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Wang LM, Zhang WW, Qiu YY, Wang F. Ferroptosis regulating lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:2781-2792. [PMID: 38994139 PMCID: PMC11236228 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, and its occurrence and development involve complex biological processes. Iron death, as a new cell death mode, has attracted wide attention in recent years. However, the regulatory mechanism of iron death in gastric cancer and its effect on lipid peroxidation metabolism remain unclear. AIM To explore the role of iron death in the development of gastric cancer, reveal its relationship with lipid peroxidation, and provide a new theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. METHODS The process of iron death in gastric cancer cells was simulated by cell culture model, and the occurrence of iron death was detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The changes of gene expression related to iron death and lipid peroxidation metabolism were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. In addition, a mouse model of gastric cancer was established, and the role of iron death in vivo was studied by histology and immunohistochemistry, and the level of lipid peroxidation was detected. These methods comprehensively and deeply reveal the regulatory mechanism of iron death on lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. RESULTS Iron death was significantly activated in gastric cancer cells, and at the same time, associated lipid peroxidation levels increased significantly. Through high-throughput sequencing analysis, it was found that iron death regulated the expression of several genes related to lipid metabolism. In vivo experiments demonstrated that increased iron death in gastric cancer mice was accompanied by a significant increase in lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the important role of iron death in regulating lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. The activation of iron death significantly increased lipid peroxidation levels, revealing its regulatory mechanism inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Mei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anqiu People's Hospital, Weifang 262123, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Feicheng People's Hospital, Tai’an 271600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying-Yang Qiu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
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2
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Abboud HS, Camuzi D, Rapozo DC, Fernandes PV, Nicolau-Neto P, Guaraldi S, Simão TA, Ribeiro Pinto LF, Gonzaga IM, Soares-Lima SC. MET overexpression and intratumor heterogeneity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10877. [PMID: 34037097 PMCID: PMC8148886 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2020e10877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is among the ten most frequent and deadly cancers, without effective therapies for most patients. More recently, drugs targeting deregulated growth factor signaling receptors have been developed, such as HGF-MET targeted therapy. We assessed MET and HGF genetic alterations and gene and protein expression profiles in ESCC patients from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute and publicly available datasets, as well as the intratumor heterogeneity of the alterations found. Our analyses showed that HGF and MET genetic alterations, both copy number and mutations, are not common in ESCC, affecting 5 and 6% of the cases, respectively. HGF showed a variable mRNA expression profile between datasets, with no alterations (GSE20347), downregulation (GSE45670), and upregulation in ESCC (our dataset and GSE75241). On the other hand, MET was found consistently upregulated in ESCC compared to non-tumor surrounding tissue, with median fold-changes of 5.96 (GSE20347), 3.83 (GSE45670), 6.02 (GSE75241), and 5.0 (our dataset). Among our patients, 84% of the tumors showed at least a two-fold increase in MET expression. This observation was corroborated by protein levels, with 55% of cases exhibiting positivity in 100% of the tumor cells. Intratumor heterogeneity was evaluated in at least four tumor biopsies from five patients and two cases showed a consistent increase in MET expression (at least two-fold) in all tumor samples. Our data suggested that HGF-MET signaling pathway was likely to be overactivated in ESCC, representing a potential therapeutic target, but eligibility for this therapy should consider intratumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Abboud
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - D Camuzi
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - D C Rapozo
- Divisão de Patologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - P V Fernandes
- Divisão de Patologia, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - P Nicolau-Neto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - S Guaraldi
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - T A Simão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - L F Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - I M Gonzaga
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - S C Soares-Lima
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Zeng W, Xing ZT, Tan MY, Wu YW, Zhang CY. Lidocaine suppresses the malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells via the c-Met/c-Src pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:424. [PMID: 33747163 PMCID: PMC7967831 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the role and mechanism of action behind the action of lidocaine in gastric cancer cells. Lidocaine was tested for its potential role in affecting the viability of cells using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays. It was found that there was a decreased MKN45 cell viability upon lidocaine treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Phosphorylated c-Met, phosphorylated c-Src, c-Met and c-Src levels were detected using western blotting following lidocaine or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) intervention. It was found that the phosphorylation levels of c-Met and c-Src were markedly reduced by lidocaine treatment, with this effect being further relieved by the addition of HGF. Subsequently, whether lidocaine repressed the malignant biological properties of gastric cancer cells through the c-Met/c-Src axis was further investigated through the detection of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers (N-caderin and vimentin), wound healing and transwell assay analysis. In addition, cell apoptosis and the levels of apoptosis-related proteins were determined using TUNEL and western blot assays, respectively. The results demonstrated that the malignant behavior of cells were notably repressed upon lidocaine treatment, but the addition of HGF markedly reversed these effects, indicating that the effects of lidocaine on supressing the malignant behaviour of cells could be mediated through the c-Met/c-Src axis. Subsequently, whether lidocaine affected the sensitivity of cells to cisplatin or 5-FU was analyzed using a CCK-8 assay. Enhanced sensitivity of cells to cisplatin or 5-FU was observed when treated in combination with lidocaine. The present study concluded that the involvement of the c-Met/c-Src pathway in the biological behaviour of MKN45 cells was mediated by lidocaine. Therefore, lidocaine may have the potential to suppress the malignant behaviour and proliferation of gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Ze Ting Xing
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Mei Yun Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
| | - Chun Yuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Boai Hospital of Zhongshan, Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong 528403, P.R. China
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4
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MET targeting: time for a rematch. Oncogene 2020; 39:2845-2862. [PMID: 32034310 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MET, the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) for hepatocyte growth factor, is a proto-oncogene involved in embryonic development and throughout life in homeostasis and tissue regeneration. Deregulation of MET signaling has been reported in numerous malignancies, prompting great interest in MET targeting for cancer therapy. The present review offers a summary of the biology of MET and its known functions in normal physiology and carcinogenesis, followed by an overview of the most relevant MET-targeting strategies and corresponding clinical trials, highlighting both past setbacks and promising future prospects. By placing their efforts on a more precise stratification strategy through the genetic analysis of tumors, modern trials such as the NCI-MATCH trial could revive the past enthusiasm for MET-targeted therapy.
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Seo S, Ryu MH, Ryoo BY, Park Y, Park YS, Na YS, Lee CW, Lee JK, Kang YK. Clinical significance of MET gene amplification in metastatic or locally advanced gastric cancer treated with first-line fluoropyrimidine and platinum combination chemotherapy. Chin J Cancer Res 2019; 31:620-631. [PMID: 31564805 PMCID: PMC6736660 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2019.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the clinical significance of MET gene amplification in patients with gastric cancer in the palliative setting.
Methods MET amplification was assessed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 50 patients and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 326 patients; 259 patients treated with first-line fluoropyrimidine and platinum were included for survival analysis.
Results The results of FISH and qPCR indicated that the c-MET/CEP7 ratio was correlated with gene copy number. The optimal cutoff value for the copy number using qPCR to detect MET gene amplification with FISH was 5 (κ=0.778, P<0.001). Twenty-one out of 326 patients (6.4%) were identified asMET amplification with a copy number of >5 detected by qPCR. MET-amplified gastric cancer was associated with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) score of ≥2 (33.3% vs. 10.5% P=0.007), peritoneal metastasis (76.2% vs. 46.2%, P=0.008), and elevated bilirubin levels (28.6% vs. 7.3%, P=0.006). The median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 11.9 and 5.6 months, respectively. MET-amplified gastric cancer was not associated with survival outcomes [hazard ratio (HR)=0.68, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.35−1.32, P=0.254 for PFS; HR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.35−1.32, P=0.251 for OS].
Conclusions qPCR can be used to detect MET gene amplification. MET amplification was not a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with metastatic or unresectable gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Young-Soon Na
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Won Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Kyung Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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Targeting c-MET in gastrointestinal tumours: rationale, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:562-576. [PMID: 28374784 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Data from many preclinical studies, including those using cellular models of colorectal, gastric, gastro-oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction cancers, indicate that the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-MET) pathway is vital for the growth, survival and invasive potential of gastrointestinal cancers. Following the availability of data from these various studies, and data on c-MET expression as a biomarker that indicates a poor prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal cancer and increased c-MET expression, inhibitors targeting this pathway have entered the clinic in the past decade. However, the design of clinical trials that incorporate the use of HGF/c-MET inhibitors in their most appropriate genetic and molecular context remains crucial. Recognizing and responding to this challenge, the European Commission funded Framework 7 MErCuRIC programme is running a biomarker-enriched clinical trial investigating the efficacy of combined c-MET/MEK inhibition in patients with RAS-mutant or RAS-wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer with aberrant c-MET expression. The design of this trial enables the continued refinement of the predictive biomarker and co-development of companion diagnostics. In this Review, we focus on advances in our understanding of inhibition of the HGF/c-MET pathway in patients with gastro-intestinal cancers, the prominent challenges facing the clinical translation and implementation of agents targeting HGF/c-MET, and discuss the various efforts, and associated obstacles to the discovery and validation of biomarkers that will enable patient stratification in this context.
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Li S, Zhang H, Wang X, Qu Y, Duan J, Liu R, Deng T, Ning T, Zhang L, Bai M, Zhou L, Wang X, Ge S, Ying G, Ba Y. Direct targeting of HGF by miR-16 regulates proliferation and migration in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:15175-15183. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Kawakami H, Okamoto I. MET-targeted therapy for gastric cancer: the importance of a biomarker-based strategy. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19:687-95. [PMID: 26690587 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The MET protooncogene encodes the receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET (MET). Aberrant activation of MET signaling occurs in a subset of advanced malignancies, including gastric cancer, and promotes tumor cell growth, survival, migration, and invasion as well as tumor angiogenesis, suggesting its potential importance as a therapeutic target. MET can be activated by two distinct pathways that are dependent on or independent of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), with the latter pathway having been attributed mostly to MET amplification in gastric cancer. Preclinical evidence has suggested that interruption of the HGF-MET axis either with antibodies to HGF or with MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has antitumor effects in gastric cancer cells. Overexpression of MET occurs frequently in gastric cancer and has been proposed as a potential predictive biomarker for anti-MET therapy. However, several factors can trigger such MET upregulation in a manner independent of HGF, suggesting that gastric tumors with MET overexpression are not necessarily MET driven. On the other hand, gastric cancer cells with MET amplification are dependent on MET signaling for their survival and are thus vulnerable to MET TKI treatment. Given the low prevalence of MET amplification in gastric cancer (approximately 8 %), testing for this genetic change would substantially narrow the target population but it might constitute a better biomarker than MET overexpression for MET TKI therapy. We compare aberrant MET signaling dependent on the HGF-MET axis or on MET amplification as well as address clinical issues and challenges associated with the identification of appropriate biomarkers for MET-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kawakami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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The prognostic impact of EGFR, ErbB2 and MET gene amplification in human gastric carcinomas as measured by quantitative Real-Time PCR. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1945-52. [PMID: 25820598 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identification of critical genes which play pivotal roles in controlling tumor growth and survival will establish the basis for developing therapeutic targets. In this study, we focused on frequencies of EGFR, ErbB2 and MET gene amplification in gastric cancer patients to develop personalized medicine to improve the treatment. METHOD EGFR, ErbB2 and MET gene amplification, and mRNA expression were analyzed by the quantitative Real-Time PCR in paraffin-embedded samples from 115 patients with gastric cancer. RESULTS EGFR, ErbB2 and MET genes were amplified in 11.3 % (13/115), 6.1 % (7/115) and 19.1 % (22/115) of cancerous specimens, respectively. The correlation coefficient test clearly indicated that gene amplification in these three genes was positively correlated with mRNA transcription (EGFR: R = 0.631, p = 0.009; ErbB2: R = 0.652, p = 0.023; MET: R = 0.715, p < 0.001). EGFR and MET gene amplification was significantly associated with Ki-67 MI (p = 0.022 and p = 0.015). MET amplification was also significantly associated with age of ≥60 years (p = 0.021) and tumor size of ≥5 cm (p = 0.032). MET amplification, but not EGFR and ErbB2, was a significant prognostic factor in poor survival among patients with gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS EGFR, ErbB2 and MET genes are frequently amplified in gastric carcinoma. EGFR, ErbB2 and MET gene amplification is positively correlated with mRNA transcription. MET gene amplification correlates with a poor prognosis and poor survival in gastric carcinomas.
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Hack SP, Bruey JM, Koeppen H. HGF/MET-directed therapeutics in gastroesophageal cancer: a review of clinical and biomarker development. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2866-80. [PMID: 24930887 PMCID: PMC4102777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the HGF/MET signaling axis has been strongly implicated in the malignant transformation and progression of gastroesophageal cancer (GEC). MET receptor overexpression in tumor samples from GEC patients has been consistently correlated with an aggressive metastatic phenotype and poor prognosis. In preclinical GEC models, abrogation of HGF/MET signaling has been shown to induce tumor regression as well as inhibition of metastatic dissemination. Promising clinical results in patient subsets in which MET is overexpressed have spurned several randomized studies of HGF/MET-directed agents, including two pivotal global Phase III trials. Available data highlight the need for predictive biomarkers in order to select patients most likely to benefit from HGF/MET inhibition. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of mechanisms of MET activation in GEC, the current status of the clinical evaluation of MET-targeted therapies in GEC, characteristics of ongoing randomized GEC trials and the associated efforts to identify and validate biomarkers. We also discuss the considerations and challenges for HGF/MET inhibitor drug development in the GEC setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Hack
- Product Development, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Choi J, Lee HE, Kim MA, Jang BG, Lee HS, Kim WH. Analysis of MET mRNA expression in gastric cancers using RNA in situ hybridization assay: its clinical implication and comparison with immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111658. [PMID: 25364819 PMCID: PMC4218795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated MET mRNA expression status using RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) technique in primary and metastatic lesions of 535 surgically resected gastric carcinoma (GC) cases. We compared the results with those of immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization, and examined the association with clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis. Among 535 primary GCs, 391 (73.1%) were scored 0, 87 (16.3%) were scored 1, 38 (7.1%) were scored 2, 12 (2.2%) were scored 3 and 7 (1.3%) were scored 4 by RNA ISH. High MET mRNA expression (score ≥3) was associated with lymph node metastasis (P = .014), distant metastasis (P = .001), and higher TNM stage (P<.001). MET mRNA expression was correlated with protein expression (r = 0.398; P<.001) and gene copy number (r = 0.345; P<.001). The patients showing high-MET mRNA in primary or metastatic lesions had shorter overall survival than those showing low-MET mRNA (primary tumors, P = .002; metastatic lymph nodes, P<.001). The patients showing positive conversion of MET mRNA status in metastatic lymph node had shorter overall survival than those with no conversion (P = .011). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high MET mRNA expression in metastatic lymph node was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = .007). Therefore, this study suggests that MET mRNA expression assessed by RNA ISH could be useful as a potential marker to identify MET oncogene-addicted GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Choi
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min A. Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kawakami H, Okamoto I, Okamoto W, Tanizaki J, Nakagawa K, Nishio K. Targeting MET Amplification as a New Oncogenic Driver. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1540-52. [PMID: 25055117 PMCID: PMC4190554 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Certain genetically defined cancers are dependent on a single overactive oncogene for their proliferation and survival, a phenomenon known as "oncogene addiction". A new generation of drugs that selectively target such "driver oncogenes" manifests a clinical efficacy greater than that of conventional chemotherapy in appropriate genetically defined patients. MET is a proto-oncogene that encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, and aberrant activation of MET signaling occurs in a subset of advanced cancers as result of various genetic alterations including gene amplification, polysomy, and gene mutation. Our preclinical studies have shown that inhibition of MET signaling either with the small-molecule MET inhibitor crizotinib or by RNA interference targeted to MET mRNA resulted in marked antitumor effects in cancer cell lines with MET amplification both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, patients with non-small cell lung cancer or gastric cancer positive for MET amplification have shown a pronounced clinical response to crizotinib. Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence thus suggests that MET amplification is an "oncogenic driver" and therefore a valid target for treatment. However, the prevalence of MET amplification has not been fully determined, possibly in part because of the difficulty in evaluating gene amplification. In this review, we provide a rationale for targeting this genetic alteration in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kawakami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Isamu Okamoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Wataru Okamoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Junko Tanizaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Kazuto Nishio
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan.
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Clinical impact of the HGF/MET pathway activation in patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with palliative chemotherapy. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2014; 14:418-23. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ha SY, Lee J, Kang SY, Do IG, Ahn S, Park JO, Kang WK, Choi MG, Sohn TS, Bae JM, Kim S, Kim M, Kim S, Park CK, Ignatius Ou SH, Kim KM. MET overexpression assessed by new interpretation method predicts gene amplification and poor survival in advanced gastric carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:1632-41. [PMID: 23807774 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of better selection criteria for identifying sub-populations that may benefit from treatment is a key aspect of the development and success of targeted therapy. To investigate methods for assessing MET overexpression in gastric cancer, we conducted immunohistochemistry using a new anti-Total MET monoclonal antibody in a single-institution cohort of 495 patients. As antibody is directed against a membranous and/or cytoplasmic epitope, two interpretation methods were used: (1) membranous and cytoplasmic and (2) membranous alone. In selected 120 cases, copy number gain and mRNA expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. Further in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of MET gene amplification. Among the 495 gastric cancers, simultaneous membranous and cytoplasmic overexpression of MET was found in 108 cases (21.8%) and membranous alone overexpression was observed in 40 cases (8.1%). The highest correlation was observed in membranous and cytoplasmic staining of MET: MET expression scores correlated significantly with high MET mRNA levels (r=0.465, P<0.0001), increased copy number gain (r=0.393, P=0.000002) and amplification of MET gene. Moreover, patients with MET overexpression showed shorter overall survival (HR, 1.781; 95% CI, 1.324-2.395; P<0.001) and disease-free survival (HR, 1.765; 95% CI, 1.227-2.541; P=0.002) compared with patients without MET overexpression. However, membranous overexpression of MET did not highly correlate with mRNA level (r=0.274, P=0.002), copy number gain or survival (P>0.05). We developed highly correlating interpretation methods of MET immunohistochemistry in gastric carcinomas. MET overexpression is an independent prognostic factor and could be a potential target and predictor of benefit for targeted therapy with MET inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Y Ha
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Zhao L, Yasumoto K, Kawashima A, Nakagawa T, Takeuchi S, Yamada T, Matsumoto K, Yonekura K, Yoshie O, Yano S. Paracrine activation of MET promotes peritoneal carcinomatosis in scirrhous gastric cancer. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:1640-6. [PMID: 24118504 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scirrhous gastric cancer is associated with abundant stroma and frequently develops into peritoneal carcinomatosis with malignant ascites. Although malignant ascites is among the most deadly diseases worldwide, its molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. We investigated the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the production of peritoneal carcinomatosis with malignant ascites. We examined three scirrhous and three non-scirrhous human gastric cancer cell lines for the production of peritoneal carcinomatosis in vivo and responses to HGF in vitro. Furthermore, clinical scirrhous gastric cancer specimens were examined for HGF production. Among the six cell lines examined, only two scirrhous cell lines (NUGC4 and GCIY) produced peritoneal carcinomatosis with massive ascites after intraperitoneal injection in nude mice. Their proliferation was stimulated by exogenous HGF in vitro. On the other hand, a non-scirrhous cell line, MKN45, with MET amplification generated peritoneal tumors but not ascites. MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors, crizotinib and TAS-115, inhibited HGF-stimulated proliferation of NUGC4 and GCIY as well as constitutive proliferation of MKN45. Furthermore, crizotinib and TAS-115 prolonged the survival of mice bearing established tumors by NUGC4 or MKN45. In clinical specimens, HGF was markedly produced by stromal fibroblasts. Malignant ascitic fluids from patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis contained high levels of HGF. Our results strongly suggest that paracrine HGF-induced activation of MET-mediated signaling pathways plays an important role in the pathogenesis of peritoneal carcinomatosis in scirrhous gastric cancer. Thus, MET signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric cancer, even without MET amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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16
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Teng L, Lu J. cMET as a potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:1247-54. [PMID: 24141315 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Despite improvements in surgery and chemotherapy, the outcomes in patients with advanced gastric cancer remain poor. cMET is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, and plays a key role in tumor survival, growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. cMET overexpression and/or gene amplification occurs in a significant proportion of gastric cancers. cMET is associated with a high tumor stage and poor prognosis. Several cMET inhibitors have been investigated in clinical trials, and the initial results are encouraging. It has become increasingly apparent that cMET is a promising therapeutic target in gastric cancer. In this review, we summarize the development of cMET inhibitors in the preclinical and clinical environment. In addition, we discuss the challenges of cMET-targeted therapy in gastric cancer and explore possible solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
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17
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Kawakami H, Okamoto I, Arao T, Okamoto W, Matsumoto K, Taniguchi H, Kuwata K, Yamaguchi H, Nishio K, Nakagawa K, Yamada Y. MET amplification as a potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2013; 4:9-17. [PMID: 23327903 PMCID: PMC3702203 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate both the prevalence of MET amplification in gastric cancer as well as the potential of this genetic alteration to serve as a therapeutic target in gastric cancer. MET amplification was assessed by initial screening with a PCR-based copy number assay followed by confirmatory FISH analysis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of gastric cancer obtained at surgery. The effects of MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (MET-TKIs) in gastric cancer cells with or without MET amplification were also examined. The median MET copy number in 266 cases of gastric cancer was 1.7, with a range of 0.41 to 21.3. We performed FISH analysis for the 15 cases with the highest MET copy numbers. MET amplification was confirmed in the four assessable cases with a MET copy number of at least 4, whereas MET amplification was not detected in those with a gene copy number of less than 4. The prevalence of MET amplification was thus 1.5% (4 out of 266 cases). Inhibition of MET by MET-TKIs resulted in the induction of apoptosis accompanied by attenuation of downstream MET signaling in gastric cancer cell lines with MET amplification but not in those without this genetic change. MET amplification identifies a small but clinically important subgroup of gastric cancer patients who are likely to respond to MET-TKIs. Furthermore, screening with a PCR-based copy number assay is an efficient way to reduce the number of patients requiring confirmation of MET amplification by FISH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kawakami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Schmid F, Burock S, Klockmeier K, Schlag PM, Stein U. SNPs in the coding region of the metastasis-inducing gene MACC1 and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:49. [PMID: 22838389 PMCID: PMC3480947 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is one of the main cancers in the Western world. About 90% of the deaths arise from formation of distant metastasis. The expression of the newly identified gene metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) is a prognostic indicator for colon cancer metastasis. Here, we analyzed for the first time the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding region of MACC1 for clinical outcome of colorectal cancer patients. Additionally, we screened met proto-oncogene (Met), the transcriptional target gene of MACC1, for mutations. Methods We sequenced the coding exons of MACC1 in 154 colorectal tumors (stages I, II and III) and the crucial exons of Met in 60 colorectal tumors (stages I, II and III). We analyzed the association of MACC1 polymorphisms with clinical data, including metachronous metastasis, UICC stages, tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and patients’ survival (n = 154, stages I, II and III). Furthermore, we performed biological assays in order to evaluate the functional impact of MACC1 SNPs on the motility of colorectal cancer cells. Results We genotyped three MACC1 SNPs in the coding region. Thirteen % of the tumors had the genotype cg (rs4721888, L31V), 48% a ct genotype (rs975263, S515L) and 84% a gc or cc genotype (rs3735615, R804T). We found no association of these SNPs with clinicopathological parameters or with patients’ survival, when analyzing the entire patients’ cohort. An increased risk for a shorter metastasis-free survival of patients with a ct genotype (rs975263) was observed in younger colon cancer patients with stage I or II (P = 0.041, n = 18). In cell culture, MACC1 SNPs did not affect MACC1-induced cell motility and proliferation. Conclusion In summary, the identification of coding MACC1 SNPs in primary colorectal tumors does not improve the prediction for metastasis formation or for patients’ survival compared to MACC1 expression analysis alone. The ct genotype (rs975263) might be associated with a reduced survival for younger colon cancer patients in early stages. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Schmid
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Graziano F, Galluccio N, Lorenzini P, Ruzzo A, Canestrari E, D'Emidio S, Catalano V, Sisti V, Ligorio C, Andreoni F, Rulli E, Di Oto E, Fiorentini G, Zingaretti C, De Nictolis M, Cappuzzo F, Magnani M. Genetic activation of the MET pathway and prognosis of patients with high-risk, radically resected gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:4789-95. [PMID: 22042954 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.36.7706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether prognosis of patients with high-risk gastric cancer may depend on MET copy number gain (CNG) or an activating truncation within a deoxyadenosine tract element (DATE) in the promoter region of the MET ligand HGF. PATIENTS AND METHODS A single-institution cohort of 230 patients with stage II/III gastric cancer was studied. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were used for DNA extraction. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for MET CNG and sequencing for HGF DATE truncation (< 25 deoxyadenosines instead of 30) were used. Results were analyzed for association with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). To assess the reliability of the qPCR measurement, a random sample of cases was reanalyzed using an alternative assay (fluorescent in situ hybridization [FISH]) with calculation of the intracorrelation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS In 216 assessable patients, MET CNG five or more copies and homozygous HGF-truncated DATE occurred in 21 patients (10%) and 30 patients (13%), respectively. Patients with MET CNG five or more copies (MET-positive) showed significantly worse prognosis with multivariate hazard ratio (HR) of 3.02 (95% CI, 1.71 to 5.33; P < .001) for DFS and multivariate HR of 2.91 (95% CI, 1.65 to 5.11; P < .001) for OS. The agreement between qPCR and FISH was high, with ICC = 0.9% (95% CI, 0.81% to 0.95%; the closer the ICC is to 1, the greater is the agreement). HGF-truncated DATE did not show relevant prognostic effect. CONCLUSION In this study, qPCR revealed approximately 10% of white patients with gastric cancer harboring MET CNG of five or more copies. This marker was significantly associated with unfavorable prognosis. This information is relevant to the current clinical development of anti-MET compounds.
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20
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Toiyama Y, Yasuda H, Saigusa S, Matushita K, Fujikawa H, Tanaka K, Mohri Y, Inoue Y, Goel A, Kusunoki M. Co-expression of hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met predicts peritoneal dissemination established by autocrine hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2912-21. [PMID: 21796631 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes and facilitates migration and invasion of epithelial tumor cells. EMT is induced by factors such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). This study aimed to establish whether the HGF/c-Met pathway is associated with gastric cancer metastasis; especially peritoneal dissemination. HGF and c-Met expression and EMT-related molecules were evaluated using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The role of the HGF/c-Met pathway in EMT and anoikis was determined, and kinase inhibitor SU11274 was tested for its ability to block HGF-induced biological effects. In HGF(-) /c-Met(+) gastric cancer cells, recombinant HGF promoted an EMT phenotype that was characterized by morphology, impaired E-cadherin and induction of vimentin. HGF promoted cell growth, invasiveness and migration and inhibition of anoikis. SU11274 blocked HGF-induced EMT and biological effects in vitro. In HGF(+) /c-Met(+) gastric cancer cells, HGF did not affect the biological outcome of EMT and anoikis, but SU11274 exerted the same inhibitory effects as in HGF(-) /c-Met(+) cells. In vivo, HGF(+) /c-Met(+) gastric cancer cells only established peritoneal dissemination and SU11274 inhibited tumor growth. Clinically, HGF expression was significantly correlated with c-Met expression in gastric cancer. Increased HGF and c-Met had a significant association with poor prognosis and predicted peritoneal dissemination. We demonstrated that the HGF/c-Met pathway induces EMT and inhibition of anoikis in gastric cancer cells. Co-expression of HGF and c-Met has the potential to promote peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. Blockade of the autocrine HGF/c-Met pathway could be clinically useful for the treatment of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Toiyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan.
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21
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inhibitors targeting oncogenic kinases, especially receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), are being vigorously developed, and some have been demonstrated to be effective in clinical settings. The amplification of certain RTKs (ErbB2, c-Met and FGFR2) is associated with gastric cancer progression, but the only recently approved inhibitor is trastuzumab, ErbB2-targeting antibody. Other well-known oncogenic kinases (PI3K and RAF) are also activated in a small portion of gastric cancers. Drugs targeting these kinases are promising and should be approved in an appropriate and expeditious way. AREAS COVERED This article reviews novel inhibitors emerging in the field of advanced gastric cancer, based on basic research concerning altered oncogenes and the clinical trials of drugs targeting these oncogenes. EXPERT OPINION Promising inhibitors of gastric cancer may be found in not only new investigative agents but also agents currently being used against other malignancies. The appropriate design for clinical trials of molecularly targeted therapeutic agents is also important. Targeted therapies tailored to individual genomic profiles would provide a more personalized treatment for advanced gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Asaoka
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Japan.
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22
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Cervera P, Fléjou JF. Changing Pathology with Changing Drugs: Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Pathobiology 2011; 78:76-89. [DOI: 10.1159/000315535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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23
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Genetic Alterations and Expression Pattern of CEACAM1 in Colorectal Adenomas and Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 17:67-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Goetsch L, Caussanel V. Selection criteria for c-Met-targeted therapies: emerging evidence for biomarkers. Biomark Med 2010; 4:149-70. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive development of targeted therapies emphasize the critical need for biomarkers and major efforts have been engaged to identify screening, prognostic, stratification and therapy-monitoring markers. One of the challenges in translating preclinical studies into effective clinical therapies remains the accurate identification of a responsive subsets of patients. Studies on trastuzumab demonstrated that patient response could be specifically correlated with the amplification of the Her2 gene. However, for the EGF receptor, it has been more difficult to find the right stratification biomarker and recent data demonstrate that genetic alterations for the EGF receptor have to be considered. Taken together, these data underline the need for a deeper understanding of both targeted receptor and human disease to determine pathways that might be investigated during early clinical trials in order to define relevant biomarkers for patient selection. This article, dealing with the c-Met tyrosine kinase receptor, provides an overview of c-Met alterations observed in cancer and proposes approaches for stratification biomarker selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Goetsch
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 avenue Napoléon III F-74164 Saint Julien en Genevois, France
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25
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Ismail NI, Kaur G, Hashim H, Hassan MS. S100A4 overexpression proves to be independent marker for breast cancer progression. Cancer Cell Int 2008; 8:12. [PMID: 18771601 PMCID: PMC2542991 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-8-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer and cause of deaths in women around the world. Oncogene amplification usually occurs late in tumor progression and correlates well with aggressiveness of tumor. In fact the function of the S100A4 protein and its role in metastasis is unclear at present. The purpose of the study was to determine the expression of S100A4 protein in the invasion status and metastatic potential of breast cancer by using tissue microarray and to determine its role in breast cancer based on the expression of S100A4 gene product. METHODS S100A4 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using commercially available tissue microarray containing malignant and normal breast tissue cores from 216 patients. RESULTS S100A4 was absent in normal breast tissues while positive in 45.1% of infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) node negative and 48.8% of infiltrating lobular carcinoma node negative. In paired samples, S100A4 protein was expressed in 13.5% of IDC node positive cases and 35.1% of matched lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION S100A4 protein expression appears widely expressed in early and advanced breast cancer stages compared with normal breast. Our study suggests S100A4 may play a role in breast cancer progression and may prove to be an independent marker of breast cancer which appears to be down regulated in more advanced stages of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawfal I Ismail
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia
| | - Gurjeet Kaur
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Hashim
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed S Hassan
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia
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26
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Song JH, Kim CJ, Cho YG, Chae JS, Cao Z, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Genetic alterations of the Cdx2 gene in gastric cancer. APMIS 2008; 116:74-80. [PMID: 18254783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00881.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia are generally considered precancerous lesions of the stomach; Cdx2 plays an important role in intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinogenesis. To elucidate the potential etiological role of the Cdx2 gene in gastric carcinogenesis, we analyzed genetic mutations and allelic loss in the Cdx2 gene of 95 sporadic gastric cancers. We found two somatic missense mutations in the Cdx2 gene, P63L in exon 1 and E204K in exon 2, encoding the caudal-like protein activation region (codon 13-180) and the homeobox domain (codon 188-243) of the gene, in the gastric cancers. In addition, 9 (25.0%) of 36 informative cases showed allelic loss at D13S220 and/or D13S260. In 11 cases with a genetic alteration, Cdx2 nuclear staining was observed only in 8 cases of gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia. Loss or reduced expression of the Cdx2 gene in cancer cells was found in two cases with a somatic mutation and in three cases with LOH. Interestingly, all of the cases were intestinal-type gastric cancers. Thus, these results suggest that genetic alterations of the Cdx2 gene may contribute to the loss of Cdx2 expression and to the development of gastric cancer, especially in the intestinal-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwi Song
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Francone TD, Landmann RG, Chen CT, Sun MY, Kuntz EJ, Zeng Z, Dematteo RP, Paty PB, Weiser MR. Novel xenograft model expressing human hepatocyte growth factor shows ligand-dependent growth of c-Met-expressing tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1460-6. [PMID: 17431125 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase responsible for cellular migration, invasion, and proliferation, is overexpressed in human cancers. Although ligand-independent c-Met activation has been described, the majority of tumors are ligand dependent and rely on binding of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) for receptor activation. Both receptor and ligand are attractive therapeutic targets; however, preclinical models are limited because murine HGF does not activate human c-Met. The goal of this study was to develop a xenograft model in which human HGF (hHGF) is produced in a controllable fashion in the mouse. Severe combined immunodeficient mice were treated with adenovirus encoding the hHGF transgene (Ad-hHGF) via tail vein injection, and transgene expression was determined by the presence of hHGF mRNA in mouse tissue and hHGF in serum. Ad-hHGF administration to severe combined immunodeficient mice resulted in hHGF production that was (a) dependent on quantity of virus delivered; (b) biologically active, resulting in liver hypertrophy; and (c) sustainable over 40 days. In this model, the ligand-dependent human tumor cell line SW1417 showed enhanced tumor growth, whereas the ligand-independent cell lines SW480 and GTL-16 showed no augmented tumor growth. This novel xenograft model is ideal for investigating c-Met/HGF-dependent human tumor progression and for evaluating c-Met targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Francone
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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28
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Kim CJ, Song JH, Cho YG, Kim YS, Kim SY, Nam SW, Yoo NJ, Lee JY, Park WS. Somatic mutations of the beta-TrCP gene in gastric cancer. APMIS 2007; 115:127-33. [PMID: 17295679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2007.apm_562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Beta-TrCP is a component of the ubiquitin ligase complex targeting beta-catenin for proteasomal degradation, and is a negative regulator of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. To determine whether genetic alterations of the beta-TrCP gene are involved in the development or progression of gastric cancer, we analyzed its somatic mutations in 95 gastric cancers by single-strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing. We found five missense mutations (5.3%): A99V, H342Y, H425Y, C206Y, and G260E. Tissue carrying mutations showed moderate to strong cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining of beta-catenin by immunohistochemistry. Thus, somatic mutations of the beta-TrCP gene may contribute to the development of gastric cancer through beta-catenin stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jae Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Cho YG, Choi BJ, Song JW, Kim SY, Nam SW, Lee SH, Yoo NJ, Lee JY, Park WS. Aberrant expression of krÜppel-like factor 6 protein in colorectal cancers. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:2250-3. [PMID: 16610031 PMCID: PMC4087656 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i14.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether krÜppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) plays an important role in the development and/or progression of colorectal cancer.
METHODS: A total of 123 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray for the expression of KLF6 protein. The specimens were collected over a 3-year period in the laboratories at our large teaching hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The correlation of KLF6 expression with clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed by χ2 test and Bartholomew test.
RESULTS: Normal colonic epithelium showed weak to moderate expression of KLF6, whereas reduced KLF 6 expression or loss of KLF6 expression was seen in 45 (36.6%) of the 123 colorectal carcinoma specimens. Interestingly, aberrant expression of KLF6 was detected in 25 (43.1%) of 58 cases with metastasis to regional lymph node and in 31 (47.0%) of 66 tumors more than 5 cm in size. Statistically, loss of KLF6 expression was significantly associated with tumor size (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between KLF6 expression and Dukes’ stage (Bartholomew test, P > 0.05), tumor location and lymph node metastasis (χ2 test, P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Loss of KLF6 expression may be a common and early event in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gu Cho
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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30
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Kim CJ, Cho YG, Park YG, Nam SW, Kim SY, Lee SH, Yoo NJ, Lee JY, Park WS. Pin1 overexpression in colorectal cancer and its correlation with aberrant β-catenin expression. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:5006-9. [PMID: 16124054 PMCID: PMC4321918 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i32.5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate clinical significance of Pin1 and β-catenin expression in colorectal cancers and to demonstrate the relationship of their expression.
METHODS: The role of Pin1 and β-catenin protein in colorectal tumorigenesis and their clinicopathologic significance were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and the correlation between Pin1 and β-catenin protein expressions was also studied in 124 patients with colorectal cancer who were surgically treated.
RESULTS: Normal colonic epithelium either failed to express or showed focal and weak expression of Pin1 and β-catenin. Overexpression of Pin1 and β-catenin protein was found in 23 (18.54%) and 50 (40.3%) of 124 colorectal cancers, respectively. Overexpression of both proteins was not related to the lymph node metastasis, tumor stage and survival period after excision. Survival analysis results indicated that tumor stage was a valuable predictor of survival. Interestingly, a significant correlation was found between Pin1 and β-catenin protein expression.
CONCLUSION: Overexpression of Pin1 and β-catenin may be closely related with the development and/or progression of colorectal carcinoma and further supports that Pin1 overexpression might contribute to the upregulation of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jae Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
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31
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Cho YG, Kim CJ, Nam SW, Yoon SH, Lee SH, Yoo NJ, Lee JY, Park WS. Overexpression of S100A4 is closely associated with progression of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4852-6. [PMID: 16097057 PMCID: PMC4398735 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i31.4852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether S100A4 played an important role in the development or progression of colorectal cancer.
METHODS: A total of 124 colorectal adenocarcinoma tissue specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of S100A4 protein and subsequently investigated for the gene mutations in the coding region of S100A4 gene. The specimens were collected over a 3-year period in the laboratories at our large teaching hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea.
RESULTS: Normal colonic epithelium either failed to express or showed focal weak expression of S100A4. Moderate to strong cytoplasmic expression of S100A4 was seen in 69 (55.6%) of the 124 colorectal carcinoma tissue specimens. S100A4 expression was detected in 43 (69.4%) of 62 specimens with lymph node metastasis. Statistically, overexpression of S100A4 was significantly associated with Dukes stage and lymph node metastasis. Nuclear staining was also observed in 24 (19.4%) of 124 samples and closely associated with Dukes stage. However, there was no significant correlation between overexpression of S100A4 and other investigated clinico-pathologic parameters, including tumor localization, tumor size, and survival period. In mutational analysis, no gene mutation was found in the analyzed genomic area of colorectal cancer.
CONCLUSION: Overexpression of S100A4 may be closely related with the aggressiveness of colorectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gu Cho
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-701, South Korea
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Kim CJ, Cho YG, Park CH, Jeong SW, Nam SW, Kim SY, Lee SH, Yoo NJ, Lee JY, Park WS. Inactivating mutations of the Siah-1 gene in gastric cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23:8591-6. [PMID: 15467739 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SIAH-1: is the mammalian homolog of Drosophila seven in absentia (sina) and has been identified as a p53-inducible gene. Siah-1 can induce cell cycle arrests, tumor suppression, and apoptosis through a novel beta-catenin degradation pathway. To determine whether genetic alterations of Siah-1 gene are involved in the development and/or progression of gastric cancer, we searched for mutation of the Siah-1 gene in 95 gastric cancers by single-strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing. The effect of Siah-1 on beta-catenin degradation was further examined in wild- and mutant-type Siah-1-transfected HEK 293T cells. We found two missense mutations of the Siah-1 gene. The cases with Siah-1 mutation showed nuclear translocation and cytoplasmic staining of beta-catenin. Interestingly, two mutants of Siah-1 stabilized cytoplasmic levels of beta-catenin, even after treatment of adriamycin. Furthermore, both mutants failed to suppress cyclin D1 expression and to induce apoptosis. These data suggest that inactivating mutations of the Siah-1 may contribute to the development of gastric cancer through beta-catenin stabilization and apoptosis block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Jae Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Shinomiya N, Gao CF, Xie Q, Gustafson M, Waters DJ, Zhang YW, Vande Woude GF. RNA interference reveals that ligand-independent met activity is required for tumor cell signaling and survival. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7962-70. [PMID: 15520203 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-Met signaling has been implicated in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Suppression of this signaling pathway by targeting the Met protein tyrosine kinase may be an ideal strategy for suppressing malignant tumor growth. Using RNA interference technology and adenovirus vectors carrying small-interfering RNA constructs (Ad Met small-interfering RNA) directed against mouse, canine, and human Met, we can knock down c-met mRNA. We show a dramatic dependence on Met in both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent mouse, canine, and human tumor cell lines. Mouse mammary tumor (DA3) cells and Met-transformed NIH3T3 (M114) cells, as well as both human and canine prostate cancer (PC-3 and TR6LM, human sarcoma (SK-LMS-1), glioblastoma (DBTRG), and gastric cancer (MKN45) cells, all display a dramatic reduction of Met expression after infection with Ad Met small-interfering RNA. In these cells, we observe suppression of tumor cell growth and viability in vitro as well as inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor-mediated scattering and invasion in vitro, whether Met activation was ligand dependent or not. Importantly, Ad Met small-interfering RNA led to apoptotic cell death in many of the tumor cell lines, especially DA3 and MKN45, but did not adversely affect MDCK canine kidney cells. Met small-interfering RNA also abrogated downstream Met signaling to molecules such as Akt and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. We further show that intratumoral infection with c-met small-interfering RNA adenovirus results in a substantial reduction in tumor growth. Thus, Met small-interfering RNA adenoviruses are reliable tools for studying Met function and raise the possibility of their application for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariyoshi Shinomiya
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
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Christensen JG, Burrows J, Salgia R. c-Met as a target for human cancer and characterization of inhibitors for therapeutic intervention. Cancer Lett 2004; 225:1-26. [PMID: 15922853 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) targeted agents such as trastuzumab, imatinib, bevacizumab, and gefitinib inhibitors have illustrated the utility of targeting this protein class for treatment of selected cancers. A unique member of the RTK family, c-Met, also represents an intriguing target for cancer therapy that is yet to be explored in a clinical setting. The proto-oncogene, c-Met, encodes the high-affinity receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or scatter factor (SF). c-Met and HGF are each required for normal mammalian development and have been shown to be particularly important in cell migration, morphogenic differentiation, and organization of three-dimensional tubular structures (e.g. renal tubular cells, gland formation, etc.) as well as cell growth and angiogenesis. Both c-Met and HGF have been shown to be deregulated in and to correlate with poor prognosis in a number of major human cancers. New data describing the constitutive phosphorylation of c-Met in a number of human tumors is presented here along with a variety of mechanisms by which c-Met can become activated, including mutation and gene amplification. In support of the clinical data implicating c-Met activation in the pathogenesis of human cancers, introduction of c-Met and HGF (or mutant c-Met) into cells conferred the properties of motility, invasiveness, and tumorgenicity to the transformed cells. Conversely, the inhibition of c-Met with a variety of receptor antagonists inhibited the motility, invasiveness, and tumorgenicity of human tumor cell lines. Consistent with this observation, small-molecule inhibitors of c-Met were developed that antagonized c-Met/HGF-dependent phenotypes and tumor growth in mouse models. This review will address the potential for development of c-Met inhibitors for treatment of human cancers with particular emphasis on recent findings with small-molecule inhibitors.
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Tanaka K, Miki C, Wakuda R, Kobayashi M, Tonouchi H, Kusunoki M. Circulating level of hepatocyte growth factor as a useful tumor marker in patients with early-stage gastric carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39:754-60. [PMID: 15513361 DOI: 10.1080/00365520410005973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although conventional tumor markers including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9) have been used in gastric cancer patients, clinically useful markers of early gastric cancer have not been identified. The present study was designed to clarify the clinical significance of the circulating level of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a tumor marker, especially in early-stage gastric cancer patients. METHODS Preoperative serum HGF levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 30 early-stage and 42 advanced-stage gastric cancer patients. RESULTS The mean value of serum HGF in 72 patients was significantly higher than that in the normal subjects. There was a significant increase in serum HGF levels in both advanced-stage and early-stage patients compared with normal subjects. The positivity rates of HGF in early disease cases were higher than those of CEA and CA19-9. The serum HGF level was significantly higher in patients with vessel invasion than in those without invasion. In smaller early gastric cancers, serum HGF elevation was associated with lymphatic invasion. CONCLUSIONS The serum HGF level may be a clinically significant tumor marker in patients with early-stage, as well as advanced-stage, gastric cancer. HGF elevation in early-stage patients may help us to predict the risk of lymph node metastasis of early gastric tumors, even of smaller tumor size. HGF may be a useful indicator for appropriate lymphadenectomy in early gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Second Dept. of Surgery and Dept. of Innovative Surgery, Mie University School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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36
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37
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Cho YG, Nam SW, Kim TY, Kim YS, Kim CJ, Park JY, Lee JH, Kim HS, Lee JW, Park CH, Song YH, Lee SH, Yoo NJ, Lee JY, Park WS. Overexpression of S100A4 is closely related to the aggressiveness of gastric cancer. APMIS 2003; 111:539-45. [PMID: 12887505 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.1110502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the calcium-binding protein S100A4 cause metastasis of benign rat mammary tumor cells. To investigate whether S100A4 plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancers, we examined the gene mutations in the coding regions and expression patterns of the S100A4 in gastric adenocarcinoma in Korea. Moderate to strong expression of S100A4 was found in 53 (68.8%) of the 77 gastric adenocarcinomas, whilst normal gastric epithelium either failed to stain or showed weak staining. Interestingly, S100A4 expression was more frequently observed in gastric cancer patients with advanced gastric cancer (p=0.039), positive lymph node metastasis (p=0.001), and peritoneal dissemination (p=0.022). No gene mutations were found in the analyzed genomic area in 77 gastric adenocarcinomas and 15 gastric cancer cell lines. We found one single nucleotide polymorphism without an amino acid change, A99G, in two cases. These data suggest that the overexpression of S100A4 may be closely related to the aggressiveness of gastric cancer in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu Cho
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Anderson MR, Jankowski JAZ. The role of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition in treating gastrointestinal malignancy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12:577-92. [PMID: 12665414 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.4.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors are proteins that transduce the signal from many growth factor and cytokine ligands to produce intracellular responses. As such they can activate multiple signalling cascade pathways and influence cell division, migration and survival. Many show upregulation in certain malignancies, including those of the gastrointestinal tract, and are thought to play key roles in carcinogenesis. This makes them attractive targets for drug therapy and in recent years many inhibitors have been developed. This review discusses the current situation regarding the development of inhibitors with particular reference to the erbB family, the insulin-like growth factor receptor, the Met receptor, the receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor and the Kit receptor. The evidence will be related back to cancers of the gut lumen. Clinical effectiveness in this area seems to lie in using a combinatorial approach that inhibits multiple key signalling points, and the reasons for this will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Anderson
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK.
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39
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César ACG, Silva AE, Tajara EH. [Genetics and environmental factors in gastric carcinogenesis]. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2002; 39:253-9. [PMID: 12870086 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032002000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is considered to be the second most common cancer worldwide. Carcinogenesis of the stomach is a multi-stage process. The progression from normal epithelial to tumor cells may involve at least five stages: superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma. These sequential changes in the gastric mucosa may occur over a period of many years as a result of exposure to a variety of exogenous and/or endogenous factors which cause genetic alterations. Recent developments in molecular genetics have shown that the accumulation of these multiple genetic alterations, including activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, results in cancer development. Genetic alterations previously reported in gastric carcinomas include amplifications or mutations of the c-ERBB2, K-RAS, c-MET and TP53. Chromosomal gains were also found in various combinations with chromosomal losses and may be associated with the overexpression of dominant oncogenes contributing to tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS These accumulated genetic changes in carcinomas provide evidences for the stepwise mode of gastric carcinogenesis through the accumulation of a series of genetic alterations.
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el-Rifai W, Powell SM. Molecular and biologic basis of upper gastrointestinal malignancy. Gastric carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2002; 11:273-91, viii. [PMID: 12424850 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-3207(02)00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the world's most common cancers and is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Neoplasia of the stomach is mainly composed of adenocarcinomas, which for more than 95% of cases. Although mesenchymal tumors (i.e., stromal tumors, leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas, and schwannomas), primary lymphomas, and carcinoid tumors can also arise in the stomach, malignant tumors of these types occur much less often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wa'el el-Rifai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, Box 800798, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0708, USA
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Oh RR, Park JY, Lee JH, Shin MS, Kim HS, Lee SK, Kim YS, Lee SH, Lee SN, Yang YM, Yoo NJ, Lee JY, Park WS. Expression of HGF/SF and Met protein is associated with genetic alterations of VHL gene in primary renal cell carcinomas. APMIS 2002; 110:229-38. [PMID: 12076276 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2002.100305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the genetic alterations of VHL, HGF/SF, and Met genes and the expression pattern of HGF/SF and Met protein in 26 renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). We found five mutations of the VHL gene and frequent LOH (50%) only in non-papillary clear cell RCC. We found six cases in which the CpG island of VHL was methylated. In addition, one missense mutation of the HGF/SF gene was detected in clear cell RCC. HGF/SF and Met protein were expressed in 84.6% and 80.7% of RCCs, respectively. All of the cases with the genetic alterations of VHL or HGF/SF demonstrated strong expression of HGF/SF and Met protein in RCC cells. Statistically, genetic alterations of VHL and HGF/SF were significantly correlated with HGF/SF and Met expression (Fisher's exact test, p=0.022 and p=0.0070). Thus, these results strongly suggest that the expression of HGF/SF and Met protein is closely associated with the genetic alterations of VHL and HGF/SF in primary RCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ro Ra Oh
- Department of Pathology and Genetic Oncology Laboratory, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
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Maulik G, Shrikhande A, Kijima T, Ma PC, Morrison PT, Salgia R. Role of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, c-Met, in oncogenesis and potential for therapeutic inhibition. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002; 13:41-59. [PMID: 11750879 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(01)00029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases have become important therapeutic targets for anti-neoplastic molecularly targeted therapies. c-Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase shown to be over-expressed and mutated in a variety of malignancies. Stimulation of c-Met via its ligand hepatocyte growth factor also known as scatter factor (HGF/SF), leads to a plethora of biological and biochemical effects in the cell. There has been considerable knowledge gained on the role of c-Met-HGF/SF axis in normal and malignant cells. This review summarizes the structure of c-Met and HGF/SF and their family members. Since there are known mutations of c-Met in solid tumors, particularly in papillary renal cell carcinoma, we have summarized the various mutations and over-expression of c-Met known thus far. Stimulation of c-Met can lead to scattering, angiogenesis, proliferation, enhanced cell motility, invasion, and eventual metastasis. The biological functions altered by c-Met are quite unique and described in detail. Along with biological functions, various signal transduction pathways, including the cytoskeleton are altered with the activation of c-Met-HGF/SF loop. We have recently shown the phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins, such as paxillin and p125FAK in response to c-Met stimulation in lung cancer cells, and this is detailed here. Finally, c-Met when mutated or over-expressed in malignant cells serves as an important therapeutic target and the most recent data in terms of inhibition of c-Met and downstream signal transduction pathways is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Maulik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Adult Oncology, Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Carcinoma of the stomach is one of the most prevalent cancer types in the world today. Two major forms of gastric cancer are distinguished according to their morphological and clinicopathological classifications (well differentiated/intestinal type and poorly differentiated/diffuse type), characteristics that could also be attributed to the altered expression of different types of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Significant differences exist for gastric cancer incidence comparing people of different ethnic origins, implicating various genetic and epigenetic factors for gastric oncogenesis. There are only a limited number of molecular markers available for gastric cancer detection and prognostic evaluation, among which are tyrosine kinases. There is convincing evidence that tyrosine kinases are involved in oncogenesis and disease progression for many human cancers. Amplifications of certain tyrosine kinases (c-met, k-sam and erbB2/neu) have been associated with human gastric cancer progression. Alternatively spliced transcripts and enhanced protein-expression levels for some of these tyrosine kinases are correlated with clinical outcomes for gastric cancer patients. With advent of high throughput techniques, it is now possible to detect nearly all expressed tyrosine kinases in a single screen. This increases the chance to identify additional tyrosine kinases as predictive markers for gastric cancers. In this article, we will first review the literature data concerning certain tyrosine kinases implicated in gastric carcinogenesis and then summarize more recent work which provide comprehensive tyrosine kinase profiles for gastric cancer specimens and cell lines. Two new gastric cancer molecular markers (tie-1 and mkk4) have been identified through the use of these profiles and demonstrated effective as clinical prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
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