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Bai J, Zhao Y, Yang D, Ma Y, Yu C. Secular trends in chronic respiratory diseases mortality in Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa: a comparative study across main BRICS countries from 1990 to 2019. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:91. [PMID: 35027030 PMCID: PMC8759233 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the emerging economies, the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) shared 61.58% of the global chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) deaths in 2017. This study aimed to assess the secular trends in CRD mortality and explore the effects of age, period, and cohort across main BRICS countries. Methods Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019 and analyzed using the age-period-cohort (APC) model to estimate period and cohort effects between 1990 and 2019. The net drifts, local drifts, longitudinal age curves, period/cohort rate ratios (RRs) were obtained through the APC model. Results In 2019, the CRD deaths across the BRICS were 2.39 (95%UI 1.95 to 2.84) million, accounting for 60.07% of global CRD deaths. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma remained the leading causes of CRD deaths. The age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) have declined across the BRICS since 1990, with the most apparent decline in China. Meanwhile, the downward trends in CRD death counts were observed in China and Russia. The overall net drifts per year were obvious in China (-5.89%; -6.06% to -5.71%), and the local drift values were all below zero in all age groups for both sexes. The age effect of CRD presented increase with age, and the period and cohort RRs were following downward trends over time across countries. Similar trends were observed in COPD and asthma. The improvement of CRD mortality was the most obvious in China, especially in period and cohort effects. While South Africa showed the most rapid increase with age across all CRD categories, and the period and cohort effects were flat. Conclusions BRICS accounted for a large proportion of CRD deaths, with China and India alone contributing more than half of the global CRD deaths. However, the declines in ASMR and improvements of period and cohort effects have been observed in both sexes and all age groups across main BRICS countries. China stands out for its remarkable reduction in CRD mortality and its experience may help reduce the burden of CRD in developing countries. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-12484-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185# Donghu Road, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Yudi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185# Donghu Road, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Donghui Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185# Donghu Road, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Yudiyang Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185# Donghu Road, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185# Donghu Road, 430072, Wuhan, China. .,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 185# Donghu Road, 430072, Wuhan, China.
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Urban Health Related Air Quality Indicators over the Middle East and North Africa Countries Using Multiple Satellites and AERONET Data. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11182096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is reported as one of the most severe environmental problems in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Remotely sensed data from newly available TROPOMI - TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument on board Sentinel-5 Precursor, shows an annual mean of high-resolution maps of selected air quality indicators (NO2, CO, O3, and UVAI) of the MENA countries for the first time. The correlation analysis among the aforementioned indicators show the coherency of the air pollutants in urban areas. Multi-year data from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations from nine MENA countries are utilized here to study the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE) with other available observations. Additionally, a total of 65 different machine learning models of four categories, namely: linear regression, ensemble, decision tree, and deep neural network (DNN), were built from multiple data sources (MODIS, MISR, OMI, and MERRA-2) to predict the best usable AOD product as compared to AERONET data. DNN validates well against AERONET data and proves to be the best model to generate optimized aerosol products when the ground observations are insufficient. This approach can improve the knowledge of air pollutant variability and intensity in the MENA region for decision makers to operate proper mitigation strategies.
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Shayo FK, Bintabara D. Are Tanzanian health facilities ready to provide management of chronic respiratory diseases? An analysis of national survey for policy implications. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210350. [PMID: 30615663 PMCID: PMC6322729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic respiratory diseases in Tanzania are prevalent and a silent burden to the affected population, and healthcare system. We aimed to explore the availability of services and level of health facilities readiness to provide management of chronic respiratory diseases and its associated factors. METHODS The current study is a secondary analysis of the 2014-2015 Tanzania Service Provision Assessment Survey data. Facilities were considered to have a high readiness to provide management of chronic respiratory diseases if they scored at least half (≥50%) of the indicators listed in each of the three domains (staff training and guideline, equipment, and basic medicines) as identified by World Health Organization-Service Availability and Readiness Assessment manual. Descriptive, unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed. A P value < 0.05 was taken to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS Out of 723 facilities included in this analysis, approximately one-tenth had a high readiness to provide management of chronic respiratory diseases. Less than 10% of the facilities had at least one staff who received training for management of chronic respiratory diseases. In an adjusted model, privately owned facilities [AOR = 3.3; 95% CI, 1.5-7.5], hospitals [AOR = 11.6; 95% CI, 5.0-27.2], health centres [AOR = 5.0; 95% CI, 2.4-10.7], and performance of routine management meeting [AOR = 3.3; 95% CI, 1.4-7.8] were significantly associated with high readiness to provide management for chronic respiratory diseases. CONCLUSION Majority of Tanzanian health facilities have low readiness to provide management for chronic respiratory diseases. There is a need for the Tanzanian government to increase the availability of diagnostic equipment, medication, and to provide refresher training specifically in the lower-level and public health facilities for better management of chronic respiratory diseases and other non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Festo K. Shayo
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Deogratius Bintabara
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
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Shrestha SK, Katelaris C, Dharmage SC, Burton P, Vicendese D, Tham R, Abramson MJ, Erbas B. High ambient levels of grass, weed and other pollen are associated with asthma admissions in children and adolescents: A large 5-year case-crossover study. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:1421-1428. [PMID: 29975808 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollen is an important aeroallergen that triggers asthma exacerbations in children, but we know little about the impact of different pollen types in cities with varying climatic conditions and pollen seasons. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the role of ambient level of different types of pollen on a large time series of child and adolescent asthma hospitalizations in Sydney, Australia. METHODS Childhood asthma hospitalization and the daily ambient pollen concentrations of different species were collected in South-West Sydney. With a bidirectional case-crossover design, we fitted conditional logistic regression models to measure the associations between instantaneous and up to 3 days lagged effects of pollen concentrations on asthma hospitalizations after controlling for potential confounders and testing for interactions. RESULTS A total of 2098 children, more boys (59.7%) and 2-5 years old (62.6%), were hospitalized due to asthma. The geometric mean concentration of Cupressus, 7.88 [5.02] grains/m3 , was the highest during the study period. The increase from 75th to 90th percentile of grass (OR = 1.037, 95% CI 1.005-1.070), weed other than Plantago species (OR = 1.053, 95% CI 1.009-1.098) and unclassified pollen (OR = 1.034, 95% CI 1.010-1.058) were significantly associated with the odds of asthma hospitalizations. Boys were at greater risk of asthma exacerbations associated with grass (OR = 1.046, 95% CI 1.003-1.090) and unclassified pollen (OR = 1.041, 95% CI 1.010-1.073). There was evidence of effect modification by age groups for Cupressus, conifer, total tree and total pollen. CONCLUSIONS Although boys are more vulnerable to grass pollen, weed, and other pollen are also important triggers of asthma exacerbations in all children and adolescents. These findings are important for urban green space planning and the development of pollen monitoring systems for families with children at risk of asthma exacerbations during peak pollen seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som K Shrestha
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Pamela Burton
- Department of Medicine, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Don Vicendese
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Rachel Tham
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael J Abramson
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Bircan Erbas
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Eyring KR, Pedersen BS, Maclean KN, Stabler SP, Yang IV, Schwartz DA. Methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase contributes to allergic airway disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190916. [PMID: 29329322 PMCID: PMC5766142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Environmental exposures strongly influence the development and progression of asthma. We have previously demonstrated that mice exposed to a diet enriched with methyl donors during vulnerable periods of fetal development can enhance the heritable risk of allergic airway disease through epigenetic changes. There is conflicting evidence on the role of folate (one of the primary methyl donors) in modifying allergic airway disease. Objectives We hypothesized that blocking folate metabolism through the loss of methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (Mthfr) activity would reduce the allergic airway disease phenotype through epigenetic mechanisms. Methods Allergic airway disease was induced in C57BL/6 and C57BL/6Mthfr-/- mice through house dust mite (HDM) exposure. Airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were measured between the two groups. Gene expression and methylation profiles were generated for whole lung tissue. Disease and molecular outcomes were evaluated in C57BL/6 and C57BL/6Mthfr-/- mice supplemented with betaine. Measurements and main results Loss of Mthfr alters single carbon metabolite levels in the lung and serum including elevated homocysteine and cystathionine and reduced methionine. HDM-treated C57BL/6Mthfr-/- mice demonstrated significantly less airway hyperreactivity (AHR) compared to HDM-treated C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, HDM-treated C57BL/6Mthfr-/- mice compared to HDM-treated C57BL/6 mice have reduced whole lung lavage (WLL) cellularity, eosinophilia, and Il-4/Il-5 cytokine concentrations. Betaine supplementation reversed parts of the HDM-induced allergic airway disease that are modified by Mthfr loss. 737 genes are differentially expressed and 146 regions are differentially methylated in lung tissue from HDM-treated C57BL/6Mthfr-/- mice and HDM-treated C57BL/6 mice. Additionally, analysis of methylation/expression relationships identified 503 significant correlations. Conclusion Collectively, these findings indicate that the loss of folate as a methyl donor is a modifier of allergic airway disease, and that epigenetic and expression changes correlate with this modification. Further investigation into the mechanisms that drive this observation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. Eyring
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Brent S. Pedersen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Kenneth N. Maclean
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Sally P. Stabler
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Ivana V. Yang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - David A. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cole DC, Govender NP, Chakrabarti A, Sacarlal J, Denning DW. Improvement of fungal disease identification and management: combined health systems and public health approaches. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 17:e412-e419. [PMID: 28774694 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
More than 1·6 million people are estimated to die of fungal diseases each year, and about a billion people have cutaneous fungal infections. Fungal disease diagnosis requires a high level of clinical suspicion and specialised laboratory testing, in addition to culture, histopathology, and imaging expertise. Physicians with varied specialist training might see patients with fungal disease, yet it might remain unrecognised. Antifungal treatment is more complex than treatment for bacterial or most viral infections, and drug interactions are particularly problematic. Health systems linking diagnostic facilities with therapeutic expertise are typically fragmented, with major elements missing in thousands of secondary care and hospital settings globally. In this paper, the last in a Series of eight papers, we describe these limitations and share responses involving a combined health systems and public health framework illustrated through country examples from Mozambique, Kenya, India, and South Africa. We suggest a mainstreaming approach including greater integration of fungal diseases into existing HIV infection, tuberculosis infection, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and blindness health programmes; provision of enhanced laboratory capacity to detect fungal diseases with associated surveillance systems; procurement and distribution of low-cost, high-quality antifungal medicines; and concomitant integration of fungal disease into training of the health workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Cole
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Nelesh P Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jahit Sacarlal
- Department of Microbiology, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - David W Denning
- Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, Geneva, Switzerland; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; The National Aspergillosis Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Atiim GA, Elliott SJ. The Global Epidemiologic Transition: Noncommunicable Diseases and Emerging Health Risk of Allergic Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2017; 43:37S-55S. [PMID: 27037146 DOI: 10.1177/1090198115606918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Globally, there has been a shift in the causes of illness and death from infectious diseases to noncommunicable diseases. This changing pattern has been attributed to the effects of an (ongoing) epidemiologic transition. Although researchers have applied epidemiologic transition theory to questions of global health, there have been relatively few studies exploring its relevance especially in the context of emerging allergic disorders in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In this article, we address the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa through the lens of epidemiologic transition theory. After a brief review of the literature on the evolution of the epidemiologic transition with a particular emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa, we discuss existing frameworks designed to help inform our understanding of changing health trends in the developing world. We subsequently propose a framework that privileges "place" as a key construct informing our understanding. In so doing, we use the example of allergic disease, one of the fastest growing chronic conditions in most parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Atiim
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan J Elliott
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Audet CM, Groh K, Moon TD, Vermund SH, Sidat M. Poor-quality health services and lack of programme support leads to low uptake of HIV testing in rural Mozambique. AJAR-AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH 2015; 11:327-35. [PMID: 25860191 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2012.754832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mozambique has one of the world's highest burdens of HIV infection. Despite the increase in HIV-testing services throughout the country, the uptake has been low. To identify barriers to HIV testing we conducted a study in six rural districts in Zambézia Province. We recruited a total of 124 men and women from the community through purposeful sampling to participate in gender-specific focus group discussions about barriers to HIV testing. The participants noted three main barriers to HIV testing: 1) poor conduct by clinicians, including intentional disclosure of patients' HIV status to other community members; 2) unintentional disclosure of patients' HIV status through clinical practices; and, 3) a widespread fatalistic belief that HIV infection will result in death, particularly given poor access to adequate food. Improving quality and confidentiality within clinical service delivery, coupled with the introduction of food-supplement programmes should increase people's willingness to test and remain in care for HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Audet
- a Department of Preventive Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Village at Vanderbilt, 1500 21st Avenue South, Suite 2100 , Nashville , Tennessee , 37212 , United States
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Sá Couto AR, Cardoso DE, Cabral-Marques HM. Validation of an HPLC Analytical Method for the Quantitative/Qualitative Determination of Fluticasone Propionate in Inhalation Particles on Several Matrices. Sci Pharm 2014; 82:787-97. [PMID: 26171324 PMCID: PMC4475801 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1404-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluticasone propionate is a highly potent corticosteroid used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis. It is a very effective drug, but has the inconvenient factor of being insoluble in water. Cyclodextrins were used to improve this limitation because of their ability to form inclusion complexes with guest drug molecules as well as increase the stability and bioavailability of the drugs. A rapid and simple HPLC method was developed to detect and quantify fluticasone propionate in inhalation particles on several matrices. Liquid chromatography with a UV detector at a wavelength of 236 nm, using a C18 column, was employed in this study. Isocratic elution was employed using a mixture of acetonitrile and water (60:40, v/v). The analytical method validation was performed in accordance with ICH guidelines, which included selectivity, range, linearity, accuracy, detection limit, quantitation limit, precision, robustness, and stability of solutions. This method showed to be selective and specific. Acceptable assay precision and accuracy (100 ± 5.0%) were obtained at 50– 150% of the analytical concentration of fluticasone propionate at the target concentration of 0.060 mg/mL, and good linearity (0.9958) was achieved over a range of 0.03 to 0.09 mg/mL for fluticasone propionate. The proposed HPLC method proved to be reliable. The validation and application of this method can be adopted for determining the fluticasone propionate in: assays, impingers and impactors, diffusion cells, dissolutions, and other tests. In addition, this method can be adapted and used in the pharmaceutical industry for routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R Sá Couto
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon. Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela Espinha Cardoso
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon. Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Maria Cabral-Marques
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon. Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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de Longueville F, Ozer P, Doumbia S, Henry S. Desert dust impacts on human health: an alarming worldwide reality and a need for studies in West Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2013; 57:1-19. [PMID: 22552909 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-012-0541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
High desert dust concentrations raise concerns about adverse health effects on human populations. Based on a systematic literature review, this paper aims to learn more about the relationship between desert dust and human health in the world and to analyse the place of West Africa as a study area of interest. Papers focussing on the potential relationship between dust and health and showing quantitative analyses, published between January 1999 and September 2011, were identified using the ISI Web of Knowledge database (N = 50). A number of adverse health effects, including respiratory, cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases, are associated with dust. This survey highlights obvious dust impacts on human health independently of the study area, health outcomes and method. Moreover, it reveals an imbalance between the areas most exposed to dust and the areas most studied in terms of health effects. None of these studies has been conducted in West Africa, despite the proximity of the Sahara, which produces about half of the yearly global mineral dust. In view of the alarming results in many parts of the world (Asia, Europe, America), this paper concludes by stressing the importance of carrying out impact studies of Saharan dust in West Africa, where dust events are more frequent and intense than anywhere else.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence de Longueville
- Department of Geography, FUNDP, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis is a disorder of the nasal membranes and surrounding tissues, and a worldwide cause of illness and disability. Helminths are complex tissue-dwelling or lumen-dwelling organisms that inhabit larger organisms and are frequently asymptomatic. Helminths modulate the natural immune responses of their human hosts, and may prevent or cure immune-mediated or allergic diseases (e.g. allergic rhinitis) in the host. Non-randomised studies support this hypothesis. OBJECTIVES To assess the safety and effectiveness of helminth therapy in people with allergic rhinitis. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Trials Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; BIOSIS Previews; Cambridge Scientific Abstracts; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 24 June 2011. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials where the intervention was any helminth species or combination of helminth species, administered to people with allergic rhinitis in any dose, by any route and for any duration of exposure. We accepted both intermittent and persistent allergic rhinitis patients. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We independently extracted data and assessed eligibility and risk of bias using a standardised data collection form. We resolved any disagreement through discussion. We combined dichotomous data using risk ratio (RR) and continuous data using mean difference (MD), presenting both with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We found five reports of two single-centre, placebo-controlled, double-blinded studies (130 participants). Participants in both studies were a mix of adults with either intermittent or persistent allergic rhinitis. Both studies had a low risk of bias. One study, with 12 weeks' follow-up, used a single percutaneous application of 10 Necator americanus (i.e. human hookworm) larvae. The other study, with 24 weeks' follow-up, used three-weekly oral dosing with 2500 Trichuris suis (i.e. pig whipworm) eggs in aqueous suspension. Of 17 outcomes evaluated in this review, eight were positive (i.e. favoured helminths). Participants taking helminths had no reduction in allergic rhinitis symptoms, percentage of well days (i.e. days with minimal symptoms and no use of medication for allergic rhinitis), lung function measures and quality of life scores. Total use of medication for allergic rhinitis (eye drops, nasal sprays, tablets) did not change; however, in the helminth group there was a statistically significant reduction in the percentage of days during the grass pollen season when participants needed to take tablets as rescue medication for their allergic rhinitis symptoms (MD -14.0%, 95% CI -26.6 to -1.40); in a typical 60-day pollen season this 14% reduction translates into 19 days when tablets would be needed in the helminth group versus 27 days when tablets would be needed in the placebo group. Participants taking helminths percutaneously (i.e. as hookworm larvae) had local skin itching and redness in the first few days after administration. Participants taking helminths were more likely to report any gastrointestinal adverse event (RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.45), moderate or severe abdominal pain (RR 7.67, 95% CI 1.87 to 31.57), moderate or severe flatulence (RR 2.01, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.81) and moderate or severe diarrhoea (RR 1.99, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.37). There was no difference between the helminth and placebo groups in the incidence of serious adverse events, and in study withdrawals. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is currently insufficient evidence on the efficacy, tolerability and likely costs of helminth therapy to support its use in the routine management of allergic rhinitis. Administered to humans in carefully measured doses, helminths appear to be safe. More preclinical studies should be performed, before larger and extended duration trials of helminths for allergic rhinitis are carried out. Future studies should collect and report comparative data on the costs of helminth therapy versus conventional pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Croft
- Headquarters SurgeonGeneral,Whittington Barracks, Lichfield,UK.
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van Gemert F, van der Molen T, Jones R, Chavannes N. The impact of asthma and COPD in sub-Saharan Africa. PRIMARY CARE RESPIRATORY JOURNAL : JOURNAL OF THE GENERAL PRACTICE AIRWAYS GROUP 2012; 20:240-8. [PMID: 21509418 DOI: 10.4104/pcrj.2011.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have the highest risk of developing chronic diseases and are the least able to cope with them. AIMS To assess the current knowledge of the prevalence and impact of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in sub- Saharan Africa. METHODS A literature search was conducted using Medline (1995-2010) and Google Scholar. RESULTS Eleven studies of the prevalence of asthma in sub-Saharan Africa were identified, all of which showed a consistent increase, particularly in urban regions. The data on asthma show a wide variation (5.7-20.3%), with the highest prevalence in 'westernised' urban areas. Only two studies of the prevalence of COPD in sub-Saharan Africa have been performed. Nevertheless, COPD has become an increasing health problem in sub-Saharan Africa due to tobacco smoking and exposure to biomass fuels. In most countries of sub-Saharan Africa, 90% of the rural households depend on biomass fuel for cooking and heating, affecting young children (acute lower respiratory infections) and women (COPD). This is the cause of significant mortality and morbidity in the region. CONCLUSIONS Asthma and COPD in sub-Saharan Africa are under-recognised, under-diagnosed, under-treated, and insufficiently prevented. A major priority is to increase the awareness of asthma and COPD and their risk factors, particularly the damage caused by biomass fuel. Surveys are needed to provide local healthcare workers with the possibility of controlling asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik van Gemert
- Department of General Practice, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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De Longueville F, Hountondji YC, Henry S, Ozer P. What do we know about effects of desert dust on air quality and human health in West Africa compared to other regions? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 409:1-8. [PMID: 20934742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to compare, on the one hand, the geographical distribution of the desert dust source areas, their contribution to quantities emitted into the atmosphere, the trajectories and the quantities deposited, with on the other hand the areas of research interest focused on the desert dust impacts on air quality and/or human health. Based on a systematic review of the literature using the ISI Web of Knowledge database, we found 231 articles published over the last decade on the desert dust impacts on air quality. Of these, 48% concerned Asian dust and 39% Saharan dust, with the remaining 13% divided between the other dust source areas. However, only one of these studies addressed the worsening air pollution in West Africa, even though it is very close to the Sahara, the greatest contributor to the global dust budget. Moreover, there have been very few studies (41) looking at the direct links between desert dust and human health; in this context too, no interest has been shown in West Africa. Yet this region is also among the areas in which morbidity rates have been noted to be far higher than those found in other regions of the world, and where respiratory infections alone account for more than 20% of the causes of infant mortality. This survey highlights a clear imbalance between those areas most exposed to dust and the most studied areas in terms of dust impacts. Given these findings and the often alarming results published about other regions of the world, we advocate a revival of interest in research on West Africa in order to achieve a better understanding of the desert dust impacts on air quality and health among the populations of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence De Longueville
- Department of Geography, FUNDP-University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Mehrotra A, Akanbi MO, Gordon SB. The burden of COPD in Africa: a literature review and prospective survey of the availability of spirometry for COPD diagnosis in Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:840-8. [PMID: 19702594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To ascertain the known burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Africa and of spirometry use to indicate the possibility of further unpublished data becoming shortly available. METHOD Literature review. RESULTS Screening of 132 articles yielded 22 relevant articles, of which only six used spirometry based data. A total of 106 physicians in 34 countries were contacted and only 23 reported satisfactory use and availability of spirometry. CONCLUSIONS Current estimates of COPD burden in Africa are based on an unreliably small dataset. Acquisition of further data will require substantial investment in lung function equipment and training.
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Martins P, Rosado-Pinto J, do Céu Teixeira M, Neuparth N, Silva O, Tavares H, Spencer JL, Mascarenhas D, Papoila AL, Khaltaev N, Annesi-Maesano I. Under-report and underdiagnosis of chronic respiratory diseases in an African country. Allergy 2009; 64:1061-7. [PMID: 19210360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.01956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) are greatly underestimated. The aim of this study was to assess the burden associated with reported CRD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as defined on the basis of various standardized criteria, by estimating their point prevalence in a sample of individuals attending the Primary Health Care (PHC) level and Emergency Room (ER) Departments in Cape Verde (CV) archipelago. The second aim of the study was to identify factors related to airways obstruction and reported CRD in this population. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in CV during 2 weeks. Outpatients aged more than 20 years seeking care at PHC level and ER answered a standardized questionnaire and were subjected to spirometry, independently of their complaint. Two criteria for airways obstruction were taken into account: forced expiratory volume (FEV(1)) <80% of the predicted value and FEV(1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio <0.70. RESULTS A total of 274 individuals with a satisfactory spirometry were included. 22% of the individuals had a FEV(1) < 80%. Individuals older than 46 years had a higher risk of having airways obstruction. Asthma diagnosis (11%) had a clear association with airways obstruction. Smoking was a risk factor for a lower FEV(1). Working in a dust place and cooking using an open fire were both related to chronic bronchitis and asthma diagnosis. CONCLUSION Under-report and underdiagnosis of chronic respiratory conditions seem to be a reality in CV just as in other parts of the world. To improve diagnosis, our results reinforce the need of performing a spirometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martins
- Immunoallergy Department, Dona Estefânia Hospital, Rua Jacinta Marto, Lisbon, Portugal
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Aït-Khaled N, Pearce N, Anderson HR, Ellwood P, Montefort S, Shah J. Global map of the prevalence of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three. Allergy 2009; 64:123-48. [PMID: 19132975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phase One of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) measured the global patterns of prevalence and severity of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children in 1993-1997. METHODS International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Three was a cross-sectional survey performed 5-10 years after Phase One using the same methodology. Phase Three covered all of the major regions of the world and involved 1 059 053 children of 2 age groups from 236 centres in 98 countries. RESULTS The average overall prevalence of current rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms was 14.6% for the 13- to 14-year old children (range 1.0-45%). Variation in the prevalence of severe rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms was observed between centres (range 0.0-5.1%) and regions (range 0.4% in western Europe to 2.3% in Africa), with the highest prevalence being observed mainly in the centres from middle and low income countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America. Co-morbidity with asthma and eczema varied from 1.6% in the Indian sub-continent to 4.7% in North America. For 6- to 7-year old children, the average prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms was 8.5%, and large variations in symptom prevalence were also observed between regions, countries and centres. DISCUSSION Wide global variations exist in the prevalence of current rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms, being higher in high vs low income countries, but the prevalence of severe symptoms was greater in less affluent countries. Co-morbidity with asthma is high particularly in Africa, North America and Oceania. This global map of symptom prevalence is of clinical importance for health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Aït-Khaled
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
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Lee CC, Huang HY, Chiang BL. Lentiviral-mediated GATA-3 RNAi decreases allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Mol Ther 2007; 16:60-5. [PMID: 17878900 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA-3 is the key transcriptional factor for Th2 commitment in T cells and is strongly associated with asthma and allergic disease. We studied the silencing of the GATA-3 gene expression using RNA interference (RNAi) delivered by a lentiviral vector, to evaluate the therapeutic role of GATA-3 short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in a murine model of asthma. Mice were sensitized with OVA and instilled intratracheally (IT) with GATA-3 shRNAs lentiviral vector (Lenti-si-GATA-3) once, 48 hours before challenge. After three challenges with the OVA antigen, the mice were assessed for airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation. With infection of Lenti-si-GATA-3 in EL-4 cells, GATA-3 gene expression was abrogated and downstream Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-5, were also significantly inhibited. IT delivery of Lenti-si-GATA-3 in OVA-immunized mice resulted in a strong inhibition of local GATA-3 gene expression. Treatment with Lenti-si-GATA-3 successfully alleviated OVA-induced airway eosinophilia and Th2 cytokine release. While evaluating AHR by means of enhanced pause (Penh) and pulmonary resistance (R(L)) using body plethysmography, it was found that the administration of Lenti-si-GATA-3 had significantly decreased AHR in OVA-immunized mice. These results suggest that inhibition of GATA-3 gene expression by shRNAs lentiviral vectors strongly attenuates antigen-induced airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kurup VP, Barrios CS, Raju R, Johnson BD, Levy MB, Fink JN. Immune response modulation by curcumin in a latex allergy model. Clin Mol Allergy 2007; 5:1. [PMID: 17254346 PMCID: PMC1796894 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-5-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There has been a worldwide increase in allergy and asthma over the last few decades, particularly in industrially developed nations. This resulted in a renewed interest to understand the pathogenesis of allergy in recent years. The progress made in the pathogenesis of allergic disease has led to the exploration of novel alternative therapies, which include herbal medicines as well. Curcumin, present in turmeric, a frequently used spice in Asia has been shown to have anti-allergic and inflammatory potential. Methods We used a murine model of latex allergy to investigate the role of curcumin as an immunomodulator. BALB/c mice were exposed to latex allergens and developed latex allergy with a Th2 type of immune response. These animals were treated with curcumin and the immunological and inflammatory responses were evaluated. Results Animals exposed to latex showed enhanced serum IgE, latex specific IgG1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, eosinophils and inflammation in the lungs. Intragastric treatment of latex-sensitized mice with curcumin demonstrated a diminished Th2 response with a concurrent reduction in lung inflammation. Eosinophilia in curcumin-treated mice was markedly reduced, co-stimulatory molecule expression (CD80, CD86, and OX40L) on antigen-presenting cells was decreased, and expression of MMP-9, OAT, and TSLP genes was also attenuated. Conclusion These results suggest that curcumin has potential therapeutic value for controlling allergic responses resulting from exposure to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanath P Kurup
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Research Service, V A Medical Center, 5000 West National Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53295, USA
| | - Christy S Barrios
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Raghavan Raju
- Neuromuscular Diseases Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- University of Alabama School of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Volker Hall, Room G094, 1670 University Boulevard, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bryon D Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael B Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jordan N Fink
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Viinanen A, Munhbayarlah S, Zevgee T, Narantsetseg L, Naidansuren T, Koskenvuo M, Helenius H, Terho EO. Prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic sensitization in Mongolia. Allergy 2005; 60:1370-7. [PMID: 16197468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in countries, such as Mongolia, which are in transition from farming to industrial society permit evaluation of the impact of environmental change on atopic diseases. METHODS In the screening study, questionnaire data were obtained from 9453 subjects aged 10-60 years. In the clinical study, a subsample of 869 subjects (participation rate 50.0%) was examined. A questionnaire-based interview, clinical examination, skin prick tests, spirometry and bronchodilation test or methacholine challenge test were used to define the clinical diagnoses. The prevalences of atopic diseases were evaluated at the population level using two-phase data and sampling weights. RESULTS The prevalences of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic sensitization with 95% confidence intervals were 1.1% (0.3-2.0%), 9.3% (4.0-14.6%) and 13.6% (7.4-19.9%) in Mongolian villages, 2.4% (1.4-3.5%), 12.9% (8.2-17.7%) and 25.3% (17.1-33.6%) in rural towns and 2.1% (1.3-3.0%), 18.4% (13.3-23.4%) and 31.0% (24.5-37.5%) in Ulaanbaatar city, respectively. The prevalence of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (P = 0.02) and allergic sensitization (P = 0.003) increased significantly with increasing urbanization. CONCLUSIONS The prevalences of atopic diseases were low in rural Mongolia and increased with increasing urbanization suggesting that rural living environment protects against atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Viinanen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Bousquet J, Warner JO. Allergy and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology are the official organs of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Allergy 2004; 59:1333-8. [PMID: 15507103 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Warner JO, Bousquet J. Allergy and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology are the official organs of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004; 15:479-84. [PMID: 15610359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2004.00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rosado-Pinto
- Immunology Department, Doña Estefania Hospital, R. Jacinto Marto, 1100 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Abstract
Irrespective of improved knowledge of many aspects of atopic diseases, the unfavorable trends in their prevalence particularly among children could not have been reversed. A growing body of evidence suggests that something may lack from our societal affluence that has the capacity to provide protection against the development of atopic diseases. Much attention during the last years has been devoted to the hygiene hypothesis. This review outlines the impact of environment and lifestyle, particularly from the perspective of the East-West gradient, on the development of atopic diseases, with a special emphasis on the hygiene hypothesis in its broadest sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Von Hertzen
- Division of Allergy, Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital The Finnish Lung Health Association, Sibeliuksenkatu, Helsinki, Finland
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Bousquet J, Jacot W, Yssel H, Vignola AM, Humbert M. Epigenetic inheritance of fetal genes in allergic asthma. Allergy 2004; 59:138-47. [PMID: 14763925 DOI: 10.1046/j.1398-9995.2003.00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma has been associated with an exaggerated T-helper type 2 (Th2) over Th1 responses to allergic and nonallergic stimuli, which leads to chronic airway inflammation and airway remodeling. In the present article, we propose that many of the genes involved in IgE synthesis and airways (re)modeling in asthma are persistent or reminiscent fetal genes which may not be silenced during early infancy (or late pregnancy). Genes of the embryologic differentiation of ectodermic and endodermic tissues may explain some of the patterns of airway remodeling in asthma. In utero programming leads to gene expression, the persistence of which may be associated with epigenetic inheritance phenomena induced by nonspecific environmental factors. Clear delineation of these issues may yield new information on the mechanisms of asthma and new targets for therapeutic intervention and primary prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital, Montpellier, France INSERM U454, Montpellier, France
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Bousquet J, Ansotegui IJ, van Ree R, Burney PG, Zuberbier T, van Cauwenberge P. European Union meets the challenge of the growing importance of allergy and asthma in Europe. Allergy 2004; 59:1-4. [PMID: 14674926 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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