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Fenjves ES, Ochoa MS, Gay-Rabinstein C, Ricordi C, Curran MA. Retrovirally Transferred Genes Inhibit Apoptosis in an Insulin-Secreting Cell Line: Implications for Islet Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:489-96. [PMID: 15565861 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of pancreatic islets for the treatment of type I diabetes is hindered by the enormous loss of cells due to early apoptotic events. Genetic engineering of islets with cytoprotective genes is an important strategy aimed to enhance the survival of these cells in the transplant setting. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the effects of five genes on a cell line derived from insulin-producing β-cells, NIT-1. Cells were transduced using a Maloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) vector coding for yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and for one of the following antiapoptotic genes: cFLIP, FADD-DN, BcL-2, PI-9, and ICAM-2. These genes were able to protect NIT-1 cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis to varying degrees ranging from no protection to significant protection equivalent to an optimal dose of a chemical caspase inhibitor. The data demonstrate that cFLIP, FADD-DN, and PI-9 are significantly more effective in protecting NIT-1 cells than BcL-2 and ICAM-2. Additionally, the data show that despite its weak in vitro inhibition of caspase-3, PI-9 affords significant protection against TNF-α-induced apoptosis in these cells. These genes may be ideal candidates to augment islet survival following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Fenjves
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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2
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Silke J, Johnstone RW. In the Midst of Life-Cell Death: What Is It, What Is It Good for, and How to Study It. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:2016/12/pdb.top070508. [PMID: 27934692 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top070508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death, one of the most fundamental biological processes, has not made it into the public consciousness in the same way that genetic inheritance, cell division, or DNA replication has. Everyone knows they get their genes from their parents, but few would be aware that even before they were born a lot of essential cell death has shaped their development. The greater population, for the most part, is blissfully unaware that every day millions of their own cells die in a programmed way and that this is essential for normal human physiology-their well-being, in fact. Nowhere is the burial liturgy, "In the midst of life we are in death," more apt. Despite this public underappreciation, cell death research is a major industry. A search in PubMed for "apoptosis," a special form of cell death that is caused by caspases, returns approximately 280,000 hits. The intense research interest arises from the realization that abnormal cell death responses play an important role in two of the biggest killers in the western world: cancer and cardio/cerebrovascular disease. Furthermore, the manner in which cells die can also influence the development of autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. It is therefore of paramount importance to ensure that experiments accurately quantitate and correctly identify cell death in all its guises. That is the goal of this protocol collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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3
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Sutton VR, Sedelies K, Dewson G, Christensen ME, Bird PI, Johnstone RW, Kluck RM, Trapani JA, Waterhouse NJ. Granzyme B triggers a prolonged pressure to die in Bcl-2 overexpressing cells, defining a window of opportunity for effective treatment with ABT-737. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e344. [PMID: 22764103 PMCID: PMC3406577 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of Bcl-2 contributes to resistance of cancer cells to human cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) by blocking granzyme B (GraB)-induced mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Drugs that neutralise Bcl-2 (e.g., ABT-737) may therefore be effective adjuvants for immunotherapeutic strategies that use CL to kill cancer cells. Consistent with this we found that ABT-737 effectively restored MOMP in Bcl-2 overexpressing cells treated with GraB or natural killer cells. This effect was observed even if ABT-737 was added up to 16 h after GraB, after which the cells reset their resistant phenotype. Sensitivity to ABT-737 required initial cleavage of Bid by GraB (gctBid) but did not require ongoing GraB activity once Bid had been cleaved. This gctBid remained detectable in cells that were sensitive to ABT-737, but Bax and Bak were only activated if ABT-737 was added to the cells. These studies demonstrate that GraB generates a prolonged pro-apoptotic signal that must remain active for ABT-737 to be effective. The duration of this signal is determined by the longevity of gctBid but not activation of Bax or Bak. This defines a therapeutic window in which ABT-737 and CL synergise to cause maximum death of cancer cells that are resistant to either treatment alone, which will be essential in defining optimum treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Sutton
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - K Sedelies
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - G Dewson
- Cell Signalling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M E Christensen
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
| | - P I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - R W Johnstone
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Cancer Therapeutics Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - R M Kluck
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - J A Trapani
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - N J Waterhouse
- Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity Laboratory, Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Cellular apoptosis induced by T cells is mainly mediated by two pathways. One, granule exocytosis utilizes perforin/granzymes. The other involves signaling through death receptors of the TNF-alpha R super-family, especially FasL. Perforin plays a central role in apoptosis induced by granzymes. However, the mechanisms of perforin-mediated cytotoxicity are still not elucidated completely. Perforin is not only a pore-forming protein, but also performs multiple biological functions or perforin performs one biological function (cytolysis), but has multiple biological implications in the cellular immune responses, including regulation of proliferation of CD8+ CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, 300 Jefferson Hospital for Neurosciences Building, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. [corrected]
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Abstract
Apoptosis, a highly controlled mode of cell death, is utilized to eliminate superfluous, aged, injured or infected cells from the body. Caspases, a family of aspartic acid-specific proteases, are the major effectors of apoptosis. To curtail their activity, caspases are normally synthesized as inactive precursors, but become activated at the onset of apoptosis by activation signals. Once active, caspases preside over the ordered dismantling of the cell through restricted proteolysis of hundreds of substrate proteins. Over the last 10 years, intense research has focused upon the pathways that control caspase activation. Although some, such as the apoptosome and death receptor-mediated pathways to caspase activation, are well established, others are less clearly defined. In this review, we discuss current perspectives concerning the diverse pathways to caspase activation.
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Hodge DL, Subleski JJ, Reynolds DA, Buschman MD, Schill WB, Burkett MW, Malyguine AM, Young HA. The Proinflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-18 Alters Multiple Signaling Pathways to Inhibit Natural Killer Cell Death. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:706-18. [PMID: 17032165 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-18 (IL-18), is a natural killer (NK) cell activator that induces NK cell cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) expression. In this report, we define a novel role for IL-18 as an NK cell protective agent. Specifically, IL-18 prevents NK cell death initiated by different and distinct stress mechanisms. IL-18 reduces NK cell self-destruction during NK-targeted cell killing, and in the presence of staurosporin, a potent apoptotic inducer, IL-18 reduces caspase-3 activity. The critical regulatory step in this process is downstream of the mitochondrion and involves reduced cleavage and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. The ability of IL-18 to regulate cell survival is not limited to a caspase death pathway in that IL-18 augments tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, resulting in increased and prolonged mRNA expression of c-apoptosis inhibitor 2 (cIAP2), a prosurvival factor and caspase-3 inhibitor, and TNF receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1), a prosurvival protein. The cumulative effects of IL-18 define a novel role for this cytokine as a molecular survival switch that functions to both decrease cell death through inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and enhance TNF induction of prosurvival factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Hodge
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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Waterhouse NJ, Sutton VR, Sedelies KA, Ciccone A, Jenkins M, Turner SJ, Bird PI, Trapani JA. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced killing in the absence of granzymes A and B is unique and distinct from both apoptosis and perforin-dependent lysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 173:133-44. [PMID: 16606695 PMCID: PMC2063797 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200510072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)–induced death triggered by the granule exocytosis pathway involves the perforin-dependent delivery of granzymes to the target cell. Gene targeting has shown that perforin is essential for this process; however, CTL deficient in the key granzymes A and B maintain the ability to kill their targets by granule exocytosis. It is not clear how granzyme AB−/− CTLs kill their targets, although it has been proposed that this occurs through perforin-induced lysis. We found that purified granzyme B or CTLs from wild-type mice induced classic apoptotic cell death. Perforin-induced lysis was far more rapid and involved the formation of large plasma membrane protrusions. Cell death induced by granzyme AB−/− CTLs shared similar kinetics and morphological characteristics to apoptosis but followed a distinct series of molecular events. Therefore, CTLs from granzyme AB−/− mice induce target cell death by a unique mechanism that is distinct from both perforin lysis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Waterhouse
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia.
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8
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Demaria S, Bhardwaj N, McBride WH, Formenti SC. Combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a revived partnership. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 63:655-66. [PMID: 16199306 PMCID: PMC1489884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation therapy (RT) is an important local modality for the treatment of cancer. The current rationale for its use is based largely on the ability of RT to kill the cancer cells by a direct cytotoxic effect. Nevertheless, considerable evidence indicates that RT effects extend beyond the mere elimination of the more radiosensitive fraction of cancer cells present within a tumor at the time of radiation exposure. For instance, a large body of evidence is accumulating on the ability of RT to modify the tumor microenvironment and generate inflammation. This might have far-reaching consequences regarding the response of a patient to treatment, especially if radiation-induced tumor cell kill were to translate into the generation of effective antitumor immunity. Although much remains to be learned about how radiation can impact tumor immunogenicity, data from preclinical studies provide the proof of principle that different immunotherapeutic strategies can be combined with RT to enhance antitumor effects. Conversely, RT could be a useful tool to combine with immunotherapy. This article will briefly summarize what is known about the impact of RT on tumor immunity, including tumor-associated antigens, antigen-presenting cells, and effector mechanisms. In addition, the experimental evidence supporting the contention that RT can be used as a tool to induce antitumor immunity is discussed, and a new approach to radioimmunotherapy of cancer is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Demaria
- Departments of Pathology and
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Sandra Demaria, M. D., Department of Pathology, MSB-563, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Tel: (212) 263-7308; Fax: (212) 263-8211; e-mail:
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Experimental Division, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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9
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Batoni G, Esin S, Favilli F, Pardini M, Bottai D, Maisetta G, Florio W, Campa M. Human CD56bright and CD56dim Natural Killer Cell Subsets Respond Differentially to Direct Stimulation with Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Scand J Immunol 2005; 62:498-506. [PMID: 16316416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is capable of directly stimulating several effector functions of human natural killer (NK) cells in the absence of interleukin-12 and professional antigen presenting cells. To assess the contribution of two main human NK-cell subsets (CD56(dim) and CD56(bright)) to the overall in vitro NK-cell response to BCG, peripheral blood mononuclear cells depleted of nylon wool-adherent cells or purified NK cells were stimulated with live BCG. By combining intranuclear bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) staining and analysis of CD56 marker intensity, statistically higher percentages of BrdU(+) cells were found among the CD56(bright) subset than the CD56(dim) subset after 6 days of stimulation with BCG. Similarly, evaluation of intracellular interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) revealed that CD56(bright) cells were those mainly involved in IFN-gamma production in response to BCG. In contrast, the CD56(dim) subset contained higher levels of perforin and granzyme A, two key molecules for exocytosis-mediated cytotoxicity, than the CD56(bright) subset. Although 16-20-h stimulation with BCG did not substantially alter the expression of cytotoxic molecules by the two subsets, a decrease in perforin content was observed in the CD56(dim), but not in the CD56(bright) subset, following 4-h incubation with the NK-sensitive target K562 cell line. This decrease in perforin content correlated with the induction by BCG-stimulated NK cells, of early markers of apoptosis on target cells to a greater extent than unstimulated cells suggesting a major role for the CD56(dim) subset in cytotoxic activity in response to BCG. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CD56(bright) and CD56(dim) human NK-cell subsets exert different functional activities in response to a live bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Batoni
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Biotecnologie Mediche, Infettivologia ed Epidemiologia, University of Pisa, Italy.
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10
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Waterhouse NJ, Sedelies KA, Sutton VR, Pinkoski MJ, Thia KY, Johnstone R, Bird PI, Green DR, Trapani JA. Functional dissociation of ΔΨm and cytochrome c release defines the contribution of mitochondria upstream of caspase activation during granzyme B-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2005; 13:607-18. [PMID: 16167065 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Bid confers clonogenic survival to granzyme B-treated cells, however the exact role of Bid-induced mitochondrial damage--upstream or downstream of caspases--remains controversial. Here we show that direct cleavage of Bid by granzyme B, but not caspases, was required for granzyme B-induced apoptosis. Release of cytochrome c and SMAC, but not AIF or endonuclease G, occurred in the absence of caspase activity and correlated with the onset of apoptosis and loss of clonogenic potential. Loss of mitochondrial trans-membrane potential (DeltaPsim) was also caspase independent, however if caspase activity was blocked the mitochondria regenerated their DeltaPsim. Loss of DeltaPsim was not required for rapid granzyme B-induced apoptosis and regeneration of DeltaPsim following cytochrome c release did not confer clonogenic survival. This functional dissociation of cytochrome c and SMAC release from loss of DeltaPsim demonstrates the essential contribution of Bid upstream of caspase activation during granzyme B-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Waterhouse
- Cancer Cell Death, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia.
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11
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van Besouw NM, Zuijderwijk JM, de Kuiper P, Ijzermans JNM, Weimar W, van der Mast BJ. The Granzyme B and Interferon-?? Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay as Alternatives for Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Precursor Frequency after Renal Transplantation. Transplantation 2005; 79:1062-6. [PMID: 15880044 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000161222.03635.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interferon (IFN)-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay has gained increased popularity as a surrogate marker of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity. However, the functional activity of CTL might be a more relevant surrogate marker of CTL. Therefore, the authors wondered whether the granzyme B (GrB) ELISPOT assay is a better marker for determining the number of CTL than the IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay. METHOD.: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 19 kidney transplant patients were stimulated with donor cells or third-party cells. The authors determined the CTL precursor frequency (CTLpf) and simultaneously measured the number of IFN-gamma- and GrB-producing cells (pc) by ELISPOT assay. RESULTS In all three different assays, the reactivity to donor cells was significant lower than the reactivity to third-party cells: CTLpf, median: 9 versus 60/10(6) PBMC (P=0.0002); number of IFN-gamma pc: 10 versus 90/10(6) PBMC (P=0.0001); number of GrB pc: 60 versus 205/10(6) PBMC (P=0.05). When the authors compared the CTLpf after third-party stimulation with the corresponding ELISPOT results, they found a positive correlation between the CTLpf and the number of IFN-gamma pc (r(s)=0.47, P=0.05). No correlation was found between the CTLpf and the number of GrB pc (r(s)=0.23, P=0.36). However, when they compared the donor-specific CTLpf with the corresponding ELISPOT results, no correlation with the ELISPOT for IFN-gamma (r(s)=0.10, P=0.69) or GrB (r(s)=-0.24, P=0.34) was found. CONCLUSIONS The authors feel that the CTLpf, as a measure of the actual endpoint of cytolytic activity and independent of the pathway of killing, remains the "gold standard" for determining donor-specific cytolytic activity after clinical organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M van Besouw
- Department of Internal Medicine-Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Waterhouse NJ, Sedelies KA, Clarke CJP. Granzyme B; the chalk-mark of a cytotoxic lymphocyte. J Transl Med 2004; 2:36. [PMID: 15500699 PMCID: PMC528853 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) mediated killing of target cells, granzyme B is released from the CL into the immune synapse. Recent studies have found that ELISPOT-detection of granzyme B correlated well with conventional assays for CL mediated killing. In this way, the released granzyme B can be used to mark the spot where a target cell was murdered. We discuss the benefits and potential limitations of using this assay to measure CL mediated killing of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Waterhouse
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, 8006, Australia
| | - Karin A Sedelies
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, 8006, Australia
| | - Chris JP Clarke
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, 8006, Australia
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Lee SH, Bar-Haim E, Machlenkin A, Goldberger O, Volovitz I, Vadai E, Tzehoval E, Eisenbach L. In vivo rejection of tumor cells dependent on CD8 cells that kill independently of perforin and FasL. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:237-48. [PMID: 14739939 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Perforin/granzyme B- and Fas/FasL-mediated killing pathways are the main effector mechanisms of CTL and NK cells in antitumor immune responses. In this study, we investigated the relative role of these two lytic mechanisms in protection of the host from tumor progression, as well as spontaneous metastasis, using the D122 Lewis lung carcinoma and its gene-modified cells. Utilizing perforin knockout mice (B6-PKO) and Fas and FasL mutant (B6-MRL and B6-Smn) mice, we found that perforin expression in the host plays a crucial function in the prevention of metastasis. However, local tumor rejection of an H-2K(b) and B7-1 transfectant, 39.5-B7 cells, was not dependent either on perforin or Fas/FasL expression in vivo. In addition, CTL lysis of 39.5-B7 cells was independent of perforin and Fas/FasL interactions in 18-hour in vitro assays. We also confirmed that CD8 T-cells were responsible for rejecting 39.5-B7 local tumors, yet cytokines, TNF-alpha and gammaIFN were not involved in tumor rejection in vivo. Furthermore, blocking assays using caspase inhibitors (zVAD-fmk, zLETD-fmk and zLEHD-fmk) showed that, whereas caspase activation was partially required to induce 39.5-B7 lysis mediated by the perforin-dependent pathway, 39.5-B7 lysis by CTLs through the perforin-independent mechanism required caspase activation. Thus, these results suggested that perforin, Fas/FasL, gammaIFN and TNF-alpha independent lytic mechanisms, mediated by CD8 T cells, have a crucial role in rejection of 39.5-B7 cells in vivo. Caspase activation is a pre requisite for apoptosis of targets by CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyung Lee
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Rutigliano JA, Graham BS. Prolonged production of TNF-alpha exacerbates illness during respiratory syncytial virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3408-17. [PMID: 15322205 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) CTL are the main effector cells responsible for resolving viral infections. However, the CTL response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in mice facilitates viral clearance at the expense of significant immunopathology. Previous reports have shown a strong correlation between the mechanism of CTL activity and the severity of RSV-induced illness. Furthermore, experiments in perforin knockout mice revealed that antiviral cytokine production temporally correlated with RSV-induced illness. In the current study, we show that TNF-alpha is the dominant mediator of RSV-associated illness, and it is also important for clearance of virus-infected cells during the early stages of infection. We also demonstrate that IFN-gamma plays a protective role in conjunction with perforin/granzyme-mediated killing. Preliminary experiments in gld mice that express nonfunctional Fas ligand (FasL) revealed that RSV-induced illness is significantly reduced in the absence of FasL-mediated killing. Antiviral cytokine production was not elevated in the absence of FasL, suggesting a possible link between FasL and antiviral cytokine activity. This work shows that multiple phenotypic subsets of CD8(+) CTLs respond to RSV infection, each with varying capacities for clearance of virus-infected cells and the induction of illness. In addition, the revelation that TNF-alpha is the principal mediator of RSV-induced illness means that administration of TNF receptor antagonists, in combination with antiviral therapy, may be an effective method to treat RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Rutigliano
- Vaccine Research Center/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Gomez GG, Read SB, Gerschenson LE, Santoli D, Zweifach A, Kruse CA. Interactions of the allogeneic effector leukemic T cell line, TALL-104, with human malignant brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2004; 6:83-95. [PMID: 15134622 PMCID: PMC1871983 DOI: 10.1215/s1152851703000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TALL-104 is a human leukemic T cell line that expresses markers characteristic of both cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. TALL-104 cells are potent tumor killers, and the use of lethally irradiated TALL-104 as cellular therapy for a variety of tumors has been explored. We investigated the interactions of TALL-104 cells with human brain tumor cells. TALL-104 cells mediated increased lysis of a panel of brain tumor cells at low effector-to-target ratios over time. We obtained evidence that TALL-104 cells injured glioma cells by both apoptotic and necrotic pathways. A 7-amino actinomycin D flow cytometry assay revealed that the percentages of both apoptotic and necrotic glioma cells increased after TALL-104 cell/glioma cell coincubations. Fluorescent microscopy studies and a quantitative morphologic assay confirmed that TALL-104 cell/glioma cell interactions resulted in tumor cell apoptosis. Cytokines are secreted when TALL-104 cells are coincubated with brain tumor cells; however, morphologic analysis assays revealed that the soluble factors contained within clarified supernates obtained from 4 h coincubates added back to brain tumor cell cultures did not trigger the glioma apoptosis. TALL-104 cells do not express Fas ligand, even upon coincubation with glioma targets, which suggests that the Fas/Fas ligand apoptotic pathway is not likely responsible for the cell injury observed. We obtained evidence that cell injury is calcium dependent and that lytic granule exocytosis is triggered by contact of TALL-104 cells with human glioma cells, suggesting that this pathway mediates glioma cell apoptosis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Carol A. Kruse
- Address correspondence to Carol A. Kruse, Department of Immunology, Campus Box B216, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262 (
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16
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Kelly JM, Waterhouse NJ, Cretney E, Browne KA, Ellis S, Trapani JA, Smyth MJ. Granzyme M Mediates a Novel Form of Perforin-dependent Cell Death. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:22236-42. [PMID: 15028722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401670200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is mediated by cytotoxic lymphocytes through various granule serine proteases released with perforin. The unique protease activity, restricted expression, and distinct gene locus of granzyme M suggested this enzyme might have a novel biological function or trigger a novel form of cell death. Herein, we demonstrate that in the presence of perforin, the protease activity of granzyme M rapidly and effectively induces target cell death. In contrast to granzyme B, cell death induced by granzyme M does not feature obvious DNA fragmentation, occurs independently of caspases, caspase activation, and perturbation of mitochondria and is not inhibited by overexpression of Bcl-2. These data raise the likelihood that granzyme M represents a third major and specialized perforin-dependent cell death pathway that plays a significant role in death mediated by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Kelly
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, 8006 Victoria, Australia
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17
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Albertsson PA, Basse PH, Hokland M, Goldfarb RH, Nagelkerke JF, Nannmark U, Kuppen PJK. NK cells and the tumour microenvironment: implications for NK-cell function and anti-tumour activity. Trends Immunol 2004; 24:603-9. [PMID: 14596885 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although it is clear that natural killer (NK) cells have the ability to recognize and kill tumour cells in vitro, their potential as a highly effective treatment for tumours has not yet been realized in the clinical setting. Following activation, endogenous and adoptively transferred NK cells can be found in tumours. However, not all tumours are equally well-infiltrated, and many of the infiltrating cells do not make target-cell contact but rather reside in the tumour stroma. New insights into the migration of NK cells, their activation status and production of matrix-degrading proteases might help to overcome this localization defect, with implications for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per A Albertsson
- Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-41345, Göteborg, Sweden.
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18
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McEwen A, Emmanuel C, Medbury H, Leick A, Walker DM, Zoellner H. Induction of contact-dependent endothelial apoptosis by osteosarcoma cells suggests a role for endothelial cell apoptosis in blood-borne metastasis. J Pathol 2003; 201:395-403. [PMID: 14595751 DOI: 10.1002/path.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although tumour cells are believed to migrate between endothelial cells early in metastasis, the possibility remains that endothelial apoptosis may also contribute to the tumour's breach of the vascular barrier. Although seemingly inconsistent with tumour angiogenesis, one publication describes the induction of contact-dependent apoptosis in cultured endothelium by tumour cells. The cell culture data are, however, open to challenge on technical grounds while there are no confirmatory reports. The present paper describes experiments overcoming these limitations. SAOS-2 human osteosarcoma cells and two rat carcinoma cell lines were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and cultures labelled by surface lectin histochemistry for endothelium. The HUVEC culture density was determined and SAOS-2 cells, but not rat carcinoma cells, were found significantly to reduce HUVEC survival despite the release of potent growth factors as determined in separate experiments with tumour cell conditioned medium. Lectin labelling combined with light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry for both lectin binding and DNA content, and DNA gel electrophoresis of SAOS-2/HUVEC co-cultures revealed extensive HUVEC apoptosis. These findings indicate contact-dependent endothelial apoptosis by SAOS-2, while this activity appeared weaker and overwhelmed by HUVEC proliferation with rat carcinoma cells. Importantly, this study supports the suggestion that endothelial apoptosis may be important for metastasis and suggests a complex interplay between endothelial proliferation and apoptosis in tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McEwen
- The Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, The Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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