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Mazzarello AN, Gugiatti E, Cossu V, Bertola N, Bagnara D, Carta S, Ravera S, Salvetti C, Ibatici A, Ghiotto F, Colombo M, Cutrona G, Marini C, Sambuceti G, Fais F, Bruno S. Unexpected chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cell activation by bisphosphonates. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:27. [PMID: 38280019 PMCID: PMC10821833 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease of the elderly, often presenting comorbidities like osteoporosis and requiring, in a relevant proportion of cases, treatment with bisphosphonates (BPs). This class of drugs was shown in preclinical investigations to also possess anticancer properties. We started an in vitro study of the effects of BPs on CLL B cells activated by microenvironment-mimicking stimuli and observed that, depending on drug concentration, hormetic effects were induced on the leukemic cells. Higher doses induced cytotoxicity whereas at lower concentrations, more likely occurring in vivo, the drugs generated a protective effect from spontaneous and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, and augmented CLL B cell activation/proliferation. This CLL-activation effect promoted by the BPs was associated with markers of poor CLL prognosis and required the presence of bystander stromal cells. Functional experiments suggested that this phenomenon involves the release of soluble factors and is increased by cellular contact between stroma and CLL B cells. Since CLL patients often present comorbidities such as osteoporosis and considering the diverse outcomes in both CLL disease progression and CLL response to treatment among patients, illustrating this phenomenon holds potential significance in driving additional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Mazzarello
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gugiatti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vanessa Cossu
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nadia Bertola
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sonia Carta
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Salvetti
- Clinic of Hematology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adalberto Ibatici
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Colombo
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cecilia Marini
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Molecular Pathology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, Via De Toni 14, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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2
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Mazzarello AN, Fitch M, Cardillo M, Ng A, Bhuiya S, Sharma E, Bagnara D, Kolitz JE, Barrientos JC, Allen SL, Rai KR, Rhodes J, Hellerstein MK, Chiorazzi N. Characterization of the Intraclonal Complexity of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells: Potential Influences of B-Cell Receptor Crosstalk with Other Stimuli. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4706. [PMID: 37835400 PMCID: PMC10571896 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) clones contain subpopulations differing in time since the last cell division ("age"): recently born, proliferative (PF; CXCR4DimCD5Bright), intermediate (IF; CXCR4IntCD5Int), and resting (RF; CXCR4BrightCD5Dim) fractions. Herein, we used deuterium (2H) incorporation into newly synthesized DNA in patients to refine the kinetics of CLL subpopulations by characterizing two additional CXCR4/CD5 fractions, i.e., double dim (DDF; CXCR4DimCD5Dim) and double bright (DBF; CXCR4BrightCD5Bright); and intraclonal fractions differing in surface membrane (sm) IgM and IgD densities. Although DDF was enriched in recently divided cells and DBF in older cells, PF and RF remained the most enriched in youngest and oldest cells, respectively. Similarly, smIgMHigh and smIgDHigh cells were the youngest, and smIgMLow and smIgDLow were the oldest, when using smIG levels as discriminator. Surprisingly, the cells closest to the last stimulatory event bore high levels of smIG, and stimulating via TLR9 and smIG yielded a phenotype more consistent with the in vivo setting. Finally, older cells were less sensitive to in vivo inhibition by ibrutinib. Collectively, these data define additional intraclonal subpopulations with divergent ages and phenotypes and suggest that BCR engagement alone is not responsible for the smIG levels found in vivo, and the differential sensitivity of distinct fractions to ibrutinib might account, in part, for therapeutic relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Mazzarello
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Martina Cardillo
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Anita Ng
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Sabreen Bhuiya
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Esha Sharma
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Davide Bagnara
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Jonathan E. Kolitz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Jacqueline C. Barrientos
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Steven L. Allen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Kanti R. Rai
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Joanna Rhodes
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Marc K. Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
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3
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Vergani S, Bagnara D, Agathangelidis A, Ng AKY, Ferrer G, Mazzarello AN, Palacios F, Yancopoulos S, Yan XJ, Barrientos JC, Rai KR, Stamatopoulos K, Chiorazzi N. CLL stereotyped B-cell receptor immunoglobulin sequences are recurrent in the B-cell repertoire of healthy individuals: Apparent lack of central and early peripheral tolerance censoring. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1112879. [PMID: 37007084 PMCID: PMC10063922 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1112879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe leukemic cells of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are often unique, expressing remarkably similar IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ gene rearrangements, “stereotyped BCRs”. The B-cell receptors (BCRs) on CLL cells are also distinctive in often deriving from autoreactive B lymphocytes, leading to the assumption of a defect in immune tolerance.ResultsUsing bulk and single-cell immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable domain sequencing, we enumerated CLL stereotype-like IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ sequences (CLL-SLS) in B cells from cord blood (CB) and adult peripheral blood (PBMC) and bone marrow (BM of healthy donors. CLL-SLS were found at similar frequencies among CB, BM, and PBMC, suggesting that age does not influence CLL-SLS levels. Moreover, the frequencies of CLL-SLS did not differ among B lymphocytes in the BM at early stages of development, and only re-circulating marginal zone B cells contained significantly higher CLL-SLS frequencies than other mature B-cell subpopulations. Although we identified CLL-SLS corresponding to most of the CLL major stereotyped subsets, CLL-SLS frequencies did not correlate with those found in patients. Interestingly, in CB samples, half of the CLL-SLS identified were attributed to two IGHV-mutated subsets. We also found satellite CLL-SLS among the same normal samples, and they were also enriched in naïve B cells but unexpectedly, these were ~10-fold higher than standard CLL-SLS. In general, IGHV-mutated CLL-SLS subsets were enriched among antigen-experienced B-cell subpopulations, and IGHV-unmutated CLL-SLS were found mostly in antigen-inexperienced B cells. Nevertheless, CLL-SLS with an IGHV-mutation status matching that of CLL clones varied among the normal B-cell subpopulations, suggesting that specific CLL-SLS could originate from distinct subpopulations of normal B cells. Lastly, using single-cell DNA sequencing, we identified paired IGH and IGL rearrangements in normal B lymphocytes resembling those of stereotyped BCRs in CLL, although some differed from those in patients based on IG isotype or somatic mutation.DiscussionCLL-SLS are present in normal B-lymphocyte populations at all stages of development. Thus, despite their autoreactive profile they are not deleted by central tolerance mechanisms, possibly because the level of autoreactivity is not registered as dangerous by deletion mechanisms or because editing of L-chain variable genes occurred which our experimental approach could not identify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vergani
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anita Kar Yun Ng
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andrea N. Mazzarello
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Florencia Palacios
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Jaqueline C. Barrientos
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kanti R. Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas Chiorazzi,
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Salvetti C, Vitale C, Griggio V, Drandi D, Jones R, Bonello L, Bomben R, Bragoni A, Bagnara D, Fais F, Gattei V, Cavallo F, Zamò A, Coscia M. Case Report: Sequential Development of Three Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms in a Single Patient: Clonal Relationship and Molecular Insights. Front Oncol 2022; 12:917115. [PMID: 35734588 PMCID: PMC9207196 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.917115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two main variants of Richter syndrome (RS) are recognized, namely, the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and the Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) variant. Clonal relationship, defined as an identity of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) region sequence between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and RS clones, characterizes patients with a poor prognosis. Due to method sensitivity, this categorization is performed without considering the possibility of small-size ancillary clones, sharing the same phenotype with the preexisting predominant CLL clone, but with different IGHV rearrangements. Here we describe and molecularly profile the peculiar case of a patient with a CLL-like monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), who sequentially developed a DLBCL, which occurred concomitantly to progression of MBL to CLL, and a subsequent HL. Based on standard IGHV clonality analysis, DLBCL was considered clonally unrelated to the concomitantly expanded CLL clone and treated as a de novo lymphoma, achieving a persistent response. Three years later, the patient further developed a clonally unrelated HL, refractory to bendamustine, which was successfully treated with brentuximab vedotin and radiotherapy, and later with pembrolizumab. We retrospectively performed additional molecular testing, by applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) of immunoglobulin repertoire (Ig-rep) techniques and a more sensitive allele-specific oligonucleotide-droplet digital PCR (ASO-ddPCR) strategy, in order to quantitatively investigate the presence of the rearranged IGHV genes in tumor specimens collected during the disease course. In this highly complex case, the application of modern and sensitive molecular technologies uncovered that DLBCL, initially considered as a de novo lymphoma, was instead the result of the transformation of a preexisting ancillary B-cell clone, which was already present at the time of first MBL diagnosis. A similar approach was also applied on the HL sample, showing its clonal unrelatedness to the previous MBL and DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvetti
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Candida Vitale
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Griggio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Drandi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rebecca Jones
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lisa Bonello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Molecular Pathology Unit, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bomben
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Alberto Bragoni
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.,U.O. Molecular Pathology, I.R.C.C.S. Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Valter Gattei
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Zamò
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marta Coscia
- Division of Hematology, University of Torino, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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5
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Bagnara D, Colombo M, Reverberi D, Matis S, Massara R, Cardente N, Ubezio G, Agostini V, Agnelli L, Neri A, Cardillo M, Vergani S, Ghiotto F, Mazzarello AN, Morabito F, Cutrona G, Ferrarini M, Fais F. Characterizing Features of Human Circulating B Cells Carrying CLL-Like Stereotyped Immunoglobulin Rearrangements. Front Oncol 2022; 12:894419. [PMID: 35837088 PMCID: PMC9275393 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.894419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of monoclonal CD5+ B cells with low surface immunoglobulins (IG). About 40% of CLL clones utilize quasi-identical B cell receptors, defined as stereotyped BCR. CLL-like stereotyped-IG rearrangements are present in normal B cells as a part of the public IG repertoire. In this study, we collected details on the representation and features of CLL-like stereotyped-IG in the IGH repertoire of B-cell subpopulations purified from the peripheral blood of nine healthy donors. The B-cell subpopulations were also fractioned according to the expression of surface CD5 molecules and IG light chain, IGκ and IGλ. IG rearrangements, obtained by high throughput sequencing, were scanned for the presence of CLL-like stereotyped-IG. CLL-like stereotyped-IG did not accumulate preferentially in the CD5+ B cells, nor in specific B-cell subpopulations or the CD5+ cell fraction thereof, and their distribution was not restricted to a single IG light chain type. CLL-like stereotyped-IG shared with the corresponding CLL stereotype rearrangements the IGHV mutational status. Instead, for other features such as IGHV genes and frequency, CLL stereotyped-IGs presented a CLL-like subset specific behavior which could, or could not, be consistent with CLL stereotyped-IGs. Therefore, as opposed to the immuno-phenotype, the features of the CLL stereotyped-IG repertoire suggest a CLL stereotyped subset-specific ontogeny. Overall, these findings suggest that the immune-genotype can provide essential details in tracking and defining the CLL cell of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Davide Bagnara,
| | - Monica Colombo
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Reverberi
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Matis
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosanna Massara
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Niccolò Cardente
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ubezio
- Transfusion Centre, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vanessa Agostini
- Transfusion Centre, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Agnelli
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Scientific Directorate, Azienza Unità Sanitaria Locale (USL)-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Martina Cardillo
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Stefano Vergani
- Developmental Immunology Unit, Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Fortunato Morabito
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, Augusta Victoria Hospital, East Jerusalem, Israel
- Biothecnology Research Unit, AO of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manlio Ferrarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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6
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Mazzarello AN, Gentner-Göbel E, Dühren-von Minden M, Tarasenko TN, Nicolò A, Ferrer G, Vergani S, Liu Y, Bagnara D, Rai KR, Burger JA, McGuire PJ, Maity PC, Jumaa H, Chiorazzi N. B-cell receptor isotypes differentially associate with cell signaling, kinetics, and outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:149308. [PMID: 34813501 PMCID: PMC8759784 DOI: 10.1172/jci149308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the B cell receptor (BCR) plays a critical role in disease development and progression, as indicated by the therapeutic efficacy of drugs blocking BCR signaling. However, the mechanism(s) underlying BCR responsiveness are not completely defined. Selective engagement of membrane IgM or IgD on CLL cells, each coexpressed by more than 90% of cases, leads to distinct signaling events. Since both IgM and IgD carry the same antigen-binding domains, the divergent actions of the receptors are attributed to differences in immunoglobulin (Ig) structure or the outcome of signal transduction. We showed that IgM, not IgD, level and organization associated with CLL-cell birth rate and the type and consequences of BCR signaling in humans and mice. The latter IgM-driven effects were abrogated when BCR signaling was inhibited. Collectively, these studies demonstrated a critical, selective role for IgM in BCR signaling and B cell fate decisions, possibly opening new avenues for CLL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Mazzarello
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | | | | | - Tatyana N Tarasenko
- Metabolism, Infection and Immunity Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | | | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Stefano Vergani
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Yun Liu
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Kanti R Rai
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States of America
| | - Peter J McGuire
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Palash C Maity
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute for Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
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7
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Trück J, Eugster A, Barennes P, Tipton CM, Luning Prak ET, Bagnara D, Soto C, Sherkow JS, Payne AS, Lefranc MP, Farmer A, Bostick M, Mariotti-Ferrandiz E. Biological controls for standardization and interpretation of adaptive immune receptor repertoire profiling. eLife 2021; 10:66274. [PMID: 34037521 PMCID: PMC8154019 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing (AIRR-seq) has become widespread, providing new insights into the immune system with potential broad clinical and diagnostic applications. However, like many high-throughput technologies, it comes with several problems, and the AIRR Community was established to understand and help solve them. We, the AIRR Community’s Biological Resources Working Group, have surveyed scientists about the need for standards and controls in generating and annotating AIRR-seq data. Here, we review the current status of AIRR-seq, provide the results of our survey, and based on them, offer recommendations for developing AIRR-seq standards and controls, including future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Trück
- University Children's Hospital and the Children's Research Center, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Eugster
- CRTD Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pierre Barennes
- Sorbonne Université U959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Paris, France.,AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Biotherapy (CIC-BTi), Paris, France
| | - Christopher M Tipton
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Davide Bagnara
- University of Genoa, Department of Experimental Medicine, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cinque Soto
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Jacob S Sherkow
- College of Law, University of Illinois, Champaign, United States.,Center for Advanced Studies in Biomedical Innovation Law, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Law, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Aimee S Payne
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, The International ImMunoGeneTics Information System (IMGT), Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM) CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génétique Humaine (IGH), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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8
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Bagnara D, Tang C, Brown JR, Kasar S, Fernandes S, Colombo M, Vergani S, Mazzarello AN, Ghiotto F, Bruno S, Morabito F, Rai KR, Kolitz JE, Barrientos JC, Allen SL, Fais F, Scharff MD, MacCarthy T, Chiorazzi N. Post-Transformation IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ Mutations in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells: Implications for Mutational Mechanisms and Impact on Clinical Course. Front Oncol 2021; 11:640731. [PMID: 34113563 PMCID: PMC8186829 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.640731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of IGHV gene mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have had a major impact on the prognostication and treatment of this disease. A hallmark of IGHV-mutation status is that it very rarely changes clonally over time. Nevertheless, targeted and deep DNA sequencing of IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ regions has revealed intraclonal heterogeneity. We used a DNA sequencing approach that achieves considerable depth and minimizes artefacts and amplification bias to identify IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ subclones in patients with prolonged temporal follow-up. Our findings extend previous studies, revealing intraclonal IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ diversification in almost all CLL clones. Also, they indicate that some subclones with additional IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ mutations can become a large fraction of the leukemic burden, reaching numerical criteria for monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Notably, the occurrence and complexity of post-transformation IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ heterogeneity and the expansion of diversified subclones are similar among U-CLL and M-CLL patients. The molecular characteristics of the mutations present in the parental, clinically dominant CLL clone (CDC) differed from those developing post-transformation (post-CDC). Post-CDC mutations exhibit significantly lower fractions of mutations bearing signatures of activation induced deaminase (AID) and of error-prone repair by Polη, and most of the mutations were not ascribable to those enzymes. Additionally, post-CDC mutations displayed a lower percentage of nucleotide transitions compared with transversions that was also not like the action of AID. Finally, the post-CDC mutations led to significantly lower ratios of replacement to silent mutations in VH CDRs and higher ratios in VH FRs, distributions different from mutations found in normal B-cell subsets undergoing an AID-mediated process. Based on these findings, we propose that post-transformation mutations in CLL cells either reflect a dysfunctional standard somatic mutational process or point to the action of another mutational process not previously associated with IG V gene loci. If the former option is the case, post-CDC mutations could lead to a lesser dependence on antigen dependent BCR signaling and potentially a greater influence of off-target, non-IG genomic mutations. Alternatively, the latter activity could add a new stimulatory survival/growth advantage mediated by the BCR through structurally altered FRs, such as that occurring by superantigen binding and stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bagnara
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Catherine Tang
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Brown
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Siddha Kasar
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stacey Fernandes
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Monica Colombo
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Vergani
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andrea N. Mazzarello
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fortunato Morabito
- Biotechnology Research Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, Augusta Victoria Hospital, East Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kanti R. Rai
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Kolitz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline C. Barrientos
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Steven L. Allen
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Franco Fais
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matthew D. Scharff
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas MacCarthy
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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9
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Tang C, Bagnara D, Chiorazzi N, Scharff MD, MacCarthy T. AID Overlapping and Polη Hotspots Are Key Features of Evolutionary Variation Within the Human Antibody Heavy Chain (IGHV) Genes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:788. [PMID: 32425948 PMCID: PMC7204545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of the immunoglobulin variable (IgV) loci is a key process in antibody affinity maturation. The enzyme activation-induced deaminase (AID), initiates SHM by creating C → U mismatches on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). AID has preferential hotspot motif targets in the context of WRC/GYW (W = A/T, R = A/G, Y = C/T) and particularly at WGCW overlapping hotspots where hotspots appear opposite each other on both strands. Subsequent recruitment of the low-fidelity DNA repair enzyme, Polymerase eta (Polη), during mismatch repair, creates additional mutations at WA/TW sites. Although there are more than 50 functional immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) segments in humans, the fundamental differences between these genes and their ability to respond to all possible foreign antigens is still poorly understood. To better understand this, we generated profiles of WGCW hotspots in each of the human IGHV genes and found the expected high frequency in complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that encode the antigen binding sites but also an unexpectedly high frequency of WGCW in certain framework (FW) sub-regions. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of these overlapping AID hotspot profiles revealed that one major difference between IGHV families is the presence or absence of WGCW in a sub-region of FW3 sometimes referred to as “CDR4.” Further differences between members of each family (e.g., IGHV1) are primarily determined by their WGCW densities in CDR1. We previously suggested that the co-localization of AID overlapping and Polη hotspots was associated with high mutability of certain IGHV sub-regions, such as the CDRs. To evaluate the importance of this feature, we extended the WGCW profiles, combining them with local densities of Polη (WA) hotspots, thus describing the co-localization of both types of hotspots across all IGHV genes. We also verified that co-localization is associated with higher mutability. PCA of the co-localization profiles showed CDR1 and CDR2 as being the main contributors to variance among IGHV genes, consistent with the importance of these sub-regions in antigen binding. Our results suggest that AID overlapping (WGCW) hotspots alone or in conjunction with Polη (WA/TW) hotspots are key features of evolutionary variation between IGHV genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tang
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Matthew D Scharff
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas MacCarthy
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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10
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Colombo M, Bagnara D, Reverberi D, Matis S, Cardillo M, Massara R, Mastracci L, Ravetti JL, Agnelli L, Neri A, Mazzocco M, Squillario M, Mazzarello AN, Cutrona G, Agathangelidis A, Stamatopoulos K, Ferrarini M, Fais F. Tracing CLL-biased stereotyped immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in normal B cell subsets using a high-throughput immunogenetic approach. Mol Med 2020; 26:25. [PMID: 32156260 PMCID: PMC7063734 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background B cell receptor Immunoglobulin (BcR IG) repertoire of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the expression of quasi-identical BcR IG. These are observed in approximately 30% of patients, defined as stereotyped receptors and subdivided into subsets based on specific VH CDR3 aa motifs and phylogenetically related IGHV genes. Although relevant to CLL ontogeny, the distribution of CLL-biased stereotyped immunoglobulin rearrangements (CBS-IG) in normal B cells has not been so far specifically addressed using modern sequencing technologies. Here, we have investigated the presence of CBS-IG in splenic B cell subpopulations (s-BCS) and in CD5+ and CD5− B cells from the spleen and peripheral blood (PB). Methods Fractionation of splenic B cells into 9 different B cell subsets and that of spleen and PB into CD5+ and CD5− cells were carried out by FACS sorting. cDNA sequences of BcR IG gene rearrangements were obtained by NGS. Identification of amino acidic motifs typical of CLL stereotyped subsets was carried out on IGHV1-carrying gene sequences and statistical evaluation has been subsequently performed to assess stereotypes distribution. Results CBS-IG represented the 0.26% average of IGHV1 genes expressing sequences, were detected in all of the BCS investigated. CBS-IG were more abundant in splenic and circulating CD5+ B (0.57%) cells compared to CD5− B cells (0.17%). In all instances, most CBS IG did not exhibit somatic hypermutation similar to CLL stereotyped receptors. However, compared to CLL, they exhibited a different CLL subset distribution and a broader utilization of the genes of the IGHV1 family. Conclusions CBS-IG receptors appear to represent a part of the “public” BcR repertoire in normal B cells. This repertoire is observed in all BCS excluding the hypothesis that CLL stereotyped BcR accumulate in a specific B cell subset, potentially capable of originating a leukemic clone. The different relative representation of CBS-IG in normal B cell subgroups suggests the requirement for additional selective processes before a full transformation into CLL is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Colombo
- U.O. Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Reverberi
- U.O. Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Serena Matis
- U.O. Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Cardillo
- U.O. Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosanna Massara
- U.O. Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- U.O. Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Luca Agnelli
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Neri
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Mazzocco
- U.O. Laboratorio di Istocompatibilità, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
| | - Margherita Squillario
- Department of Informatic Bioengeneering, Robotic and System Engeneering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Cutrona
- U.O. Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas CERTH, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Manlio Ferrarini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- U.O. Molecular Pathology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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11
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Ohlin M, Scheepers C, Corcoran M, Lees WD, Busse CE, Bagnara D, Thörnqvist L, Bürckert JP, Jackson KJL, Ralph D, Schramm CA, Marthandan N, Breden F, Scott J, Matsen IV FA, Greiff V, Yaari G, Kleinstein SH, Christley S, Sherkow JS, Kossida S, Lefranc MP, van Zelm MC, Watson CT, Collins AM. Inferred Allelic Variants of Immunoglobulin Receptor Genes: A System for Their Evaluation, Documentation, and Naming. Front Immunol 2019; 10:435. [PMID: 30936866 PMCID: PMC6431624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins or antibodies are the main effector molecules of the B-cell lineage and are encoded by hundreds of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) germline genes, which recombine to generate enormous IG diversity. Recently, high-throughput adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing (AIRR-seq) of recombined V-(D)-J genes has offered unprecedented insights into the dynamics of IG repertoires in health and disease. Faithful biological interpretation of AIRR-seq studies depends upon the annotation of raw AIRR-seq data, using reference germline gene databases to identify the germline genes within each rearrangement. Existing reference databases are incomplete, as shown by recent AIRR-seq studies that have inferred the existence of many previously unreported polymorphisms. Completing the documentation of genetic variation in germline gene databases is therefore of crucial importance. Lymphocyte receptor genes and alleles are currently assigned by the Immunoglobulins, T cell Receptors and Major Histocompatibility Nomenclature Subcommittee of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) and managed in IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (IMGT). In 2017, the IMGT Group reached agreement with a group of AIRR-seq researchers on the principles of a streamlined process for identifying and naming inferred allelic sequences, for their incorporation into IMGT®. These researchers represented the AIRR Community, a network of over 300 researchers whose objective is to promote all aspects of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor repertoire studies, including the standardization of experimental and computational aspects of AIRR-seq data generation and analysis. The Inferred Allele Review Committee (IARC) was established by the AIRR Community to devise policies, criteria, and procedures to perform this function. Formalized evaluations of novel inferred sequences have now begun and submissions are invited via a new dedicated portal (https://ogrdb.airr-community.org). Here, we summarize recommendations developed by the IARC-focusing, to begin with, on human IGHV genes-with the goal of facilitating the acceptance of inferred allelic variants of germline IGHV genes. We believe that this initiative will improve the quality of AIRR-seq studies by facilitating the description of human IG germline gene variation, and that in time, it will expand to the documentation of TR and IG genes in many vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cathrine Scheepers
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William D. Lees
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian E. Busse
- Division of B Cell Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Duncan Ralph
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chaim A. Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nishanth Marthandan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Felix Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Jamie Scott
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gur Yaari
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Scott Christley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jacob S. Sherkow
- Innovation Center for Law and Technology, New York Law School, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sofia Kossida
- IMGT, The International ImMunoGenetics information system (IMGT), Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), CNRS, Institut de Génétique Humaine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Paule Lefranc
- IMGT, The International ImMunoGenetics information system (IMGT), Laboratoire d'ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire (LIGM), CNRS, Institut de Génétique Humaine, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Corey T. Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Andrew M. Collins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Gugiatti E, Tenca C, Ravera S, Fabbi M, Ghiotto F, Mazzarello AN, Bagnara D, Reverberi D, Zarcone D, Cutrona G, Ibatici A, Ciccone E, Darzynkiewicz Z, Fais F, Bruno S. A reversible carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) inhibitor offsets the proliferation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Haematologica 2018; 103:e531-e536. [PMID: 29930162 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.175414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gugiatti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudya Tenca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Marina Fabbi
- Biotherapies Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.,Molecular Pathology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea N Mazzarello
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island, Experimental Immunology, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island, Experimental Immunology, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Daniele Reverberi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Zarcone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adalberto Ibatici
- Hematology Unit and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ermanno Ciccone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz
- Brander Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Franco Fais
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.,Molecular Pathology Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
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13
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Marini C, Bruno S, Fiz F, Campi C, Piva R, Cutrona G, Matis S, Nieri A, Miglino M, Ibatici A, Maria Orengo A, Maria Massone A, Neumaier CE, Totero DD, Giannoni P, Bauckneht M, Pennone M, Tenca C, Gugiatti E, Bellini A, Borra A, Tedone E, Efetürk H, Rosa F, Emionite L, Cilli M, Bagnara D, Brucato V, Bruzzi P, Piana M, Fais F, Sambuceti G. Functional Activation of Osteoclast Commitment in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia: a Possible Role for RANK/RANKL Pathway. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14159. [PMID: 29074954 PMCID: PMC5658396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal erosion has been found to represent an independent prognostic indicator in patients with advanced stages of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Whether this phenomenon also occurs in early CLL phases and its underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we prospectively enrolled 36 consecutive treatment-naïve patients to analyse skeletal structure and bone marrow distribution using a computational approach to PET/CT images. This evaluation was combined with the analysis of RANK/RANKL loop activation in the leukemic clone, given recent reports on its role in CLL progression. Bone erosion was particularly evident in long bone shafts, progressively increased from Binet stage A to Binet stage C, and was correlated with both local expansion of metabolically active bone marrow documented by FDG uptake and with the number of RANKL + cells present in the circulating blood. In immune-deficient NOD/Shi-scid, γcnull (NSG) mice, administration of CLL cells caused an appreciable compact bone erosion that was prevented by Denosumab. CLL cell proliferation in vitro correlated with RANK expression and was impaired by Denosumab-mediated disruption of the RANK/RANKL loop. This study suggests an interaction between CLL cells and stromal elements able to simultaneously impair bone structure and increase proliferating potential of leukemic clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Marini
- CNR Institute of Bioimages and Molecular Physiology, Milan, Italy.
- Nuclear Medicine IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bruno
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Fiz
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Radiology, Uni-Klinikum Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Roberta Piva
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Serena Matis
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Nieri
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Miglino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paolo Giannoni
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo Bauckneht
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Claudya Tenca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena Gugiatti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bellini
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Borra
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Hülya Efetürk
- Nuclear Medicine IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Emionite
- Animal Facility, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Cilli
- Animal Facility, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Valerio Brucato
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Aerospace, Materials Engineering, Aten Center, CHAB pole, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 6, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Paolo Bruzzi
- Epidemiology and Clinical trial Service, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Piana
- SPIN Institute, CNR, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Mathematics (DIMA), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Molecular Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianmario Sambuceti
- Nuclear Medicine IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
- Nuclear Medicine, Department of Health Science, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
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Vergani S, Korsunsky I, Mazzarello AN, Ferrer G, Chiorazzi N, Bagnara D. Novel Method for High-Throughput Full-Length IGHV-D-J Sequencing of the Immune Repertoire from Bulk B-Cells with Single-Cell Resolution. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1157. [PMID: 28959265 PMCID: PMC5603803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and accurate high-throughput DNA sequencing of the adaptive immune receptor repertoire (AIRR) is necessary to study immune diversity in healthy subjects and disease-related conditions. The high complexity and diversity of the AIRR coupled with the limited amount of starting material, which can compromise identification of the full biological diversity makes such sequencing particularly challenging. AIRR sequencing protocols often fail to fully capture the sampled AIRR diversity, especially for samples containing restricted numbers of B lymphocytes. Here, we describe a library preparation method for immunoglobulin sequencing that results in an exhaustive full-length repertoire where virtually every sampled B-cell is sequenced. This maximizes the likelihood of identifying and quantifying the entire IGHV-D-J repertoire of a sample, including the detection of rearrangements present in only one cell in the starting population. The methodology establishes the importance of circumventing genetic material dilution in the preamplification phases and incorporates the use of certain described concepts: (1) balancing the starting material amount and depth of sequencing, (2) avoiding IGHV gene-specific amplification, and (3) using Unique Molecular Identifier. Together, this methodology is highly efficient, in particular for detecting rare rearrangements in the sampled population and when only a limited amount of starting material is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vergani
- Karches Centre for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Hofstra-Northwell Health School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Ilya Korsunsky
- Robert S. Boas Center for Genomics & Human Genetics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Andrea Nicola Mazzarello
- Karches Centre for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Gerardo Ferrer
- Karches Centre for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Centre for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Davide Bagnara
- Karches Centre for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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15
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Yuan C, Chu CC, Yan XJ, Bagnara D, Chiorazzi N, MacCarthy T. The Number of Overlapping AID Hotspots in Germline IGHV Genes Is Inversely Correlated with Mutation Frequency in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167602. [PMID: 28125682 PMCID: PMC5268644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The targeting of mutations by Activation-Induced Deaminase (AID) is a key step in generating antibody diversity at the Immunoglobulin (Ig) loci but is also implicated in B-cell malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). AID has previously been shown to preferentially deaminate WRC (W = A/T, R = A/G) hotspots. WGCW sites, which contain an overlapping WRC hotspot on both DNA strands, mutate at much higher frequency than single hotspots. Human Ig heavy chain (IGHV) genes differ in terms of WGCW numbers, ranging from 4 for IGHV3-48*03 to as many as 12 in IGHV1-69*01. An absence of V-region mutations in CLL patients ("IGHV unmutated", or U-CLL) is associated with a poorer prognosis compared to "IGHV mutated" (M-CLL) patients. The reasons for this difference are still unclear, but it has been noted that particular IGHV genes associate with U-CLL vs M-CLL. For example, patients with IGHV1-69 clones tend to be U-CLL with a poor prognosis, whereas patients with IGHV3-30 tend to be M-CLL and have a better prognosis. Another distinctive feature of CLL is that ~30% of (mostly poor prognosis) patients can be classified into "stereotyped" subsets, each defined by HCDR3 similarity, suggesting selection, possibly for a self-antigen. We analyzed >1000 IGHV genes from CLL patients and found a highly significant statistical relationship between the number of WGCW hotspots in the germline V-region and the observed mutation frequency in patients. However, paradoxically, this correlation was inverse, with V-regions with more WGCW hotspots being less likely to be mutated, i.e., more likely to be U-CLL. The number of WGCW hotspots in particular, are more strongly correlated with mutation frequency than either non-overlapping (WRC) hotspots or more general models of mutability derived from somatic hypermutation data. Furthermore, this correlation is not observed in sequences from the B cell repertoires of normal individuals and those with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Yuan
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, NY, United States of America
| | - Charles C Chu
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America.,Departments of Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Davide Bagnara
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States of America.,Departments of Medicine and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, United States of America
| | - Thomas MacCarthy
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, NY, United States of America
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16
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17
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Bagnara D, Squillario M, Kipling D, Mora T, Walczak AM, Da Silva L, Weller S, Dunn-Walters DK, Weill JC, Reynaud CA. A Reassessment of IgM Memory Subsets in Humans. J Immunol 2015; 195:3716-24. [PMID: 26355154 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
From paired blood and spleen samples from three adult donors, we performed high-throughput VH sequencing of human B cell subsets defined by IgD and CD27 expression: IgD(+)CD27(+) ("marginal zone [MZ]"), IgD(-)CD27(+) ("memory," including IgM ["IgM-only"], IgG and IgA) and IgD(-)CD27(-) cells ("double-negative," including IgM, IgG, and IgA). A total of 91,294 unique sequences clustered in 42,670 clones, revealing major clonal expansions in each of these subsets. Among these clones, we further analyzed those shared sequences from different subsets or tissues for VH gene mutation, H-CDR3-length, and VH/JH usage, comparing these different characteristics with all sequences from their subset of origin for which these parameters constitute a distinct signature. The IgM-only repertoire profile differed notably from that of MZ B cells by a higher mutation frequency and lower VH4 and higher JH6 gene usage. Strikingly, IgM sequences from clones shared between the MZ and the memory IgG/IgA compartments showed a mutation and repertoire profile of IgM-only and not of MZ B cells. Similarly, all IgM clonal relationships (among MZ, IgM-only, and double-negative compartments) involved sequences with the characteristics of IgM-only B cells. Finally, clonal relationships between tissues suggested distinct recirculation characteristics between MZ and switched B cells. The "IgM-only" subset (including cells with its repertoire signature but higher IgD or lower CD27 expression levels) thus appear as the only subset showing precursor-product relationships with CD27(+) switched memory B cells, indicating that they represent germinal center-derived IgM memory B cells and that IgM memory and MZ B cells constitute two distinct entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bagnara
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine-Site Broussais, 75993 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Margherita Squillario
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Bioingegneria, Robotica e Ingegneria dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - David Kipling
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Mora
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8550, Université Pierre et Marie Curie and Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra M Walczak
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8549, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France; and
| | - Lucie Da Silva
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine-Site Broussais, 75993 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Sandra Weller
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine-Site Broussais, 75993 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Deborah K Dunn-Walters
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Claude Weill
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine-Site Broussais, 75993 Paris Cedex 14, France;
| | - Claude-Agnès Reynaud
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine-Site Broussais, 75993 Paris Cedex 14, France;
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Marcatili P, Ghiotto F, Tenca C, Chailyan A, Mazzarello AN, Yan XJ, Colombo M, Albesiano E, Bagnara D, Cutrona G, Morabito F, Bruno S, Ferrarini M, Chiorazzi N, Tramontano A, Fais F. Igs Expressed by Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells Show Limited Binding-Site Structure Variability. J I 2013; 190:5771-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Ghiotto F, Marcatili P, Tenca C, Calevo MG, Yan XJ, Albesiano E, Bagnara D, Colombo M, Cutrona G, Chu CC, Morabito F, Bruno S, Ferrarini M, Tramontano A, Fais F, Chiorazzi N. Mutation pattern of paired immunoglobulin heavy and light variable domains in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Mol Med 2011; 17:1188-95. [PMID: 21785810 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients display leukemic clones bearing either germline or somatically mutated immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV ) genes. Most information on CLL immunoglobulins (Igs), such as the definition of stereotyped B-cell receptors (BCRs), was derived from germline unmutated Igs. In particular, detailed studies on the distribution and nature of mutations in paired heavy- and light-chain domains of CLL clones bearing mutated Igs are lacking. To address the somatic hyper-mutation dynamics of CLL Igs, we analyzed the mutation pattern of paired IGHV-diversity-joining (IGHV-D-J ) and immunoglobulin kappa/lambda variable-joining (IGK/LV-J ) rearrangements of 193 leukemic clones that displayed ≥ 2% mutations in at least one of the two immunoglobulin variable (IGV ) genes (IGHV and/or IGK/LV ). The relationship between the mutation frequency in IGHV and IGK/LV complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and framework regions (FRs) was evaluated by correlation analysis. Replacement (R) mutation frequency within IGK/LV chain CDRs correlated significantly with mutation frequency of paired IGHV CDRs in λ but not κ isotype CLL clones. CDRs of IGKV-J rearrangements displayed a lower percentage of R mutations than IGHVs. The frequency/pattern of mutations in kappa CLL Igs differed also from that in κ-expressing normal B cells described in the literature. Instead, the mutation frequency within the FRs of IGHV and either IGKV or IGLV was correlated. Notably, the amount of diversity introduced by replaced amino acids was comparable between IGHVs and IGKVs. The data indicate a different mutation pattern between κ and λ isotype CLL clones and suggest an antigenic selection that, in κ samples, operates against CDR variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ghiotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Bagnara D, Ibatici A, Corselli M, Sessarego N, Tenca C, De Santanna A, Mazzarello A, Daga A, Corvò R, De Rossi G, Frassoni F, Ciccone E, Fais F. Adoptive immunotherapy mediated by ex vivo expanded natural killer T cells against CD1d-expressing lymphoid neoplasms. Haematologica 2009; 94:967-74. [PMID: 19454494 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2008.001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD1d is a monomorphic antigen presentation molecule expressed in several hematologic malignancies. Alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) is a glycolipid that can be presented to cytotoxic CD1d-restricted T cells. These reagents represent a potentially powerful tool for cell mediated immunotherapy. DESIGN AND METHODS We set up an experimental model to evaluate the use of adoptively transferred cytotoxic CD1d-restricted T cells and alpha-GalCer in the treatment of mice engrafted with CD1d(+) lymphoid neoplastic cells. To this end the C1R cell line was transfected with CD1c or CD1d molecules. In addition, upon retroviral infection firefly luciferase was expressed on C1R transfected cell lines allowing the evaluation of tumor growth in xenografted immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice. RESULTS The C1R-CD1d cell line was highly susceptible to specific CD1d-restricted T cell cytotoxicity in the presence alpha-GalCer in vitro. After adoptive transfer of CD1d-restricted T cells and alpha-GalCer to mice engrafted with both C1R-CD1c and C1R-CD1d, a reduction in tumor growth was observed only in CD1d(+) masses. In addition, CD1d-restricted T-cell treatment plus alpha-GalCer eradicated small C1R-CD1d(+) nodules. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that infiltrating NKT cells were mainly observed in CD1d nodules. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that ex vivo expanded cytotoxic CD1d-restricted T cells and alpha-GalCer may represent a new immunotherapeutic tool for treatment of CD1d(+) hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bagnara
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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21
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Bagnara D, Callea V, Stelitano C, Morabito F, Fabris S, Neri A, Zanardi S, Ghiotto F, Ciccone E, Grossi CE, Fais F. IgV gene intraclonal diversification and clonal evolution in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2006; 133:50-8. [PMID: 16512828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intraclonal diversification of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) genes was evaluated in leukaemic cells from a B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) case over a 2-year period at four time points. Intraclonal heterogeneity was analysed by sequencing 305 molecular clones derived from polymerase chain reaction amplification of B-CLL cell IgV heavy (H) and light (C) chain gene rearrangements. Sequences were compared with evaluating intraclonal variation and the nature of somatic mutations. Although IgV intraclonal variation was detected at all time points, its level decreased with time and a parallel emergence of two more represented V(H)DJ(H) clones was observed. They differed by nine nucleotide substitutions one of which only caused a conservative replacement aminoacid change. In addition, one V(L)J(L) rearrangement became more represented over time. Analyses of somatic mutations suggest antigen selection and impairment of negative selection of neoplastic cells. In addition, a genealogical tree representing a model of clonal evolution of the neoplastic cells was created. It is of note that, during the period of study, the patient showed clinical progression of disease. We conclude that antigen stimulation and somatic hypermutation may participate in disease progression through the selection and expansion of neoplastic subclone(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bagnara
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Human Anatomy Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Fais F, Tenca C, Cimino G, Coletti V, Zanardi S, Bagnara D, Saverino D, Zarcone D, De Rossi G, Ciccone E, Grossi CE. CD1d expression on B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia subsets with poor prognosis. Leukemia 2005; 19:551-6. [PMID: 15744356 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequent malignancy of childhood. Although therapeutical advances have been achieved, some ALL subgroups still fare poorly. CD1d is a monomorphic molecule that provides a suitable target for immunotherapy in view of the characterization of a glycolipid, alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), capable of being presented to CD1d-restricted T cells with cytotoxic potential. We investigated CD1d expression in 80 pediatric B-cell precursor (BCP) ALL cases defined according to immunophenotype, cytogenetic features and age at onset. CD1d was detected on ALL cells in 15% of the patients. CD1d+ ALLs were significantly associated with infant leukemia, pro-B phenotype and mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)/AF4 gene rearrangement. Accordingly, overall survival of patients with CD1d+ ALL was significantly shorter. CD1d+ leukemic blasts were able to present alpha-GalCer via CD1d to cytotoxic CD1d-restricted T cells, which induced apoptosis of ALL cells that was inhibited by mAb to CD1d. CD1d+ blasts loaded with alpha-GalCer elicited cytokine secretion by CD1d-restricted T cells. Analysis of bone marrow (BM) cells derived from normal donors revealed that CD19+/CD1d+ cells were mostly mature B lymphocytes. However, a minority of BCPs expressed CD1d. Thus, expression of CD1d in ALL cases heralds an adverse prognosis but may provide a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fais
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.
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