1
|
Mazzarello AN, Gentner-Göbel E, Dühren-von Minden M, Tarasenko TN, Nicolò A, Ferrer G, Vergani S, Liu Y, Bagnara D, Rai KR, Burger JA, McGuire PJ, Maity PC, Jumaa H, Chiorazzi N. B-cell receptor isotypes differentially associate with cell signaling, kinetics, and outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:149308. [PMID: 34813501 PMCID: PMC8759784 DOI: 10.1172/jci149308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the B cell receptor (BCR) plays a critical role in disease development and progression, as indicated by the therapeutic efficacy of drugs blocking BCR signaling. However, the mechanism(s) underlying BCR responsiveness are not completely defined. Selective engagement of membrane IgM or IgD on CLL cells, each coexpressed by more than 90% of cases, leads to distinct signaling events. Since both IgM and IgD carry the same antigen-binding domains, the divergent actions of the receptors are attributed to differences in immunoglobulin (Ig) structure or the outcome of signal transduction. We showed that IgM, not IgD, level and organization associated with CLL-cell birth rate and the type and consequences of BCR signaling in humans and mice. The latter IgM-driven effects were abrogated when BCR signaling was inhibited. Collectively, these studies demonstrated a critical, selective role for IgM in BCR signaling and B cell fate decisions, possibly opening new avenues for CLL therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Mazzarello
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | | | | | - Tatyana N Tarasenko
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | | | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Stefano Vergani
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Yun Liu
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Kanti R Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Peter J McGuire
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Palash C Maity
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Balakrishna J, Basumallik N, Matulonis R, Scott D, Salem D, Jasper G, Wiestner A, Stetler-Stevenson M, Marti G, Sun C, Yuan CM. Intensity of antigen expression reflects IGHV mutational status and Dohner-defined prognostic categories in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, and small lymphocytic lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:1828-1839. [PMID: 33734005 PMCID: PMC9464423 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1894641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the prognostic utility of antigen quantitation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL). Median antibody-bound-per-cell (ABC) of CD20, CD22, CD25, CD19, and %CD38(+) was determined in CLL (185/208), SLL (8/208) and MBL (15/208) cases by flow cytometry, then compared to Dohner-classification, immunoglobulin status (mutated, IGHV-M; unmutated, IGHV-U), CLL-IPI risk and time to first treatment (TTFT). Trisomy 12 cases showed increased %CD38-expression (p = .0379). Higher %CD38 was observed in IGHV-U versus IGHV-M (p = .0003). CD20ABC was increased in IGHV-U versus IGHV-M (p = .006). Del13q cases demonstrated lower CD22ABC (p = .0198). Cases without cytogenetic abnormality exhibited higher CD19ABC (p = .0295) and CD22ABC (p = .0078). Del17p cases demonstrated lower CD25ABC (p = .0097). High and very-high CLL-IPI risk groups were associated with high CD38-expression (p = .02) and low CD25ABC (p = .0004). Shortened TTFT was associated with high CD38-expression (p < .0001). Interestingly, high CD25ABC trended toward shortened TTFT (p = .07). Quantitative antigen expression reflects CLL-IPI risk groups and Dohner-classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Balakrishna
- Flow Cytometry, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH
- Hematopathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
| | | | - Robert Matulonis
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Drake Scott
- Flow Cytometry, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH
| | - Dalia Salem
- Flow Cytometry, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Gregory Jasper
- Flow Cytometry, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH
| | | | | | | | | | - Constance M. Yuan
- Flow Cytometry, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liao W, Jordaan G, Nham P, Phan RT, Pelegrini M, Sharma S. Gene expression and splicing alterations analyzed by high throughput RNA sequencing of chronic lymphocytic leukemia specimens. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:714. [PMID: 26474785 PMCID: PMC4609092 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To determine differentially expressed and spliced RNA transcripts in chronic lymphocytic leukemia specimens a high throughput RNA-sequencing (HTS RNA-seq) analysis was performed. Methods Ten CLL specimens and five normal peripheral blood CD19+ B cells were analyzed by HTS RNA-seq. The library preparation was performed with Illumina TrueSeq RNA kit and analyzed by Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing system. Results An average of 48.5 million reads for B cells, and 50.6 million reads for CLL specimens were obtained with 10396 and 10448 assembled transcripts for normal B cells and primary CLL specimens respectively. With the Cuffdiff analysis, 2091 differentially expressed genes (DEG) between B cells and CLL specimens based on FPKM (fragments per kilobase of transcript per million reads and false discovery rate, FDR q < 0.05, fold change >2) were identified. Expression of selected DEGs (n = 32) with up regulated and down regulated expression in CLL from RNA-seq data were also analyzed by qRT-PCR in a test cohort of CLL specimens. Even though there was a variation in fold expression of DEG genes between RNA-seq and qRT-PCR; more than 90 % of analyzed genes were validated by qRT-PCR analysis. Analysis of RNA-seq data for splicing alterations in CLL and B cells was performed by Multivariate Analysis of Transcript Splicing (MATS analysis). Skipped exon was the most frequent splicing alteration in CLL specimens with 128 significant events (P-value <0.05, minimum inclusion level difference >0.1). Conclusion The RNA-seq analysis of CLL specimens identifies novel DEG and alternatively spliced genes that are potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. High level of validation by qRT-PCR for a number of DEG genes supports the accuracy of this analysis. Global comparison of transcriptomes of B cells, IGVH non-mutated CLL (U-CLL) and mutated CLL specimens (M-CLL) with multidimensional scaling analysis was able to segregate CLL and B cell transcriptomes but the M-CLL and U-CLL transcriptomes were indistinguishable. The analysis of HTS RNA-seq data to identify alternative splicing events and other genetic abnormalities specific to CLL is an added advantage of RNA-seq that is not feasible with other genome wide analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1708-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA-VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Gwen Jordaan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA-VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Phillipp Nham
- Department of Pathology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ryan T Phan
- Department of Pathology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Matteo Pelegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sanjai Sharma
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA-VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,UCLA West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Bldg 304, Rm E1-115, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Huang PY, Best OG, Almazi JG, Belov L, Davis ZA, Majid A, Dyer MJ, Pascovici D, Mulligan SP, Christopherson RI. Cell surface phenotype profiles distinguish stable and progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:2085-92. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.867486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
5
|
Cell surface expression of CD25 antigen (surface IL-2 receptor alpha-chain) is not a prognostic marker in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of a retrospective study of 281 patients. Ann Hematol 2012; 91:1597-602. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
6
|
Schweighofer CD, Coombes KR, Barron LL, Diao L, Newman RJ, Ferrajoli A, O'Brien S, Wierda WG, Luthra R, Medeiros LJ, Keating MJ, Abruzzo LV. A two-gene signature, SKI and SLAMF1, predicts time-to-treatment in previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28277. [PMID: 22194822 PMCID: PMC3237436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed and validated a two-gene signature that predicts prognosis in previously-untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Using a 65 sample training set, from a cohort of 131 patients, we identified the best clinical models to predict time-to-treatment (TTT) and overall survival (OS). To identify individual genes or combinations in the training set with expression related to prognosis, we cross-validated univariate and multivariate models to predict TTT. We identified four gene sets (5, 6, 12, or 13 genes) to construct multivariate prognostic models. By optimizing each gene set on the training set, we constructed 11 models to predict the time from diagnosis to treatment. Each model also predicted OS and added value to the best clinical models. To determine which contributed the most value when added to clinical variables, we applied the Akaike Information Criterion. Two genes were consistently retained in the models with clinical variables: SKI (v-SKI avian sarcoma viral oncogene homolog) and SLAMF1 (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1; CD150). We optimized a two-gene model and validated it on an independent test set of 66 samples. This two-gene model predicted prognosis better on the test set than any of the known predictors, including ZAP70 and serum β2-microglobulin.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Genes, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Multivariate Analysis
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen D. Schweighofer
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. Coombes
- Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn L. Barron
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lixia Diao
- Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rachel J. Newman
- Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Susan O'Brien
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William G. Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rajyalakshmi Luthra
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - L. Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynne V. Abruzzo
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gunnarsson R, Rosenquist R. New insights into the pathobiology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Hematop 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-011-0091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
8
|
Sinisalo M, Aittoniemi J, Koski T, Tobin G, Thunberg U, Sundström C, Rosenquist R, Käyhty H, Vilpo J. Similar Humoral Immunity Parameters in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients Independent of VHGene Mutation Status. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 45:2451-4. [PMID: 15621758 DOI: 10.1080/10428190400007763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clonal B-cell disorder, which has recently been divided into 2 subtypes based on the somatic hypermutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgVH) genes. In patients with unmutated tumor cells the survival time is approximately half of that in mutated cases, but the reason for this difference is poorly understood. Since infections are the major cause of mortality in CLL, we investigated the effect of the mutation status on host immunity and proneness to infections in patients with CLL. As expected, the disease progression seemed to be faster and the disease more advanced (Binet B and C) among unmutated patients than in the mutated ones. Surprisingly, no differences in humoral immunity [immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgA, IgG subclasses, anti-ABO blood group antibodies and mannan-binding lectin (MBL)] or immune responses (Haemophilus influenzae serotype b conjugate vaccination) were detected between these 2 patient groups. Furthermore, UM-patients were not more prone to infections compared to M-patients, and therapy had no impact on the incidence and pattern of infections in either of the patient groups. The current findings within this patient cohort reveal that the worse outcome in the unmutated subgroup is not caused by more severe defects in immunity and increased susceptibility to infections when compared with the hypermutated group. It is thus conceivable that active immunization procedures such as vaccination can successfully be applied on patients with unmutated IgVH gene and advanced disease stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjatta Sinisalo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kazemi T, Asgarian-Omran H, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Shabani M, Memarian A, Sharifian RA, Razavi SM, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Rabbani H, Shokri F. Fc receptor-like 1-5 molecules are similarly expressed in progressive and indolent clinical subtypes of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2113-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
10
|
Pimentel BJ, Stefanoff CG, Moreira AS, Seuánez HN, Zalcberg IR. Use of V H, D and J H immunoglobulin gene segments in Brazilian patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Genet Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572008000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Héctor N. Seuánez
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sabattini E, Orduz R, Campidelli C, Zinzani PL, Callea V, Zupo S, Cutrona G, Morabito F, Ferrarini M, Pileri S. B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma: role of ZAP70 determination on bone marrow biopsy specimens. J Clin Pathol 2006; 60:627-32. [PMID: 16916999 PMCID: PMC1955054 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.039586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The course of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) partly depends on the mutational status of the variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes (IgV(H)), which defines two subgroups of tumours: mutated and unmutated. The expression of zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP70) is significantly associated with the more aggressive unmutated forms. AIMS To assess the feasibility of the ZAP70 immunohistochemical test on bone-marrow biopsy (BMB) specimens and to compare the results with those of western blotting (WB) and IgV(H) mutational status assessed on neoplastic cells from peripheral blood. METHODS 26 patients with CLL/SLL detected on BMB and with known IgV(H) mutational status were selected. ZAP70 was determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) comparing three antibodies from different sources (Upstate, Cell Signaling, Santa Cruz, California, USA) and two different methods (APAAP and EnVision(+)). In 23 cases, ZAP70 WB results were also available. RESULTS ZAP70 determination on BMB specimens turned out to be easily feasible with routine procedures with reagents from Upstate and Cell Signaling. The results were concordant with those obtained with WB and mutational status analysis in >80% of the cases with both reagents. Three of four discordant cases were mutated/ZAP70 positive, with two staining weakly for ZAP70 on both WB and IHC. CONCLUSIONS The study confirms the role of ZAP70 as a possible surrogate of mutational status and emphasises its application in routine diagnostics; it discloses a small subset of discordant cases (mutated/ZAP70 weakly positive) that clinically cluster with the more favourable forms.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Biopsy
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Marrow/enzymology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/blood
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sabattini
- Haemolymphopathology Service, St Orsola Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tobin G, Rosenquist R. Prognostic usage of V(H) gene mutation status and its surrogate markers and the role of antigen selection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Med Oncol 2006; 22:217-28. [PMID: 16110132 DOI: 10.1385/mo:22:3:217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a clinically heterogeneous disease with many patients surviving for decades with minimal or no treatment, whereas others succumb rapidly to their disease despite therapy. In recent years, new molecular prognostic factors have emerged in CLL that have significantly improved the subgrouping of the disease. One of the most important molecular predictors, the immunoglobulin V(H) gene mutation status, divides CLL into two prognostic groups, depending on the presence or absence of somatic hypermutation, where unmutated V(H) genes are associated with considerably worse prognosis than mutated V(H) genes. An exception to this appears to be CLL patients utilizing the V(H)3-21 gene as they have poor outcome irrespective of mutation status. Surrogate markers for the VH gene mutation status have been suggested, such as CD38 and ZAP-70 expression. However, the CD38 level was later shown to display poor correlation to the mutation status, although it may still serve as an independent prognostic factor. More promising is the expression levels of ZAP-70, which appears to be both a strong surrogate marker for V(H) gene mutation status, although discrepancies have been reported, as well as an independent prognostic marker. Immunoglobulin gene analysis has also indicated the possibility of antigen selection in CLL considering the significant bias in V(H) gene usage. Intriguingly, the V(H)3-21+ group and several other CLL subsets using certain V(H) genes was recently reported to display strikingly restricted immunoglobulin gene features, in both their heavy and light chain gene rearrangements, thus further high-lighting the possible role of antigen involvement in CLL development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Tobin
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vilpo J, Tobin G, Hulkkonen J, Hurme M, Thunberg U, Sundström C, Vilpo L, Rosenquist R. Mitogen induced activation, proliferation and surface antigen expression patterns in unmutated and hypermutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Eur J Haematol 2005; 75:34-40. [PMID: 15946308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2005.00443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the immunoglobulin V(H) gene mutational status has an effect on the activation, proliferation and surface antigen expression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells when stimulated in vitro. METHODS The proliferation and activation responses of CLL cells were studied in 22-immunoglobulin gene V(H) unmutated (UM-CLL) and 12 hypermutated (M-CLL) CLL cases in 4-day cultures. As the mitogen responses have been previously shown to be diverse in CLL, a case-specific strategy based on optimized mitogen combinations (OMCs) of interleukin-2 (IL-2), 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (SAC), and human recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) was applied in cell stimulation. The expression of 23 surface membrane antigens (CD5, CD11c, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD25, CD27, CD38, CD40, CD45, CD45RA, CD45RO, CD79b, CD80, CD95, CD124, CD126, CD130, FMC7, IgD, and IgM) was studied by flow cytometry at days 0 and 4. RESULTS The proliferation and activation responses were similar in UM-CLL and M-CLL when OMCs contained IL-2, TPA or TNF. SAC induced faster proliferation in UM-CLL than in M-CLL. OMC stimulation induced preferential down-regulation of growth- promoting cell surface receptors CD5, CD21, and CD124 and preferential up-regulation of growth-inhibiting antigen CD80 in M-CLL. CONCLUSIONS Difference in immunophenotypic evolution of UM-CLL and M-CLL can be demonstrated if appropriate matrix signals are provided. The pathways for CD5, CD21, CD124 (IL4R), and CD80 (B7-1) regulation should be further explored in relation with somatic hypermutation and outcome of CLL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/drug effects
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin D/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin D/genetics
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mitogens/pharmacokinetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/drug effects
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhani Vilpo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere Medical School and Laboratory Center of Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The somatic hypermutation (SMH) status of the immunoglobulin (Ig) V(H) genes can divide chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into two prognostic subsets, with mutated V(H) genes display superior survival compared to unmutated cases. Biased V(H) gene usage has also been reported in CLL which may reflect antigen selection. In a V(H) gene analysis of 265 CLL cases we confirmed the prognostic impact of the V(H) mutation status and found preferential V(H) gene usage in both the mutated and unmutated subset. Interestingly, CLL cases rearranging one particular V(H) gene, V(H)3-21, displayed poor outcome despite that two-thirds showed mutated V(H) genes. Many of the V(H)3-21 utilizing cases expressed lambda light chains, rearranged a Vlambda2-14 gene, and had homologous complementarity determining region 3s (CDR3s), implying recognition of a common antigen epitope. We thus believe that the cases rearranging the V(H)3-21 gene comprises an additional CLL entity. We further analyzed the V(H) gene rearrangements and, specifically, the heavy chain CDR3 sequences in 346 CLL cases to investigate the role of antigens in CLL. We identified six new subgroups with similar HCDR3 features and restricted VL gene usage as in the V(H)3-21-using group. Our data indicate a limited number of antigen recognition sites in these subgroups and give further evidence for antigen selection in the development of CLL. Different mutational cutoffs have been used to distinguish mutated CLL in addition to the 2% cutoff. Using three levels of somatic mutations we divided 323 CLLs into subsets with divergent survival (<2%, 2-5% and >5% mutations). This division revealed a low-mutated subgroup (2-5%) with inferior outcome that would have been masked using the traditional 2% cutoff. A 1513A/C polymorphism in the P2X(7) receptor gene was reported to be more frequent in CLL, but no difference in genotype frequencies was revealed in our 170 CLL cases and 200 controls. However, CLL cases with the 1513AC genotype showed superior survival than 1513AA cases and this was in particular confined to CLL with mutated VH genes. In summary, we could define new prognostic subgroups in CLL using Ig gene rearrangement analysis. This also allowed us to gain insights in the biology and potential role of antigen involvement in the pathogenesis of CLL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Humans
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/classification
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin
- Survival Rate
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Tobin
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pileri SA, Sabattini E, Agostinelli C, Bodega L, Rossi M, Zinzani PL, Marafioti T. Histopathology of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2004; 18:807-26, viii. [PMID: 15325700 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2004.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Histologic and immunohistologic findings of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic leukemia are revised in the light of the more recent knowledge on the pathobiology of the disease. The guidelines for the optimal handling of the bioptic samples are provided. The relevance of the examination of trephines and surgical specimens is outlined with special reference to the identification of risk factors in individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano A Pileri
- Unit of Haematopathology, Institute of Haematology and Clinical Oncology "L. and A. Seràgnoli", Bologna University, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kriangkum J, Taylor BJ, Treon SP, Mant MJ, Belch AR, Pilarski LM. Clonotypic IgM V/D/J sequence analysis in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia suggests an unusual B-cell origin and an expansion of polyclonal B cells in peripheral blood. Blood 2004; 104:2134-42. [PMID: 14764523 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-11-4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of clonotypic immunoglobulin M (IgM) from 15 patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) showed a strong preferential use of the VH3/JH4 gene families. Identification of the WM IgM V/D/J was validated using single-cell analysis, confirming its presence in most B cells. Despite the extensive hypermutated VH genes in 13 of 15 patients, statistical analysis of framework/complementary-determining region (FR/CDR) mutation patterns suggests that they might have escaped antigenic selection. Neither intraclonal diversity nor isotype switching was detectable. Membranous and secreted forms of clonotypic IgM transcripts were present in bone marrow and blood. Single-cell analysis showed that clonotypic B cells coexpress CD20, surface IgM (sIgM), and sIgD but that they lack CD138. Most B cells lacked memory marker CD27 despite their hypermutated variable regions otherwise suggestive of memory status. At diagnosis, circulating B cells in WM are largely clonotypic. However, when monoclonal IgM levels are decreased, clonotypic frequencies are substantially reduced despite elevated CD20+ cells, shown to be polyclonal by DNA sequencing and CDR3 fragment analysis. Thus, WM includes the expansion of circulating, polyclonal B cells. Overall, this work suggests that WM may originate from a largely VH3-restricted, somatically mutated, predominantly CD27(-)IgM(+)IgD+ population that cannot undergo class switching, suggestive of B cells that might have bypassed the germinal center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitra Kriangkum
- Department of Medicine, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cochran DAE, Evans CA, Blinco D, Burthem J, Stevenson FK, Gaskell SJ, Whetton AD. Proteomic Analysis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Subtypes with Mutated or Unmutated Ig VH Genes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2003; 2:1331-41. [PMID: 14557598 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m300055-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common hematopoietic malignant disease with variable outcome. CLL has been divided into distinct groups based on whether somatic hypermutation has occurred in the variable region of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus or alternatively if the cells express higher levels of the CD38 protein. We have analyzed the proteome of 12 cases of CLL (six mutated (M-CLL) and six unmutated (UM-CLL) immunoglobulin heavy-chain loci; seven CD38-negative and five CD38-positive) using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Statistical evaluation using principal component analysis indicated significant differences in patterns of protein expression between the cases with and without somatic mutation. Specific proteins indicated by principal component analysis as varying between the prognostic groups were characterized using mass spectrometry. The levels of F-actin-capping protein beta subunit, 14-3-3 beta protein, and laminin-binding protein precursor were significantly increased in M-CLL relative to UM-CLL. In addition, primary sequence data from tandem mass spectrometry showed that nucleophosmin was present as several protein spots in M-CLL but was not detected in UM-CLL samples, suggesting that several post-translationally modified forms of nucleophosmin vary between these two sample groups. No specific differences were found between CD38-positive and -negative patient samples using the same approach. The results presented show that proteomic analysis can complement other approaches in identifying proteins that may have potential value in the biological and diagnostic distinction between important clinical subtypes of CLL.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 14-3-3 Proteins/metabolism
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Nucleophosmin
- Principal Component Analysis
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Proteome/metabolism
- Receptors, Laminin/metabolism
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan A E Cochran
- Leukaemia Research Fund Proteomics Facility, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karhu R, Tobin G, Thunberg U, Vilpo L, Sundström C, Knuutila S, Rosenquist R, Vilpo J. More extensive genetic alterations in unmutated than in hypermutated cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 37:417-20. [PMID: 12800154 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is not a uniform disease entity; approximately half of the CLL cases have undergone immunoglobulin V(H) gene hypermutation, whereas the other half display unmutated V(H) genes. We investigated genome changes in 12 hypermutated cases (M-CLL) and 22 unmutated cases (UM-CLL) by use of comparative genomic hybridization, G-banding, and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (m-FISH) after optimal mitogen stimulation and FISH analysis of typical CLL aberrations: 11q deletion, 13q deletion, and trisomy 12. Very high frequencies of aberrations were found in both groups: 82% in UM-CLL and 83% in M-CLL. Deletions of 11q and 13q were equally distributed in M-CLL and UM-CLL. However, larger aberrations detectable by CGH, trisomy 12, and complex aberrations were less frequent in M-CLL than in UM-CLL. These observations led to a hypothesis that unmutated and mutated CLL have different biological Backgrounds, given that large and/or complex chromosomal aberrations and hypermutation of the CLL progenitor cells tend to be mutually exclusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Karhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|