a mean range of 22–36°. The included angle between the branches and the deflection angle of weak branches conform to the normal distribution with means close to 40° and 60°, respectively. Moreover, the velocity for four categories of negative leaders decreases noticeably by two or more branching behaviors in a frame interval of about 80 μs. In particular, similarities in branching morphology have been found in UNL-H, UNL-V, and DNL-S, with a semblable distribution in deflection and included angles. Statistical results indicate that branches of DNL-M tend to follow the previous direction of leader development, and the branching behavior has minimal impact on its velocity.
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Lightning Cessation Guidance Using Polarimetric Radar Data and Lightning Mapping Array in the Washington, D.C. Area. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Polarimetric radar data and total lightning data are used to develop lightning cessation guidance for isolated cells in the Washington, D.C. area. A total of 23 non-severe thunderstorms during the 2015–2017 warm seasons are analyzed. Radar and lightning data are superimposed using the Warning Decision Support System–Integrated Information software to develop cessation algorithms. This includes using the hydrometeor classification algorithm to locate graupel for each convective cell. Results show that the three best-performing cessation algorithms use thresholds of (1) ZH ≥ 40 dBZ at −5 °C, (2) ZH ≥ 35 dBZ at −10 °C, and (3) graupel at −15 °C. Lightning is not expected 15 min after the threshold is no longer met for each algorithm. These algorithms are recommended only for isolated cells in the Washington, D.C. area. Further study needs to be completed to draw conclusions for other convective cell types and different geographic regions.
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A Year-Long Total Lightning Forecast over Italy with a Dynamic Lightning Scheme and WRF. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14143244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lightning is an important threat to life and properties and its forecast is important for several applications. In this paper, we show the performance of the “dynamic lightning scheme” for next-day total strokes forecast. The predictions were compared against strokes recorded by a ground observational network for a forecast period spanning one year. Specifically, a total of 162 case studies were selected between 1 March 2020 and 28 February 2021, characterized by at least 3000 observed strokes over Italy. The events span a broad range of lightning intensity from about 3000 to 600,000 strokes in one day: 69 cases occurred in summer, 46 in fall, 18 in winter, and 29 in spring. The meteorological driver was the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (version 4.1) and we focused on the next-day forecast. Strokes were simulated by adding three extra variables to WRF, namely, the potential energies for positive and negative cloud to ground flashes and intracloud strokes. Each potential energy is advected by WRF, it is built by the electrification processes occurring into the cloud, and it is dissipated by lightning. Observed strokes were remapped onto the WRF model grid with a 3 km horizontal resolution for comparison with the strokes forecast. Results are discussed for the whole year and for different seasons. Moreover, statistics are presented for the land and the sea. In general, the results of this study show that lightning forecast with the dynamic lightning scheme and WRF model was successful for Italy; nevertheless, a careful inspection of forecast performance is necessary for tuning the scheme. This tuning is dependent on the season. A numerical experiment changing the microphysics scheme used in WRF shows the sensitivity of the results according to the choice of the microphysics scheme.
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A Climatology of Mesoscale Convective Systems in Northwest Mexico during the North American Monsoon. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) may vary greatly with respect to their morphology, propagation mechanism, intensity, and under which synoptic-scale conditions as a function of topographic complexity. In this study, we develop a long-term climatology of MCS during the North American Monsoon focusing on MCS morphology, lifecycle, and intensity as well as possible propagation mechanisms. We employ an MCS tracking and classification technique based on 23 years (1995 to 2017) of GOES IR satellite data. MCS intensity is also gauged with 7 years (2011 to 2017) of Vaisala GLD360 lightning data and, finally, monthly and interannual variability in synoptic conditions are examined with ERA5 reanalysis data. Our results based on 1594 identified MCS reveal that 98% are morphologically classified as Persistent Elongated Convective Systems. During the 23 summers (June through September) observed, the number of MCS varied considerably, averaging 70 MCS with minimum of 41 and maximum of 94. MCS typically have an average duration of around 8 h ± with a 2 h standard deviation. Propagation speeds, estimated with Hovmöller diagrams in addition to MCS centroid initial and final position, vary slightly depending on the trajectory. A notable result suggests that MCS propagation speeds are more consistent density currents or cold pools and not gravity waves nor steering-level winds. The results of this study could also provide a dataset for examining larger-scale controls on MCS frequency in addition to assesing convective parameterization and convective-resolving models in regions of complex topography.
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A New Electric Field Mill Network to Estimate Temporal Variation of Simplified Charge Model in an Isolated Thundercloud. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051884. [PMID: 35271031 PMCID: PMC8914686 DOI: 10.3390/s22051884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The gross charge distribution in an electrified cloud has already been estimated by polarity distribution of the electrostatic field on the ground surface. While either a dipole or a tripole charge structure is commonly accepted, the increase–decrease and motion of each point charge in those models are both still unclear. This paper presents a new network of electric field mills for multipoint electrostatic measurement to evaluate the temporal variations of a simple cloud charge model with second-scale resolution. Details of our newly developed equipment are described, with an emphasis on its advantages. This network was deployed in the north Kanto area of Japan and operated during the summer season in 2020. In order to simplify the relationship between cloud charge positions and the horizontal distribution of the measured electrostatic field, an isolated thundercloud is focused on. As an initial analysis, a negative point charge model is applied to an isolated cloud observed on 27 August 2020. The quantity and height of the point charge were estimated as being approximately −20 C and 7 km, respectively. The calculated charge location is generally coincident with the C-band radar echo regions. Significant correspondence is demonstrated between the intensity distribution of the electrostatic fields measured at seven sites and that calculated with estimated point charge. This result indicates the possibility to determine the amounts and positions of cloud charges inside the dipole charge structure based on multipoint measurement of the electrostatic field.
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Peterson M, Light TEL, Mach D. The Illumination of Thunderclouds by Lightning: 3. Retrieving Optical Source Altitude. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 9:e2021EA001944. [PMID: 35865262 PMCID: PMC9285908 DOI: 10.1029/2021ea001944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Optical space-based lightning sensors such as the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) detect and geolocate lightning by recording rapid changes in cloud top illumination. While lightning locations can be determined to within a pixel on the GLM imaging array, these instruments are not individually able to natively report lightning altitude. It has previously been shown that thunderclouds are illuminated differently based on the altitude of the optical source. In this study, we examine how altitude information can be extracted from the spatial distributions of GLM energy recorded from each optical pulse. We match GLM "groups" with Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) source data that accurately report the 3-D positions of coincident Radio-Frequency (RF) emitters. We then use machine learning methods to predict the mean LMA source altitudes matched to GLM groups using metrics from the optical data that describe the amplitude, breadth, and texture of the group spatial energy distribution. The resulting model can predict the LMA mean source altitude from GLM group data with a median absolute error of <1.5 km, which is sufficient to determine the location of the charge layer where the optical energy originated. This model is able to capture changes to the source altitude distribution in response to convective processes in the thunderstorm, and the GLM predictions can reveal the vertical structure of individual flashes - enabling 3-D flash geolocation with GLM for the first time. Future work will account for differences in thunderstorm charge/precipitation structures and viewing angle across the GLM Field of View.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Douglas Mach
- Science and Technology InstituteUniversities Space Research AssociationHuntsvilleALUSA
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Medina BL, Carey LD, Lang TJ, Bitzer PM, Deierling W, Zhu Y. Characterizing Charge Structure in Central Argentina Thunderstorms During RELAMPAGO Utilizing a New Charge Layer Polarity Identification Method. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 8:e2021EA001803. [PMID: 34595328 PMCID: PMC8459255 DOI: 10.1029/2021ea001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new automated method to retrieve charge layer polarity from flashes, named Chargepol, is presented in this paper. Using data from the NASA Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) deployed during the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) field campaign in Cordoba, Argentina, from November 2018 to April 2019, this method estimates the polarity of vertical charge distributions and their altitudes and thicknesses (or vertical depth) using the very-high frequency (VHF) source emissions detected by LMAs. When this method is applied to LMA data for extended periods of time, it is capable of inferring a storm's bulk electrical charge structure throughout its life cycle. This method reliably predicted the polarity of charge within which lightning flashes propagated and was validated in comparison to methods that require manual assignment of polarities via visual inspection of VHF lightning sources. Examples of normal and anomalous charge structures retrieved using Chargepol for storms in Central Argentina during RELAMPAGO are presented for the first time. Application of Chargepol to five months of LMA data in Central Argentina and several locations in the United States allowed for the characterization of the charge structure in these regions and for a reliable comparison using the same methodology. About 13.3% of Cordoba thunderstorms were defined by an anomalous charge structure, slightly higher than in Oklahoma (12.5%) and West Texas (11.1%), higher than Alabama (7.3%), and considerably lower than in Colorado (82.6%). Some of the Cordoba anomalous thunderstorms presented enhanced low-level positive charge, a feature rarely if ever observed in Colorado thunderstorms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno L. Medina
- Department of Atmospheric and Earth ScienceThe University of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleALUSA
| | - Lawrence D. Carey
- Department of Atmospheric and Earth ScienceThe University of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleALUSA
| | | | - Phillip M. Bitzer
- Department of Atmospheric and Earth ScienceThe University of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleALUSA
| | | | - Yanan Zhu
- Earth System Science CenterThe University of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleALUSA
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Peterson M, Rudlosky S, Zhang D. Changes to the Appearance of Optical Lightning Flashes Observed From Space According to Thunderstorm Organization and Structure. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019jd031087. [PMID: 32494551 PMCID: PMC7268918 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical lightning observations from space reveal a wide range of flash structure. Lightning imagers such as the Geostationary Lightning Mapper and Lightning Imaging Sensor measure flash appearance by recording transient changes in cloud top illumination. The spatial and temporal optical energy distributions reported by these instruments depend on the physical structure of the flash and the distribution of hydrometeors within the thundercloud that scatter and absorb the optical emissions. This study explores how flash appearance changes according to the scale and organization of the parent thunderstorms with a focus on mesoscale convective systems. Clouds near the storm edge are frequently illuminated by large optical flashes that remain stationary between groups. These flashes appear large because their emissions can reflect off the exposed surfaces of nearby clouds to reach the satellite. Large stationary flashes also occur in small isolated thunderstorms. Optical flashes that propagate horizontally, meanwhile, are most frequently observed in electrified stratiform regions where extensive layered charge structures promote lateral development. Highly radiant "superbolts" occur in two scenarios: embedded within raining stratiform regions or in nonraining boundary/anvil clouds where optical emissions can take a relatively clear path to the satellite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daile Zhang
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center/Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites-Maryland, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Abstract
Gigantic jets are atmospheric electrical discharges that propagate from the top of thunderclouds to the lower ionosphere. They begin as lightning leaders inside the thundercloud, and the thundercloud charge structure primarily determines if the leader is able to escape upward and form a gigantic jet. No observationally verified studies have been reported on the thundercloud charge structures of the parent storms of gigantic jets. Here we present meteorological observations and lightning simulation results to identify a probable thundercloud charge structure of those storms. The charge structure features a narrow upper charge region that forms near the end of an intense convective pulse. The convective pulse produces strong storm top divergence and turbulence, as indicated by large values of storm top radial velocity differentials and spectrum width. The simulations show the charge structure produces leader trees closely matching observations. This charge structure may occur at brief intervals during a thunderstorm's evolution due to the brief nature of convective pulses, which may explain the rarity of gigantic jets compared to other forms of atmospheric electrical discharges.
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Fuchs BR, Rutledge SA, Dolan B, Carey LD, Schultz C. Microphysical and kinematic processes associated with anomalous charge structures in isolated convection. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2018; 123:6505-6528. [PMID: 30416910 PMCID: PMC6220346 DOI: 10.1029/2017jd027540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microphysical and kinematic characteristics of two storm populations, based on their macroscale charge structures, are investigated in an effort to increase our understanding of the processes that lead to anomalous (or inverted charge) structures. Nine normal polarity cases (mid-level negative charge) with dual-Doppler and polarimetric coverage that occurred in northern Alabama, and six anomalous polarity cases (mid-level positive charge) that occurred in northeastern Colorado are included in this study. The results show that even though anomalous polarity storms formed in environments with similar instability, they had significantly larger and stronger updrafts. Moreover, the anomalous polarity storms evidently have more robust mixed-phase microphysics, based on a variety of metrics. Anomalous polarity storms in Colorado have much higher cloud base heights and shallower warm cloud depths in this study, leading us to hypothesize that anomalous polarity storms have lower amounts of dilution and entrainment. We infer positively charged graupel, and therefore high supercooled water contents, in the mid-levels of the anomalous storms based on the relationship between colocations of graupel and inferred positive charge from Lightning Mapping Array data. Using representative updraft speeds and warm cloud depths, the time required for a parcel to traverse from cloud base to the freezing level was estimated for each storm observation. We suggest this metric is the key discriminator between the two storm populations and leads us to hypothesize that it strongly influences the amount of supercooled water and the probability of positive charge in the midlevels, leading to an anomalous charge structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brody R Fuchs
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Steven A Rutledge
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Brenda Dolan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lawrence D Carey
- University of Alabama in Huntsville, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Christopher Schultz
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, United States of America (USA)
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Skeltved AB, Østgaard N, Mezentsev A, Lehtinen N, Carlson B. Constraints to do realistic modeling of the electric field ahead of the tip of a lightning leader. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2017; 122:8120-8134. [PMID: 28989832 PMCID: PMC5606500 DOI: 10.1002/2016jd026206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several computer models exist to explain the observation of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs). Some of these models estimate the electric field ahead of lightning leaders and its effects on electron acceleration and multiplication. In this paper, we derive a new set of constraints to do more realistic modeling. We determine initial conditions based on in situ measurements of electric field and vertical separation between the main charge layers of thunderclouds. A maximum electric field strength of 50 kV/cm at sea level is introduced as the upper constraint for the leader electric field. The threshold for electron avalanches to develop of 2.86 kV/cm at sea level is introduced as the lower value. With these constraints, we determine a region where acceleration and multiplication of electrons occur. The maximum potential difference in this region is found to be ∼52 MV, and the corresponding number of avalanche multiplication lengths is ∼3.5. We then quantify the effect of the ambient electric field compared to the leader field at the upper altitude of the negative tip. Finally, we argue that only leaders with the highest potential difference between its tips (∼600 MV) can be candidates for the production of TGFs. However, with the assumptions we have used, these cannot explain the observed maximum energies of at least 40 MeV. Open questions with regard to the temporal development of the streamer zone and its effect on the shape of the electric field remain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolai Østgaard
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Andrew Mezentsev
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Nikolai Lehtinen
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Brant Carlson
- Birkeland Centre for Space Science, Institute of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Physics and AstronomyCarthage CollegeKenoshaWisconsinUSA
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Williams ER, Heckman SJ. The local diurnal variation of cloud electrification and the global diurnal variation of negative charge on the Earth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Williams ER. Comment on “Thunderstorm electrification laboratory experiments and charging mechanisms” by C. P. R. Saunders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Soula S, van der Velde O, Montanya J, Huet P, Barthe C, Bór J. Gigantic jets produced by an isolated tropical thunderstorm near Réunion Island. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The Schumann resonance, a global electromagnetic phenomenon, is shown to be a sensitive measure of temperature fluctuations in the tropical atmosphere. The link between Schumann resonance and temperature is lightning flash rate, which increases nonlinearly with temperature in the interaction between deep convection and ice microphysics.
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Zhao Z, Qie X, Zhang T, Zhang T, Zhang H, Wang Y, She Y, Sun B, Wang H. Electric field soundings and the charge structure within an isolated thunderstorm. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-009-0471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Pawar SD, Kamra AK. Maxwell current density characteristics below isolated thunderstorms in tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Deierling W, Petersen WA, Latham J, Ellis S, Christian HJ. The relationship between lightning activity and ice fluxes in thunderstorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Lang TJ, Rutledge SA. Kinematic, microphysical, and electrical aspects of an asymmetric bow-echo mesoscale convective system observed during STEPS 2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Kamra AK, Pawar SD. Evolution of lightning in an isolated hailstorm of moderate size in the tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Barthe C, Pinty JP. Simulation of electrified storms with comparison of the charge structure and lightning efficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Mo Q, Detwiler AG, Helsdon J, Winn WP, Aulich G, Murray WC. Hydrometeor charges observed below an electrified cloud using a new instrument. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qixu Mo
- SPEC, Inc. Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Andrew G. Detwiler
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City South Dakota USA
| | - John Helsdon
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City South Dakota USA
| | - W. P. Winn
- Department of Physics New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - G. Aulich
- Langmuir Laboratory New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - W. Clifton Murray
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics University of New Mexico Los Lunas New Mexico USA
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Barthe C, Pinty JP, Mari C. Lightning-produced NOxin an explicit electrical scheme tested in a Stratosphere-Troposphere Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols, and Ozone case study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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May PT, Keenan TD. Evaluation of Microphysical Retrievals from Polarimetric Radar with Wind Profiler Data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1175/jam2230.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polarimetric radar data have been used to produce microphysical classifications. This kind of analysis is run in a real-time mode from several research radars, including the C-band polarimetric (C-Pol) radar in Darwin, Australia. However, these classifications have had very little systematic evaluation with independent data. Using surface data is often difficult because of sampling issues, particularly for hail. The approach taken here is to use a combination of 50- and 920-MHz wind profiler estimates of rain and hail to provide validation data for the radar pixels over the profiler. The profilers also observe signals associated with lightning, and some comparisons are made between lightning occurrence and the radar measurements of graupel. The retrievals of hail–rain mixtures are remarkably robust; there are some issues regarding other microphysical classes, however, including difficulties in detecting melting snow layers in stratiform rain. These difficulties are largely due to the resampling of the radar volume data onto a grid and to poor separation of the snow classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. May
- Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas D. Keenan
- Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Mansell ER. Charge structure and lightning sensitivity in a simulated multicell thunderstorm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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Carey LD. Lightning location relative to storm structure in a leading-line, trailing-stratiform mesoscale convective system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Coleman LM, Marshall TC, Stolzenburg M, Hamlin T, Krehbiel PR, Rison W, Thomas RJ. Effects of charge and electrostatic potential on lightning propagation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. M. Coleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Mississippi; Mississippi USA
| | - T. C. Marshall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Mississippi; Mississippi USA
| | - M. Stolzenburg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Mississippi; Mississippi USA
| | - T. Hamlin
- Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research; New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - P. R. Krehbiel
- Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research; New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - W. Rison
- Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research; New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Socorro New Mexico USA
| | - R. J. Thomas
- Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research; New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Socorro New Mexico USA
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Zhang Y, Krehbiel PR, Liu X. Polarity inverted intracloud discharges and electric charge structure of thunderstorm. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03183317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mansell ER, MacGorman DR, Ziegler CL, Straka JM. Simulated three-dimensional branched lightning in a numerical thunderstorm model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward R. Mansell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies (CIMMS); University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma USA
| | | | | | - Jerry M. Straka
- School of Meteorology; University of Oklahoma; Norman Oklahoma USA
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Mo Q. Aircraft observations of the creation of lower positive charges in thunderstorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pereyra RG, Avila EE, Castellano NE, Saunders CPR. A laboratory study of graupel charging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mazur V, Ruhnke LH. Model of electric charges in thunderstorms and associated lightning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yair Y, Levin Z, Altaratz O. Lightning phenomenology in the Tel Aviv area from 1989 to 1996. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mazur V, Williams E, Boldi R, Maier L, Proctor DE. Initial comparison of lightning mapping with operational time-of-arrival and interferometric systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Masuelli S, Scavuzzo CM, Caranti GM. Convective electrification of clouds: A numerical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Murphy MJ, Krider EP, Maier MW. Lightning charge analyses in small Convection and Precipitation Electrification (CaPE) experiment storms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Magunia A. The thunderstorm-driven diurnal variation of the ELF electromagnetic activity level. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(95)00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kitagawa N, Michimoto K. Meteorological and electrical aspects of winter thunderclouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Saunders CPR. Thunderstorm electrification laboratory experiments and charging mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Williams E, Zhang R, Boccippio D. Microphysical growth state of ice particles and large-scale electrical structure of clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd03274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Driscoll KT, Blakeslee RJ, Baginski ME. A modeling study of the time-averaged electric currents in the vicinity of isolated thunderstorms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Saunders CPR, Keith WD, Mitzeva RP. The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Williams ER, Weber ME, Orville RE. The relationship between lightning type and convective state of thunderclouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1029/jd094id11p13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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