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Hendrick N, Fraser D, Bennett R, Corazzata K, Adpressa DA, Makarov AA, Beeler A. High-throughput infrared spectroscopy for quantification of peptides in drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 229:115350. [PMID: 37001275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Peptides have gained an increasing importance in drug discovery as potential therapeutics. Discovery efforts toward finding new, efficacious peptide-based therapeutics have increased the throughput of peptide development, allowing the rapid generation of unique and pure peptide samples. However, high-throughput analysis of peptides may be still challenging and can encumber a high-throughput drug discovery campaign. We report herein a fit-for-purpose method to quantify peptide concentrations using high-throughput infrared spectroscopy (HT-IR). Through the development of this method, multiple critical method parameters were optimized including solvent composition, droplet deposition size, plate drying procedures, sample concentration, and internal standard. The relative absorbance of the amide region (1600-1750 cm-1) to the internal standard, K3Fe(CN)6 (2140 cm-1), was determined to be most effective at providing lowest interference for measuring peptide concentration. The best sample deposition was achieved by dissolving samples in a 50:50 v/v allyl alcohol/water mixture. The developed method was used on 96-well plates and analyzed at a rate of 22 min per plate. Calibration curves to measure sample concentration versus response relationship displayed sufficient linearity (R2 > 0.95). The repeatability and scope of detection was demonstrated with eighteen peptide samples that were measured with most values below 20% relative standard deviation. The linear dynamic range of the method was determined to be between 1 and 5 mg/mL. This developed HT-IR methodology could be a useful tool in peptide drug candidate lead identification and optimization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Fraser
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raffeal Bennett
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Alexey A Makarov
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Aaron Beeler
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Cardoso FC, Walker AA, King GF, Gomez MV. Holistic profiling of the venom from the Brazilian wandering spider Phoneutria nigriventer by combining high-throughput ion channel screens with venomics. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1069764. [PMID: 36865382 PMCID: PMC9972223 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1069764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spider venoms are a unique source of bioactive peptides, many of which display remarkable biological stability and neuroactivity. Phoneutria nigriventer, often referred to as the Brazilian wandering spider, banana spider or "armed" spider, is endemic to South America and amongst the most dangerous venomous spiders in the world. There are 4,000 envenomation accidents with P. nigriventer each year in Brazil, which can lead to symptoms including priapism, hypertension, blurred vision, sweating, and vomiting. In addition to its clinical relevance, P. nigriventer venom contains peptides that provide therapeutic effects in a range of disease models. Methods: In this study, we explored the neuroactivity and molecular diversity of P. nigriventer venom using fractionation-guided high-throughput cellular assays coupled to proteomics and multi-pharmacology activity to broaden the knowledge about this venom and its therapeutic potential and provide a proof-of-concept for an investigative pipeline to study spider-venom derived neuroactive peptides. We coupled proteomics with ion channel assays using a neuroblastoma cell line to identify venom compounds that modulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, as well as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Results: Our data revealed that P. nigriventer venom is highly complex compared to other neurotoxin-rich venoms and contains potent modulators of voltage-gated ion channels which were classified into four families of neuroactive peptides based on their activity and structures. In addition to the reported P. nigriventer neuroactive peptides, we identified at least 27 novel cysteine-rich venom peptides for which their activity and molecular target remains to be determined. Discussion: Our findings provide a platform for studying the bioactivity of known and novel neuroactive components in the venom of P. nigriventer and other spiders and suggest that our discovery pipeline can be used to identify ion channel-targeting venom peptides with potential as pharmacological tools and to drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. C. Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,*Correspondence: F. C. Cardoso,
| | - A. A. Walker
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - G. F. King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M. V. Gomez
- Department of Neurotransmitters, Institute of Education and Research, Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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3
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Zitterbart R, Berger N, Reimann O, Noble GT, Lüdtke S, Sarma D, Seitz O. Traceless parallel peptide purification by a first-in-class reductively cleavable linker system featuring a safety-release. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2389-2396. [PMID: 34164003 PMCID: PMC8179278 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06285e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of peptides can be synthesized by automated parallel synthesizers in a single run. In contrast, the most widely used peptide purification method – high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) – only allows one-by-one processing of each sample. The chromatographic purification of many peptides, therefore, remains a time-consuming and costly effort. Catch-and-release methods can be processed in parallel and potentially provide a remedy. However, no such system has yet provided a true alternative to HPLC. Herein we present the development of a side-reaction free, reductively cleavable linker. The linker is added to the target peptide as the last building block during peptide synthesis. After acidic cleavage from synthetic resin, the linker-tagged full-length peptide is caught onto an aldehyde-modified solid support by rapid oxime ligation, allowing removal of all impurities lacking the linker by washing. Reducing the aryl azide to an aniline sensitizes the linker for cleavage. However, scission does not occur at non-acidic pH enabling wash out of reducing agent. Final acidic treatment safely liberates the peptide by an acid-catalysed 1,6-elimination. We showcase this first-in-class reductively cleavable linker system in the parallel purification of a personalized neoantigen cocktail, containing 20 peptides for cancer immunotherapy within six hours. A first-in-class reductively cleavable linker system that enables parallel and traceless purification of peptides through a safety-release is introduced with three linker types and showcased by rapid production of 20 personalized neoantigen peptides.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadja Berger
- Belyntic GmbH Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Oliver Reimann
- Belyntic GmbH Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Gavin T Noble
- Bachem (UK) Ltd. Delph Court, Sullivans Way, St. Helens Merseyside WA9 5GL UK
| | - Stephan Lüdtke
- Belyntic GmbH Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Dominik Sarma
- Belyntic GmbH Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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4
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Bennett R, Pirrone GF, Nowak T, Mukherjee D, Shchurik V, Mapelli C, Hickey JL, Regalado EL, Mangion I, Makarov AA. Ultra-high-throughput SPE-MALDI workflow: Blueprint for efficient purification and screening of peptide libraries. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1142:10-18. [PMID: 33280687 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
At the forefront of synthetic endeavors in the pharmaceutical industry, including drug discovery and high-throughput screening, timelines are tight and large quantities of pure chemical targets are rarely available. In this regard, the development of novel and increasingly challenging chemistries requires a commensurate level of innovation to develop reliable analytical assays and purification workflows with rapid turnaround that enables accelerated pharmacological evaluation. A small-scale automation platform enabling high-throughput analysis and purification to streamline the selection of candidate leads would be a transformative advance. Herein, we introduce an automation-friendly solid-phase extraction-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SPE-MALDI) platform applied to the high-throughput purification and analysis of peptide libraries. This advance enabled us to purify peptides from microgram levels in less than a day with results comparable to traditional high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffeal Bennett
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Gregory F Pirrone
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Timothy Nowak
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Debopreeti Mukherjee
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Claudio Mapelli
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Chemistry Capabilities for Accelerating Therapeutics, Discovery Chemistry, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hickey
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Chemistry Capabilities for Accelerating Therapeutics, Discovery Chemistry, Kenilworth, NJ, 07033, USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Ian Mangion
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Alexey A Makarov
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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5
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Matysiak S, Hellmuth K, El-Sagheer AH, Shivalingam A, Ariyurek Y, de Jong M, Hollestelle MJ, Out R, Brown T. Searching for avidity by chemical ligation of combinatorially self-assembled DNA-encoded ligand libraries. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:48-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02119d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DNA encoded ligands are self-assembled into bivalent complexes and chemically ligated to link their identities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Afaf H. El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Arun Shivalingam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
| | - Yavuz Ariyurek
- Leiden Genome Technology Center
- Leiden University Medical Center
- Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Martine J. Hollestelle
- Dep. Immunophathology and Blood Coagulation
- Sanquin Diagnostic Services
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Out
- Piculet-Biosciences BV
- 2333BD Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Oxford
- UK
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6
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Veyhl-Wichmann M, Friedrich A, Vernaleken A, Singh S, Kipp H, Gorboulev V, Keller T, Chintalapati C, Pipkorn R, Pastor-Anglada M, Groll J, Koepsell H. Phosphorylation of RS1 (RSC1A1) Steers Inhibition of Different Exocytotic Pathways for Glucose Transporter SGLT1 and Nucleoside Transporter CNT1, and an RS1-Derived Peptide Inhibits Glucose Absorption. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:118-32. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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7
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Du A, Xie J, Guo K, Yang L, Wan Y, OuYang Q, Zhang X, Niu X, Lu L, Wu J, Zhang X. A novel role for synaptic acetylcholinesterase as an apoptotic deoxyribonuclease. Cell Discov 2015; 1:15002. [PMID: 27462404 PMCID: PMC4851313 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to terminating neurotransmission by hydrolyzing acetylcholine, synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChES) has been found to have a pro-apoptotic role. However, the underlying mechanism has rarely been investigated. Here, we report a nuclear translocation-dependent role for AChES as an apoptotic deoxyribonuclease (DNase). AChES polypeptide binds to and cleaves naked DNA at physiological pH in a Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-dependent manner. It also cleaves chromosomal DNA both in pre-fixed and in apoptotic cells. In the presence of a pan-caspase inhibitor, the cleavage still occurred after nuclear translocation of AChES, implying that AChES-DNase acts in a CAD- and EndoG-independent manner. AChE gene knockout impairs apoptotic DNA cleavage; this impairment is rescued by overexpression of the wild-type but not (aa 32-138)-deleted AChES. Furthermore, in comparison with the nuclear-localized wild-type AChES, (aa 32-138)-deleted AChES loses the capacity to initiate apoptosis. These observations confirm that AChES mediates apoptosis via its DNase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiying Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Kaijie Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Wan
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Qi OuYang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Niu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
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8
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Mayya V, K Han D. Proteomic applications of protein quantification by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 3:597-610. [PMID: 17181474 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.3.6.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Over the decades, isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) has been implemented extensively for accurate quantification of drugs, metabolites and peptides in body fluids and tissues. More recently, it has been extended for quantifying specific proteins in complex mixtures. In this extended methodology, proteins are subjected to endoprotease action and specific resultant peptides are quantified by using synthetic stable isotope-labeled standard (SIS) peptides and IDMS. This article outlines the utilities and applications of quantifying proteins by IDMS, emphasizing its complementary value to global survey-based proteomic studies. The potential of SIS peptides to provide quantitative insights into cell signaling is also highlighted, with specific examples. Finally, we propose several novel mass spectrometric data acquisition strategies for large-scale applications of IDMS and SIS peptides in systems biology and protein biomarker validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viveka Mayya
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Cell Biology and Center for Vascular Biology, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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9
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Langrock T, García-Villar N, Hoffmann R. Analysis of hydroxyproline isomers and hydroxylysine by reversed-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 847:282-8. [PMID: 17085085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Collagens, the most abundant mammalian proteins, contain a high content of hydroxylated amino acids, such as, 3- and 4-cis-/trans-hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 5-hydroxylysine (Hyl). Whereas the global content of 4-Hyp was studied by amino acid analysis, no technique to determine all five hydroxyamino acids simultaneously in collagens has been reported. Here, we report the separation of all five hydroxyamino acids as well as two Hyp epimers from all other proteinogenic amino acids after derivatization with N(2)-(5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)-l-valine amide (l-FDVA) by RPC-UV-ESI-MS. The general applicability of this method is shown for three Hyp-containing peptides as well as collagen type I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langrock
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ), Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Wallner FK, Elofsson M. NMR tube filter reactor for solid-phase synthesis and gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2006; 8:150-2. [PMID: 16529507 DOI: 10.1021/cc050144f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik K Wallner
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Singer D, Volke D, Hoffmann R. Characterization of Phosphorylation Dependent Antibodies To Study the Phosphorylation Status of the Tau Protein. Int J Pept Res Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-005-9269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Tan C, Gao Y, Kaur J, Cooperman BS. More potent linear peptide inhibitors of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:5301-4. [PMID: 15454215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase (mRR) is a chemotherapeutic target. The enzyme is composed of two subunits (mR1 and mR2) and is inhibited by Ac-FTLDADF (denoted P7), corresponding to the C-terminus of mR2, which disrupts mRR quaternary structure by competing with mR2 for binding to mR1. The tripeptide FmocWFF acts similarly. Here we report on the use of small, focused libraries to identify Fmoc derivatives of tetra and hexapeptides having comparable or considerably higher activities than P7 toward inhibition of mRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiheng Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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13
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Lee JH, Cook JR, Yang ZH, Mirochnitchenko O, Gunderson SI, Felix AM, Herth N, Hoffmann R, Pestka S. PRMT7, a new protein arginine methyltransferase that synthesizes symmetric dimethylarginine. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:3656-64. [PMID: 15494416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405295200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cDNA for PRMT7, a recently discovered human protein-arginine methyltransferase (PRMT), was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and mammalian cells. Immunopurified PRMT7 actively methylated histones, myelin basic protein, a fragment of human fibrillarin (GAR) and spliceosomal protein SmB. Amino acid analysis showed that the modifications produced were predominantly monomethylarginine and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). Examination of PRMT7 expressed in E. coli demonstrated that peptides corresponding to sequences contained in histone H4, myelin basic protein, and SmD3 were methylated. Furthermore, analysis of the methylated proteins showed that symmetric dimethylarginine and relatively small amounts of monomethylarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine were produced. SDMA was also formed when a GRG tripeptide was methylated by PRMT7, indicating that a GRG motif is by itself sufficient for symmetric dimethylation to occur. Symmetric dimethylation is reduced dramatically compared with monomethylation as the concentration of the substrate is increased. The data demonstrate that PRMT7 (like PRMT5) is a Type II methyltransferase capable of producing SDMA modifications in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Lee
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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