1
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Parisi X, Bledsoe JR. Discerning clinicopathological features of congenital neutropenia syndromes: an approach to diagnostically challenging differential diagnoses. J Clin Pathol 2024; 77:586-604. [PMID: 38589208 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2022-208686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The congenital neutropenia syndromes are rare haematological conditions defined by impaired myeloid precursor differentiation or function. Patients are prone to severe infections with high mortality rates in early life. While some patients benefit from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment, they may still face an increased risk of bone marrow failure, myelodysplastic syndrome and acute leukaemia. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for improved outcomes; however, diagnosis depends on familiarity with a heterogeneous group of rare disorders that remain incompletely characterised. The clinical and pathological overlap between reactive conditions, primary and congenital neutropenias, bone marrow failure, and myelodysplastic syndromes further clouds diagnostic clarity.We review the diagnostically useful clinicopathological and morphological features of reactive causes of neutropenia and the most common primary neutropenia disorders: constitutional/benign ethnic neutropenia, chronic idiopathic neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, severe congenital neutropenia (due to mutations in ELANE, GFI1, HAX1, G6PC3, VPS45, JAGN1, CSF3R, SRP54, CLPB and WAS), GATA2 deficiency, Warts, hypogammaglobulinaemia, infections and myelokathexis syndrome, Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome, the lysosomal storage disorders with neutropenia: Chediak-Higashi, Hermansky-Pudlak, and Griscelli syndromes, Cohen, and Barth syndromes. We also detail characteristic cytogenetic and molecular factors at diagnosis and in progression to myelodysplastic syndrome/leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Parisi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob R Bledsoe
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Guo P, Wu X, Yang M, Xue Y, Zhou J, Huang Z, Wu W, Wang J. Accelerated phase development in a late-onset adolescent Chediak-Higashi syndrome patient caused by compound novel LYST mutations in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2024; 109:102874. [PMID: 39032214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2024.102874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by severe immunodeficiency, albinism and coagulation deficiency. Mostly diagnosed in early childhood, this devastating condition is associated with lysosomal abnormalities attributed to the absence or impaired function of lysosomal trafficking regulator caused by mutations in the CHS1/LYST gene. In current study, we report a case of late-onset CHS caused by two novel compound heterozygous CHS1/LYST mutations: c.8407C > T, leading to early termination of translation at residue Gln2803 (p. Gln2803Ter), and a small deletion c. 4020_4031del, resulting in an in-frame deletion of three amino acid residues (p. Asp1343_Val1346del). Both variants retain a large part of the CHS/LYST protein, particularly p. Asp1343_Val1346del, which preserves critical functional BEACH and WD40 domains in the C terminal, potentially maintaining residual activity and alleviating patient symptoms. The timeline of SARS-CoV-2 infection and rapid symptom progression suggests that the viral infection may have trigger the accelerated phase development leading to a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingkang Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilun Xue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiakuan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixi Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenman Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianbiao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Turner ME, Che J, Mirhaidari GJM, Kennedy CC, Blum KM, Rajesh S, Zbinden JC, Breuer CK, Best CA, Barker JC. The lysosomal trafficking regulator "LYST": an 80-year traffic jam. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1404846. [PMID: 38774881 PMCID: PMC11106369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes and lysosome related organelles (LROs) are dynamic organelles at the intersection of various pathways involved in maintaining cellular hemostasis and regulating cellular functions. Vesicle trafficking of lysosomes and LROs are critical to maintain their functions. The lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST) is an elusive protein important for the regulation of membrane dynamics and intracellular trafficking of lysosomes and LROs. Mutations to the LYST gene result in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency characterized by defective granule exocytosis, cytotoxicity, etc. Despite eight decades passing since its initial discovery, a comprehensive understanding of LYST's function in cellular biology remains unresolved. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of LYST function also manifests in other disease states. Here, we review the available literature to consolidate available scientific endeavors in relation to LYST and discuss its relevance for immunomodulatory therapies, regenerative medicine and cancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E. Turner
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jingru Che
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Gabriel J. M. Mirhaidari
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Catherine C. Kennedy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kevin M. Blum
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sahana Rajesh
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jacob C. Zbinden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Christopher K. Breuer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Cameron A. Best
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenny C. Barker
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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4
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Rong S, Yu X, Wiggs JL. Genetic Basis of Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma: An Update and Functional Insights. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:142. [PMID: 38397132 PMCID: PMC10887877 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome (PDS) and Pigmentary Glaucoma (PG) comprise a spectrum of ocular disorders characterized by iris pigment dispersion and trabecular meshwork changes, resulting in increased intraocular pressure and potential glaucomatous optic neuropathy. This review summarizes recent progress in PDS/PG genetics including rare pathogenic protein coding alterations (PMEL) and susceptibility loci identified from genome-wide association studies (GSAP and GRM5/TYR). Areas for future research are also identified, especially the development of efficient model systems. While substantial strides have been made in understanding the genetics of PDS/PG, our review identifies key gaps and outlines the future directions necessary for further advancing this important field of ocular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisong Rong
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Xinting Yu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Janey L. Wiggs
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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5
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Hosahalli Vasanna S, Dalal J. Traffic jam within lymphocytes: A clinician's perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1034317. [PMID: 36726976 PMCID: PMC9885010 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the discovery of novel diseases and pathways, as well as a new outlook on certain existing diseases, cellular trafficking disorders attract a great deal of interest and focus. Understanding the function of genes and their products in protein and lipid synthesis, cargo sorting, packaging, and delivery has allowed us to appreciate the intricate pathophysiology of these biological processes at the molecular level and the multi-system disease manifestations of these disorders. This article focuses primarily on lymphocyte intracellular trafficking diseases from a clinician's perspective. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is the prototypical disease of abnormal vesicular transport in the lymphocytes. In this review, we highlight other mechanisms involved in cellular trafficking, including membrane contact sites, autophagy, and abnormalities of cytoskeletal structures affecting the immune cell function, based on a newer classification system, along with management aspects of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Hosahalli Vasanna
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jignesh Dalal
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States,School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Jignesh Dalal,
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6
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Gauthier Y, Lepreux S, Cario‐Andre M, Rambert J, Dakdaki A, Lafon M, Abouqal R, Benzekri L. Varicella-zoster virus in actively spreading segmental vitiligo skin: Pathological, immunochemical, and ultrastructural findings (a first and preliminary study). Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36:78-85. [PMID: 36112095 PMCID: PMC10092484 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Segmental vitiligo (SV) is a unilateral subtype of vitiligo which is clinically characterized by a cutaneous depigmentation and histologically by a melanocyte loss from the epidermis and hair follicle reservoirs. To date, its pathogenesis remains a mystery. In many cases, this skin depigmentation shares several clinical features and dysfunctions with herpes zoster (HZ). So, for the first time, we examined whether any nucleus and cell fusion associated with a positive immunolabelling of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and VZV mature virions could be found in SV skin samples as in herpes zoster (HZ). A total of 40 SV samples were used for histological and immunochemical studies. Control samples were obtained from three HZ, and 10 generalized vitiligo lesions. For ultrastructural study, three recent SV and one HZ as controls were recruited. Here, we report that nuclear fusion in epidermal cells were statistically associated with recent SV (p < .001), whereas syncytia formation was associated with long-lasting SV (p = .001). A positive detection of VZV antigen was statistically associated in the epidermis with recent SV and in the dermis with long-lasting SV (p = .001). Finally, the discovery of mature virions in 3/3 recent SV samples provides additional arguments for our viral hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvon Gauthier
- Vitiligo and Melasma Research Association (V.M.R.A.)BordeauxFrance
| | | | - Muriel Cario‐Andre
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BRIC, U1312BordeauxFrance
- National Reference Center for Rare skin DiseasesBordeaux University HospitalBordeauxFrance
- AquidermBordeauxFrance
| | - Jérome Rambert
- National Reference Center for Rare skin DiseasesBordeaux University HospitalBordeauxFrance
| | - Adrien Dakdaki
- Tumor Bank and Tumor Biology LaboratoryCHU BordeauxPessacFrance
| | - Marie‐Edith Lafon
- Department of Virology Bordeaux University HospitalBordeaux University, CNRS, UMR5234BordeauxFrance
| | - Redouane Abouqal
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Clinical Research and EpidemiologyMohammed V University in Rabat, Acute Medical Unit, Ibn Sina Teaching HospitalRabatMorocco
| | - Laila Benzekri
- Dermatology Department, Ibn Sina Teaching HospitalMohammed V University in Rabat, Pigmentary Disorders Outpatient ClinicRabatMorocco
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7
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Overlapping Machinery in Lysosome-Related Organelle Trafficking: A Lesson from Rare Multisystem Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223702. [PMID: 36429129 PMCID: PMC9688865 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) are a group of functionally diverse, cell type-specific compartments. LROs include melanosomes, alpha and dense granules, lytic granules, lamellar bodies and other compartments with distinct morphologies and functions allowing specialised and unique functions of their host cells. The formation, maturation and secretion of specific LROs are compromised in a number of hereditary rare multisystem disorders, including Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes, Griscelli syndrome and the Arthrogryposis, Renal dysfunction and Cholestasis syndrome. Each of these disorders impacts the function of several LROs, resulting in a variety of clinical features affecting systems such as immunity, neurophysiology and pigmentation. This has demonstrated the close relationship between LROs and led to the identification of conserved components required for LRO biogenesis and function. Here, we discuss aspects of this conserved machinery among LROs in relation to the heritable multisystem disorders they associate with, and present our current understanding of how dysfunctions in the proteins affected in the disease impact the formation, motility and ultimate secretion of LROs. Moreover, we have analysed the expression of the members of the CHEVI complex affected in Arthrogryposis, Renal dysfunction and Cholestasis syndrome, in different cell types, by collecting single cell RNA expression data from the human protein atlas. We propose a hypothesis describing how transcriptional regulation could constitute a mechanism that regulates the pleiotropic functions of proteins and their interacting partners in different LROs.
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8
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The retinal pigmentation pathway in human albinism: Not so black and white. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101091. [PMID: 35729001 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a pigment disorder affecting eye, skin and/or hair. Patients usually have decreased melanin in affected tissues and suffer from severe visual abnormalities, including foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting. Combining our data with those of the literature, we propose a single functional genetic retinal signalling pathway that includes all 22 currently known human albinism disease genes. We hypothesise that defects affecting the genesis or function of different intra-cellular organelles, including melanosomes, cause syndromic forms of albinism (Hermansky-Pudlak (HPS) and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS)). We put forward that specific melanosome impairments cause different forms of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1-8). Further, we incorporate GPR143 that has been implicated in ocular albinism (OA1), characterised by a phenotype limited to the eye. Finally, we include the SLC38A8-associated disorder FHONDA that causes an even more restricted "albinism-related" ocular phenotype with foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting but without pigmentation defects. We propose the following retinal pigmentation pathway, with increasingly specific genetic and cellular defects causing an increasingly specific ocular phenotype: (HPS1-11/CHS: syndromic forms of albinism)-(OCA1-8: OCA)-(GPR143: OA1)-(SLC38A8: FHONDA). Beyond disease genes involvement, we also evaluate a range of (candidate) regulatory and signalling mechanisms affecting the activity of the pathway in retinal development, retinal pigmentation and albinism. We further suggest that the proposed pigmentation pathway is also involved in other retinal disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration. The hypotheses put forward in this report provide a framework for further systematic studies in albinism and melanin pigmentation disorders.
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9
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Zhou R, Peng Q, Wan D, Yu C, Zhang Y, Hou Y, Luo Q, Li X, Zhang S, Xie L, Ou P, Peng Y. Construction of a lysosome-targetable ratiometric fluorescent probe for H 2O 2 tracing and imaging in living cells and an inflamed model. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24032-24037. [PMID: 35479027 PMCID: PMC9036682 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an important reactive oxygen species (ROS) with unique destructive oxidation properties, can be produced in lysosomes to fight off pathogens. Although many fluorescent probes have been developed for the detection and imaging of H2O2, the development of a ratiometric fluorescent probe for H2O2 detection and imaging in lysosomes and an inflammation model remains rather scarce. Therefore, it is important to develop an efficient tool for monitoring H2O2 in inflamed tissues to evaluate the physiological and pathological relationship between inflammation and lysosomal H2O2. In this work, a new naphthalimide-based lysosome-targeting fluorescent probe (NPT-H2O2) for ratiometric detection and imaging was developed in vitro and in vivo. The probe exhibited two well-resolved emission peaks separated by 125 nm, rapid response (<40 s), and high selectivity and sensitivity toward H2O2, as well as low cytotoxicity in vitro. Inspired by prominent features of these results, we further successfully applied NPT-H2O2 for H2O2 imaging with a dual-channel in living cells, demonstrating that our probe NPT-H2O2 was targeted in the lysosomes. Finally, NPT-H2O2 was used for H2O2 detection in inflamed tissues and achieved satisfactory results. We predict that our probe can be used as a powerful tool to reveal the relationship between physiology and pathology of inflammation and lysosomal H2O2. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an important reactive oxygen species (ROS) with unique destructive oxidation properties, can be produced in lysosomes to fight off pathogens.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha 410013 China.,College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 China
| | - Qiyao Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Dan Wan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha 410013 China
| | - Chao Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Yi Hou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Quan Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University Changsha 410000 China
| | - Xiong Li
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Shuihan Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha 410013 China
| | - Lin Xie
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China
| | - Pinghua Ou
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - Yongbo Peng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolism Research, College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University Chongqing 400016 China .,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, The Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine Changsha 410013 China
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10
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van der Heide C, Goar W, Meyer KJ, Alward WLM, Boese EA, Sears NC, Roos BR, Kwon YH, DeLuca AP, Siggs OM, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Sheffield VC, Wang K, Stone EM, Mullins RF, Anderson MG, Fan BJ, Ritch R, Craig JE, Wiggs JL, Scheetz TE, Fingert JH. Exome-based investigation of the genetic basis of human pigmentary glaucoma. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:477. [PMID: 34174832 PMCID: PMC8235805 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is a leading cause of visual disability and blindness. Release of iris pigment within the eye, pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS), can lead to one type of glaucoma known as pigmentary glaucoma. PDS has a genetic component, however, the genes involved with this condition are largely unknown. We sought to discover genes that cause PDS by testing cohorts of patients and controls for mutations using a tiered analysis of exome data. Results Our primary analysis evaluated melanosome-related genes that cause dispersion of iris pigment in mice (TYRP1, GPNMB, LYST, DCT, and MITF). We identified rare mutations, but they were not statistically enriched in PDS patients. Our secondary analyses examined PMEL (previously linked with PDS), MRAP, and 19 other genes. Four MRAP mutations were identified in PDS cases but not in controls (p = 0.016). Immunohistochemical analysis of human donor eyes revealed abundant MRAP protein in the iris, the source of pigment in PDS. However, analysis of MRAP in additional cohorts (415 cases and 1645 controls) did not support an association with PDS. We also did not confirm a link between PMEL and PDS in our cohorts due to lack of reported mutations and similar frequency of the variants in PDS patients as in control subjects. Conclusions We did not detect a statistical enrichment of mutations in melanosome-related genes in human PDS patients and we found conflicting data about the likely pathogenicity of MRAP mutations. PDS may have a complex genetic basis that is not easily unraveled with exome analyses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07782-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly van der Heide
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wes Goar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kacie J Meyer
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wallace L M Alward
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Erin A Boese
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nathan C Sears
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ben R Roos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Young H Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adam P DeLuca
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Owen M Siggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Val C Sheffield
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bao Jian Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Ritch
- Einhorn Research Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd E Scheetz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA.,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John H Fingert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, 3111B Medical Education and Research Facility, University of Iowa, 375 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA52245, USA. .,Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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11
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Moore BA, Flenniken AM, Clary D, Moshiri AS, Nutter LMJ, Berberovic Z, Owen C, Newbigging S, Adissu H, Eskandarian M, McKerlie C, Thomasy SM, Lloyd KCK, Murphy CJ, Moshiri A. Genome-wide screening of mouse knockouts reveals novel genes required for normal integumentary and oculocutaneous structure and function. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11211. [PMID: 31371754 PMCID: PMC6672016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous syndromes are often due to mutations in single genes. In some cases, mouse models for these diseases exist in spontaneously occurring mutations, or in mice resulting from forward mutatagenesis screens. Here we present novel genes that may be causative for oculocutaneous disease in humans, discovered as part of a genome-wide screen of knockout-mice in a targeted single-gene deletion project. The International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) database (data release 10.0) was interrogated for all mouse strains with integument abnormalities, which were then cross-referenced individually to identify knockouts with concomitant ocular abnormalities attributed to the same targeted gene deletion. The search yielded 307 knockout strains from unique genes with integument abnormalities, 226 of which have not been previously associated with oculocutaneous conditions. Of the 307 knockout strains with integument abnormalities, 52 were determined to have ocular changes attributed to the targeted deletion, 35 of which represent novel oculocutaneous genes. Some examples of various integument abnormalities are shown, as well as two examples of knockout strains with oculocutaneous phenotypes. Each of the novel genes provided here are potentially relevant to the pathophysiology of human integumentary, or oculocutaneous conditions, such as albinism, phakomatoses, or other multi-system syndromes. The novel genes reported here may implicate molecular pathways relevant to these human diseases and may contribute to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret A Moore
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ann M Flenniken
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Dave Clary
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, and Mouse Biology Program, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ata S Moshiri
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Zorana Berberovic
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Celeste Owen
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Susan Newbigging
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Hibret Adissu
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Mohammad Eskandarian
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, ON, M5T 3H7, Canada
| | | | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, and Mouse Biology Program, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Ala Moshiri
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.
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12
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Mouse models and strain-dependency of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome-associated neurologic dysfunction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6752. [PMID: 31043676 PMCID: PMC6494809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a lethal disorder caused by mutations in the LYST gene that involves progressive neurologic dysfunction. Lyst-mutant mice exhibit neurologic phenotypes that are sensitive to genetic background. On the DBA/2J-, but not on the C57BL/6J-background, Lyst-mutant mice exhibit overt tremor phenotypes associated with loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Here, we tested whether assays for ataxia could measure this observed strain-dependency, and if so, establish parameters for empowering phenotype- and candidate-driven approaches to identify genetic modifier(s). A composite phenotypic scoring system distinguished phenotypes in Lyst-mutants and uncovered a previously unrecognized background difference between wild-type C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Accelerating rotarod performance also distinguished phenotypes in Lyst-mutants, but at more advanced ages. These results establish that genetic background, Lyst genotype, and age significantly influence the severity of CHS-associated neurologic deficits. Purkinje cell quantifications likewise distinguished phenotypes of Lyst-mutant mice, as well as background differences between wild-type C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. To aid identification of potential genetic modifier genes causing these effects, we searched public datasets for cerebellar-expressed genes that are differentially expressed and/or contain potentially detrimental genetic variants. From these approaches, Nos1, Prdx2, Cbln3, Gnb1, Pttg1 were confirmed to be differentially expressed and leading candidates.
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13
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McKay BS. Pigmentation and vision: Is GPR143 in control? J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:77-87. [PMID: 29761529 PMCID: PMC6235735 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Albinism, typically characterized by decreased melanin synthesis, is associated with significant visual deficits owing to developmental changes during neurosensory retina development. All albinism is caused by genetic mutations in a group of diverse genes including enzymes, transporters, G-protein coupled receptor. Interestingly, these genes are not expressed in the neurosensory retina. Further, regardless of cause of albinism, all forms of albinism have the same retinal pathology, the extent of which is variable. In this review, we explore the possibility that this similarity in retinal phenotype is because all forms of albinism funnel through the same final common pathway. There are currently seven known genes linked to the seven forms of ocular cutaneous albinism. These types of albinism are the most common, and result in changes to all pigmented tissues (hair, skin, eyes). We will discuss the incidence and mechanism, where known, to develop a picture as to how the mutations cause albinism. Next, we will examine the one form of albinism which causes tissue-specific pathology, ocular albinism, where the eye exhibits the retinal albinism phenotype despite near normal melanin synthesis. We will discuss a potential way to treat the disease and restore normal retinal development. Finally, we will briefly discuss the possibility that this same pathway may intersect with the most common cause of permanent vision loss in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S McKay
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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14
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Congenital neutropenia and primary immunodeficiency diseases. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 133:149-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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15
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Molecular Genetics of Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma: New Insights into Mechanisms. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:5926906. [PMID: 29780638 PMCID: PMC5892222 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5926906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the ideas and advances surrounding the genetic basis of pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and pigmentary glaucoma (PG). As PG is the leading cause of nontraumatic blindness in young adults and current tailored interventions have proven ineffective, a better understanding of the underlying causes of PDS, PG, and their relationship is essential. Despite PDS being a subclinical disease, a large proportion of patients progress to PG with associated vision loss. Decades of research have supported a genetic component both for PDS and conversion to PG. We review the body of evidence supporting a genetic basis in humans and animal models and reevaluate classical mechanisms of PDS/PG considering this new evidence.
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16
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Cifaldi L, Pinto RM, Rana I, Caniglia M, Angioni A, Petrocchi S, Cancrini C, Cursi L, Palumbo G, Zingoni A, Gismondi A, Rossi P, Santoni A, Cerboni C. NK cell effector functions in a Chédiak-Higashi patient undergoing cord blood transplantation: Effects of in vitro treatment with IL-2. Immunol Lett 2016; 180:46-53. [PMID: 27816481 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
NK cell cytotoxicity in Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is strongly impaired as lytic granules are not released upon NK-target cell contact, contributing to several defects typical of this severe immunodeficiency. Correction of NK cell defects in CHS should improve the outcome of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, proposed as therapy. We investigated NK cell functions in a CHS patient before and after cord-blood transplantation, and the ability of in vitro IL-2 treatment to restore them. Before the transplant, the strong defect in NK cell-mediated natural and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, as well as in IFN-γ production, could be restored up to normal levels by in vitro IL-2 treatment. This cytokine also caused the appearance of smaller lysosomal granules and their orientation towards the NK-target cell contact area, thus suggesting that IL-2 had a more general capacity to restore NK cell effector functions. Moreover after the transplant, although the successful engraftment, NK cell cytotoxicity resulted still partially impaired at one year, almost normal at ten years and, anyhow, fully recovered by in vitro IL-2 treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-2 had a wide capacity to restore NK cell effector functions, being able to reverse the altered cytotoxic activity, lytic granule pattern, and cytokine production observed in the CHS patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Cifaldi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rita Maria Pinto
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ippolita Rana
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Caniglia
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Pediatric Oncohaematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriano Angioni
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrocchi
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and University of Tor Vergata, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cursi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palumbo
- University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and University of Tor Vergata, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Gismondi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and University of Tor Vergata, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
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17
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Nussbaum G. From bedside to the bench: uncovering the role of a T-cell protein in protecting CTLA-4. Oral Dis 2016; 22:249-50. [PMID: 26847262 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Nussbaum
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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18
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Kasai H, Tanabe F. Enhanced diacylglycerol production by phospholipase D activation is responsible for abnormal increase in concanavalin A cap formation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from Chediak-Higashi syndrome (beige) mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:193-9. [PMID: 24830864 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that enhanced ceramide production induces calpain-mediated proteolysis of protein kinase C (PKC) in leukocytes from Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). In the present study, we demonstrated that phospholipase D (PLD) inhibitors ameliorated abnormal increases in concanavalin A (Con A) cap formation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from beige mouse, an animal model of CHS. PLD activity in PMNs from beige mice enhanced at 30 to 60s after Con A stimulation. In Con A-stimulated beige PMNs, both neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) and acidic sphingomyelinase (A-SMase) activities enhanced, and ceramide levels are also increased. We found that ceramide levels were reversed by the treatment of beige PMNs with propranolol which inhibits phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase. In addition, we showed that diacylgycerol (DAG) analogs enhance both N-SMase and A-SMase activities in PMNs from normal mice. We subsequently examined the association of CHS1 with PLD, and showed that expression of a truncated mutant of CHS1 in 293T cells induced abnormally rapid activation of PLD after phorbol ester stimulation. Moreover, we showed that specific inhibitors of 14-3-3 proteins, which interact with CHS1/LYST and bind PKC, did not affect abnormal increases in Con A cap formation in beige PMNs. These results suggest that the enhanced DAG production via the PLD pathway is associated with abnormal increases in Con A cap formation in beige PMNs, and that CHS1 may be involved in the regulation of PLD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Kasai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tanabe
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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19
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Rezende KM, Canela AHC, Ortega AOL, Tintel C, Bonecker M. Chediak-Higashi Syndrome and Premature Exfoliation of Primary Teeth. Braz Dent J 2013; 24:667-70. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare hereditary fatal disease, if not treated. These changes are associated with various diseases and syndromes that mainly cause periodontal disease and thus the premature loss of teeth. This paper describes the monitoring of premature loss of primary teeth that began when the child was 5 years old. On presentation his teeth were mobile and there was a history of gingival bleeding. Panoramic radiography revealed generalized and severe bone loss, and the teeth showed no bony support enough for their stability. Blood test was ordered to assess the overall health of the child and giant cells with cytoplasmic granules were found, confirming the diagnosis of CHS. The management of periodontal disease focused on the control of infection and bacterial plaque by mechanical and chemical methods.
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20
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Dotta L, Parolini S, Prandini A, Tabellini G, Antolini M, Kingsmore SF, Badolato R. Clinical, laboratory and molecular signs of immunodeficiency in patients with partial oculo-cutaneous albinism. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:168. [PMID: 24134793 PMCID: PMC3856608 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypopigmentation disorders that are associated with immunodeficiency feature both partial albinism of hair, skin and eyes together with leukocyte defects. These disorders include Chediak Higashi (CHS), Griscelli (GS), Hermansky-Pudlak (HPS) and MAPBP-interacting protein deficiency syndromes. These are heterogeneous autosomal recessive conditions in which the causal genes encode proteins with specific roles in the biogenesis, function and trafficking of secretory lysosomes. In certain specialized cells, these organelles serve as a storage compartment. Impaired secretion of specific effector proteins from that intracellular compartment affects biological activities. In particular, these intracellular granules are essential constituents of melanocytes, platelets, granulocytes, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Thus, abnormalities affect pigmentation, primary hemostasis, blood cell counts and lymphocyte cytotoxic activity against microbial pathogens. Among eight genetically distinct types of HPS, only type 2 is characterized by immunodeficiency. Recently, a new subtype, HPS9, was defined in patients presenting with immunodeficiency and oculocutaneous albinism, associated with mutations in the pallidin-encoding gene, PLDN.Hypopigmentation together with recurrent childhood bacterial or viral infections suggests syndromic albinism. T and NK cell cytotoxicity are generally impaired in patients with these disorders. Specific clinical and biochemical phenotypes can allow differential diagnoses among these disorders before molecular testing. Ocular symptoms, including nystagmus, that are usually evident at birth, are common in patients with HPS2 or CHS. Albinism with short stature is unique to MAPBP-interacting protein (MAPBPIP) deficiency, while hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) mainly suggests a diagnosis of CHS or GS type 2 (GS2). Neurological disease is a long-term complication of CHS, but is uncommon in other syndromic albinism. Chronic neutropenia is a feature of HPS2 and MAPBPIP-deficiency syndrome, whereas it is usually transient in CHS and GS2. In every patient, an accurate diagnosis is required for prompt and appropriate treatment, particularly in patients who develop HLH or in whom bone marrow transplant is required. This review describes the molecular and pathogenetic mechanisms of these diseases, focusing on clinical and biochemical aspects that allow early differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine “Angelo Nocivelli”, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Parolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Alberto Prandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine “Angelo Nocivelli”, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tabellini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - Maddalena Antolini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine “Angelo Nocivelli”, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stephen F Kingsmore
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine “Angelo Nocivelli”, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Istituto di Medicina Molecolare “Angelo Nocivelli”, Universita' di Brescia, c/o Spedali Civili, Brescia 25123, Italy
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21
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Drosophila rugose is a functional homolog of mammalian Neurobeachin and affects synaptic architecture, brain morphology, and associative learning. J Neurosci 2013; 32:15193-204. [PMID: 23100440 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6424-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurobeachin (Nbea) is implicated in vesicle trafficking in the regulatory secretory pathway, but details on its molecular function are currently unknown. We have used Drosophila melanogaster mutants for rugose (rg), the Drosophila homolog of Nbea, to further elucidate the function of this multidomain protein. Rg is expressed in a granular pattern reminiscent of the Golgi network in neuronal cell bodies and colocalizes with transgenic Nbea, suggesting a function in secretory regulation. In contrast to Nbea(-/-) mice, rg null mutants are viable and fertile and exhibit aberrant associative odor learning, changes in gross brain morphology, and synaptic architecture as determined at the larval neuromuscular junction. At the same time, basal synaptic transmission is essentially unaffected, suggesting that structural and functional aspects are separable. Rg phenotypes can be rescued by a Drosophila rg+ transgene, whereas a mouse Nbea transgene rescues aversive odor learning and synaptic architecture; it fails to rescue brain morphology and appetitive odor learning. This dissociation between the functional redundancy of either the mouse or the fly transgene suggests that their complex composition of numerous functional and highly conserved domains support independent functions. We propose that the detailed compendium of phenotypes exhibited by the Drosophila rg null mutant provided here will serve as a test bed for dissecting the different functional domains of BEACH (for beige and human Chediak-Higashi syndrome) proteins, such as Rugose, mouse Nbea, or Nbea orthologs in other species, such as human.
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22
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The genetics of pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2012; 58:164-75. [PMID: 23218808 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We review the inheritance patterns and recent genetic advances in the study of pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and pigmentary glaucoma (PG). Both conditions may result from combinations of mutations in more than one gene or from common variants in many genes, each contributing small effects. We discuss the currently known genetic loci that may be related with PDS/PG in humans, the role of animal models in expanding our understanding of the genetic basis of PDS, the genetic factors underlying the risk for conversion from PDS to PG and the relationship between genetic and environmental--as well as anatomical--risk factors.
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23
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de Azambuja AP, do Nascimento B, Comar SR, Loth G, Ribeiro LL, Bonfim C, Pianovski M, Zanis Neto J, Malvezzi M. Four cases of Chédiak-Higashi syndrome. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2012; 33:315-6. [PMID: 23049325 PMCID: PMC3415768 DOI: 10.5581/1516-8484.20110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Azambuja
- Imunophenotyping and Hematology Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná - UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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24
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McCall CM, Mudali S, Arceci RJ, Small D, Fuller S, Gocke CD, Vuica-Ross M, Burns KH, Borowitz MJ, Duffield AS. Flow cytometric findings in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 137:786-94. [PMID: 22523218 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpp40mexwyrlpn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an often fatal hyperinflammatory syndrome. HLH may be inherited, but it more commonly arises secondary to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or other infections, hematologic malignancies, or rheumatologic diseases. We identified 17 patients diagnosed with HLH who had flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood or bone marrow performed at the time of diagnosis. Two patients had primary HLH, and the others had HLH secondary to EBV infection, hematologic malignancies, rheumatologic conditions, or tuberculosis. The marrow typically showed a reactive lymphocytosis and a marked left shift in myelopoiesis regardless of the etiology. Qualitative abnormalities were also found in several cases, including T-cell abnormalities in the majority of the EBV-associated HLH cases. While not specific, flow cytometric findings in HLH are different from the findings in uninvolved marrow samples, and care should be taken not to overinterpret immunophenotypic findings in these cases as indicative of a primary marrow disorder or lymphoma.
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25
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Durchfort N, Verhoef S, Vaughn MB, Shrestha R, Adam D, Kaplan J, Ward DM. The enlarged lysosomes in beige j cells result from decreased lysosome fission and not increased lysosome fusion. Traffic 2011; 13:108-19. [PMID: 21985295 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects vesicle morphology. The Chs1/Lyst protein is a member of the BEige And CHediak family of proteins. The absence of Chs1/Lyst gives rise to enlarged lysosomes. Lysosome size is regulated by a balance between vesicle fusion and fission and can be reversibly altered by acidifying the cytoplasm using Acetate Ringer's or by incubating with the drug vacuolin-1. We took advantage of these procedures to determine rates of lysosome fusion and fission in the presence or absence of Chs1/Lyst. Here, we show by microscopy, flow cytometry and in vitro fusion that the absence of the Chs1/Lyst protein does not increase the rate of lysosome fusion. Rather, our data indicate that loss of this protein decreases the rate of lysosome fission. We further show that overexpression of the Chs1/Lyst protein gives rise to a faster rate of lysosome fission. These results indicate that Chs1/Lyst regulates lysosome size by affecting fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Durchfort
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Dehkordy SF, Aghamohammadi A, Ochs HD, Rezaei N. Primary immunodeficiency diseases associated with neurologic manifestations. J Clin Immunol 2011; 32:1-24. [PMID: 22038677 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders of the immune system, predisposing individuals to recurrent infections, allergy, autoimmunity, and malignancies. A considerable number of these conditions have been found to be also associated with neurologic signs and symptoms. These manifestations are considered core features of some immunodeficiency syndromes, such as ataxia-telangiectasia and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, or occur less prominently in some others. Diverse pathological mechanisms including defective responses to DNA damage, metabolic errors, and autoimmune phenomena have been associated with neurologic abnormalities; however, several issues remain to be elucidated. Greater awareness of these associated features and gaining a better understanding of the contributing mechanisms will lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment and possibly development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we aim to provide a brief description of the clinical and genetic characteristics of PID associated with neurologic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soodabeh Fazeli Dehkordy
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14194, Iran
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27
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Lloyd-Evans E, Platt FM. Lysosomal Ca(2+) homeostasis: role in pathogenesis of lysosomal storage diseases. Cell Calcium 2011; 50:200-5. [PMID: 21724254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted cellular Ca(2+) signaling is believed to play a role in a number of human diseases including lysosomal storage diseases (LSD). LSDs are a group of ∼50 diseases caused predominantly by mutations in lysosomal proteins that result in accumulation of macromolecules within the lysosome. We recently reported that Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) is the first human disease to be associated with defective lysosomal Ca(2+) uptake and defective NAADP-mediated lysosomal Ca(2+) release. These defects in NPC cells leads to the disruption in endocytosis and subsequent lipid storage that is a feature of this disease. In contrast, Chediak-Higashi Syndrome cells have been reported to have enhanced lysosomal Ca(2+) uptake whilst the TRPML1 protein defective in mucolipidosis type IV is believed to function as a Ca(2+) channel. In this review we provide a summary of the current knowledge on the role of lysosomal Ca(2+) signaling in the pathogenesis of this group of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.
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28
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Egenolf DD, Rafferty P, Brosnan K, Walker M, Jordan J, Makropoulos D, Kavalkovich K, Watson S, Johns L, Volk A, Bugelski PJ. Development of a murine model of lymph node metastases suitable for immunotoxicity studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 63:236-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Duclos S, Clavarino G, Rousserie G, Goyette G, Boulais J, Camossetto V, Gatti E, LaBoissière S, Pierre P, Desjardins M. The endosomal proteome of macrophage and dendritic cells. Proteomics 2011; 11:854-64. [PMID: 21280226 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The essential roles of the endovacuolar system in health and disease call for the development of new tools allowing a better understanding of the complex molecular machinery involved in endocytic processes. We took advantage of the floating properties of small latex beads (sLB) on a discontinuous sucrose gradient to isolate highly purified endosomes following internalization of small latex beads in J774 macrophages and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC). We particularly focused on the isolation of macrophages early endosomes and late endosomes/lysosomes (LE/LYS) as well as the isolation of LE/LYS from immature and lipopolysaccharide-activated (mature) DC. We subsequently performed a comparative analysis of their respective protein contents by MS. As expected, proteins already known to localize to the early endosomes were enriched in the earliest fraction of J774 endosomes, while proteins known to accumulate later in the process, such as hydrolases, were significantly enriched in the LE/LYS preparations. We next compared the LE/LYS protein contents of immature DC and mature DC, which are known to undergo massive reorganization leading to potent immune activation. The differences between the protein contents of endocytic organelles from macrophages and DC were underlined by focusing on previously poorly characterized biochemical pathways, which could have an unexpected but important role in the endosomal functions of these highly relevant immune cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Duclos
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Baxter LL, Loftus SK, Pavan WJ. Networks and pathways in pigmentation, health, and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 1:359-371. [PMID: 20161540 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies of the biology of the pigment-producing cell (melanocyte) have resulted in a wealth of knowledge regarding the genetics and developmental mechanisms governing skin and hair pigmentation. The ease of identification of altered pigment phenotypes, particularly in mouse coat color mutants, facilitated early use of the pigmentary system in mammalian genetics and development. In addition to the large collection of developmental genetics data, melanocytes are of interest because their malignancy results in melanoma, a highly aggressive and frequently fatal cancer that is increasing in Caucasian populations worldwide. The genetic programs regulating melanocyte development, function, and malignancy are highly complex and only partially understood. Current research in melanocyte development and pigmentation is revealing new genes important in these processes and additional functions for previously known individual components. A detailed understanding of all the components involved in melanocyte development and function, including interactions with neighboring cells and response to environmental stimuli, will be necessary to fully comprehend this complex system. The inherent characteristics of pigmentation biology as well as the resources available to researchers in the pigment cell community make melanocytes an ideal cell type for analysis using systems biology approaches. In this review, the study of melanocyte development and pigmentation is considered as a candidate for systems biology-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Baxter
- Mouse Embryology Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stacie K Loftus
- Mouse Embryology Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Mouse Embryology Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Novel Heterogenous CHS1 Mutations Identified in Five Japanese Patients with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome. Case Rep Med 2010; 2010:464671. [PMID: 21209802 PMCID: PMC3014749 DOI: 10.1155/2010/464671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, recurrent bacterial infections and progressive neurological dysfunction. We demonstrate novel heterogenous mutations of CHS1, the responsive gene of CHS, identified in five Japanese patients with CHS. Patients 1, 2, and 3 were siblings, and they had albinism of the skin and hair. They all had a heterogenous two-base deletion (c.5541-5542 del AA, p.Q1847fsX1850) in exon 18. Patient 4 had a heterogenous single-base insertion (c.3944-3945 ins C, p.T1315fsX1331) in exon 10. The patient exhibited severe early-onset phenotype and suffered from hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Patient 5 had two heterogenous nonsense mutations; c.7982C>G, p.S2661X in exon 30 and c.8281A>T, p.R2761X in exon 31. The patient suffered from infections in childhood and had visual disturbance and albinism of the skin and hair. The CHS1 mutations described here have not been reported previously.
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32
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Hammel I, Lagunoff D, Galli SJ. Regulation of secretory granule size by the precise generation and fusion of unit granules. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:1904-16. [PMID: 20406331 PMCID: PMC2909340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphometric evidence derived from studies of mast cells, pancreatic acinar cells and other cell types supports a model in which the post-Golgi processes that generate mature secretory granules can be resolved into three steps: (1) fusion of small, Golgi-derived progranules to produce immature secretory granules which have a highly constrained volume; (2) transformation of such immature granules into mature secretory granules, a process often associated with a reduction in the maturing granule's volume, as well as changes in the appearance of its content and (3) fusion of secretory granules of the smallest size, termed 'unit granules', forming granules whose volumes are multiples of the unit granule's volume. Mutations which perturb this process can cause significant pathology. For example, Chediak-Higashi syndrome / lysosomal trafficking regulator (CHS)/(Lyst) mutations result in giant secretory granules in a number of cell types in human beings with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome and in 'beige' (Lyst(bg)/Lyst(bg)) mice. Analysis of the secretory granules of mast cells and pancreatic acinar cells in Lyst-deficient beige mice suggests that beige mouse secretory granules retain the ability to fuse randomly with other secretory granules no matter what the size of the fusion partners. By contrast, in normal mice, the pattern of granule-granule fusion occurs exclusively by the addition of unit granules, either to each other or to larger granules. The normal pattern of fusion is termed unit addition and the fusion evident in cells with CHS/Lyst mutations is called random addition. The proposed model of secretory granule formation has several implications. For example, in neurosecretory cells, the secretion of small amounts of cargo in granules constrained to a very narrow size increases the precision of the information conveyed by secretion. By contrast, in pancreatic acinar cells and mast cells, large granules composed of multiple unit granules permit the cells to store large amounts of material without requiring the amount of membrane necessary to package the same amount of cargo into small granules. In addition, the formation of mature secretory granules that are multimers of unit granules provides a mechanism for mixing in large granules the contents of unit granules which differ in their content of cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Hammel
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Chen L, Hu J, Yun Y, Wang T. Rab36 regulates the spatial distribution of late endosomes and lysosomes through a similar mechanism to Rab34. Mol Membr Biol 2010; 27:23-30. [PMID: 19961360 DOI: 10.3109/09687680903417470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPase Rab36 is homologous to Rab34 with 56% amino acid sequence identity. Rab34 was characterized as a Golgi-associated Rab protein and regulates lysosomal positioning through interaction with RILP; however, the properties and functions of Rab36 have not been investigated. To investigate Rab36, we constructed EGFP-Rab36 wild type, the active GTP-bound mutant EGFP-Rab36Q116L and negative GDP-bound mutant EGFP-Rab36T71N. Expression of EGFP-Rab36 wild type revealed that Rab36 co-localized with Golgi markers GM130, Syntaxin 5 and TGN46 in Hela cells, indicating Rab36 is associated with Golgi apparatus. Over-expression of Rab36 induced late endosome and lysosome clustering around the Golgi apparatus, marked by LBPA, CD63, Lamp1 and Lamp2, without effects on early endosomal compartment marked by EEA1. GST-pulldown assay demonstrated that Rab36 can also interact with RILP. In addition, the binding region for Rab36 is in the C-terminal region (aa199-401) of RILP. Our data suggested that Rab36 may regulate the spatial distribution of late endosomes and lysosomes through a similar mechanism to Rab34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China 361005
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34
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Bauer TR, Adler RL, Hickstein DD. Potential large animal models for gene therapy of human genetic diseases of immune and blood cell systems. ILAR J 2009; 50:168-86. [PMID: 19293460 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.50.2.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic mutations involving the cellular components of the hematopoietic system--red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets--manifest clinically as anemia, infection, and bleeding. Although gene targeting has recapitulated many of these diseases in mice, these murine homologues are limited as translational models by their small size and brief life span as well as the fact that mutations induced by gene targeting do not always faithfully reflect the clinical manifestations of such mutations in humans. Many of these limitations can be overcome by identifying large animals with genetic diseases of the hematopoietic system corresponding to their human disease counterparts. In this article, we describe human diseases of the cellular components of the hematopoietic system that have counterparts in large animal species, in most cases carrying mutations in the same gene (CD18 in leukocyte adhesion deficiency) or genes in interacting proteins (DNA cross-link repair 1C protein and protein kinase, DNA-activated catalytic polypeptide in radiation-sensitive severe combined immunodeficiency). Furthermore, we describe the potential of these animal models to serve as disease-specific preclinical models for testing the efficacy and safety of clinical interventions such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy before their use in humans with the corresponding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Bauer
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch of the Center for Cancer Research at the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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35
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Rodriguez-Fernandez IA, Dell'Angelica EC. A data-mining approach to rank candidate protein-binding partners-The case of biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1). J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:190-203. [PMID: 19083121 PMCID: PMC2756288 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-1014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of protein-protein interactions is a powerful approach to uncovering the molecular function of gene products associated with human disease. Protein-protein interaction data are accumulating at an unprecedented pace owing to interactomics projects, although it has been recognized that a significant fraction of these data likely represents false positives. During our studies of biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1), a protein complex involved in protein trafficking and containing the products of genes mutated in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, we faced the problem of having too many candidate binding partners to pursue experimentally. In this work, we have explored ways of efficiently gathering high-quality information about candidate binding partners and presenting the information in a visually friendly manner. We applied the approach to rank 70 candidate binding partners of human BLOC-1 and 102 candidates of its counterpart from Drosophila melanogaster. The top candidate for human BLOC-1 was the small GTPase encoded by the RAB11A gene, which is a paralogue of the Rab38 and Rab32 proteins in mammals and the lightoid gene product in flies. Interestingly, genetic analyses in D. melanogaster uncovered a synthetic sick/lethal interaction between Rab11 and lightoid. The data-mining approach described herein can be customized to study candidate binding partners for other proteins or possibly candidates derived from other types of 'omics' data.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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36
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Blasius AL, Brandl K, Crozat K, Xia Y, Khovananth K, Krebs P, Smart NG, Zampolli A, Ruggeri ZM, Beutler BA. Mice with mutations of Dock7 have generalized hypopigmentation and white-spotting but show normal neurological function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:2706-11. [PMID: 19202056 PMCID: PMC2650330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813208106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical recessive coat color mutation misty (m) arose spontaneously on the DBA/J background and causes generalized hypopigmentation and localized white-spotting in mice, with a lack of pigment on the belly, tail tip, and paws. Here we describe moonlight (mnlt), a second hypopigmentation and white-spotting mutation identified on the C57BL/6J background, which yields a phenotypic copy of m/m coat color traits. We demonstrate that the 2 mutations are allelic. m/m and mnlt/mnlt phenotypes both result from mutations that truncate the dedicator of cytokinesis 7 protein (DOCK7), a widely expressed Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Although Dock7 is transcribed at high levels in the developing brain and has been implicated in both axon development and myelination by in vitro studies, we find no requirement for DOCK7 in neurobehavioral function in vivo. However, DOCK7 has non-redundant role(s) related to the distribution and function of dermal and follicular melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu Xia
- Departments of Genetics and
| | | | | | | | - Antonella Zampolli
- Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zaverio M. Ruggeri
- Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Trantow CM, Mao M, Petersen GE, Alward EM, Alward WLM, Fingert JH, Anderson MG. Lyst mutation in mice recapitulates iris defects of human exfoliation syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 50:1205-14. [PMID: 19029039 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human eyes with exfoliation syndrome (XFS) exhibit a distinctive pattern of iris transillumination defects that are recapitulated in Lyst mutant mice carrying the beige allele. The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomic basis for Lyst-mediated transillumination defects, test whether Lyst mutant mice develop other features of XFS, and describe the molecular basis of the beige mutation. METHODS Lyst mutant mice and strain-matched controls were compared by clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic analyses. RESULTS Slit-lamp examination showed that Lyst mutant mice uniformly exhibit XFS-like transillumination defects. Histologic analysis showed that these defects correlate with a sawtooth morphology of the iris pigment epithelium. Lyst mutant mice also produce an exfoliative-like material and exhibit pronounced pigment dispersion. Despite these insults, Lyst mutation does not cause increased intraocular pressure or optic nerve damage in the C57BL/6J genetic background. Sequence analysis identified that the beige mutation is predicted to delete a single isoleucine from the WD40 domain of the LYST protein, suggesting that this mutation is likely to disrupt a protein-protein interaction. CONCLUSIONS Lyst mutant eyes exhibit multiple features of XFS. Recent human genetic association studies have identified changes occurring in the LOXL1 gene as an important risk factor for XFS but also indicated that other factors contributing to risk likely exist. These results demonstrated that mutation of the Lyst gene can produce ocular features of human XFS and suggested that LYST or LYST-interacting genes may contribute to XFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Trantow
- Department of Molecular Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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38
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Coxon FP, Taylor A. Vesicular trafficking in osteoclasts. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 19:424-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schmidt H, Gelhaus C, Nebendahl M, Lettau M, Watzl C, Kabelitz D, Leippe M, Janssen O. 2-D DIGE analyses of enriched secretory lysosomes reveal heterogeneous profiles of functionally relevant proteins in leukemic and activated human NK cells. Proteomics 2008; 8:2911-25. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Bailleul-Forestier I, Monod-Broca J, Benkerrou M, Mora F, Picard B. Generalized Periodontitis Associated With Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1263-70. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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41
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Marks MS. FIG4, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and hypopigmentation: a role for phosphoinositides in melanosome biogenesis? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2008; 21:11-4. [PMID: 18353139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2007.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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42
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Nazarian R, Huizing M, Helip-Wooley A, Starcevic M, Gahl WA, Dell'Angelica EC. An immunoblotting assay to facilitate the molecular diagnosis of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2008; 93:134-44. [PMID: 17933573 PMCID: PMC2242292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) comprises a constellation of human autosomal recessive disorders characterized by albinism and platelet storage pool deficiency. At least eight types of HPS have been defined based on the identity of the mutated gene. These genes encode components of four ubiquitously expressed protein complexes, named Adaptor Protein (AP)-3 and Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex (BLOC)-1 through -3. In patients of Puerto Rican origin, the molecular diagnosis can be based on analysis of two founder mutations. On the other hand, identification of the HPS type in other patients relies on the sequencing of all candidate genes. In this work, we have developed a biochemical assay to minimize the number of candidate genes to be sequenced per patient. The assay consists of immunoblotting analysis of extracts prepared from skin fibroblasts, using antibodies to one subunit per protein complex. The assay allowed us to determine which complex was defective in each of a group of HPS patients with unknown genetic lesions, thus subsequent sequencing was limited to genes encoding the corresponding subunits. Because no mutations within the two genes encoding BLOC-3 subunits could be found in two patients displaying reduced BLOC-3 levels, the possible existence of additional subunits was considered. Through size-exclusion chromatography and sedimentation velocity analysis, the native molecular mass of BLOC-3 was estimated to be 140+/-30 kDa, a value most consistent with the idea that BLOC-3 is a HPS1HPS4 heterodimer (approximately 156 kDa) albeit not inconsistent with the putative existence of a relatively small third subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Nazarian
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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43
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44
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Korswagen LA, Huizing M, Simsek S, Janssen JJWM, Zweegman S. A novel mutation in a Turkish patient with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 5. Eur J Haematol 2007; 80:356-60. [PMID: 18182080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.01024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism, platelet dysfunction and lysosomal ceroid lipofuscin storage. This is caused by defects in lysosome-related organelles. In humans eight different types of the syndrome are known, of which a short overview is given. The clinical features and a novel mutation of a patient with HPS type 5 are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy-Anne Korswagen
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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45
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Strömberg S, Björklund MG, Asplund A, Rimini R, Lundeberg J, Nilsson P, Pontén F, Olsson MJ. Transcriptional profiling of melanocytes from patients with vitiligo vulgaris. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2007; 21:162-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2007.00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya M Berkmen
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032-3784, USA
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47
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Baxter LL, Hsu BJ, Umayam L, Wolfsberg TG, Larson DM, Frith MC, Kawai J, Hayashizaki Y, Carninci P, Pavan WJ. Informatic and genomic analysis of melanocyte cDNA libraries as a resource for the study of melanocyte development and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 20:201-9. [PMID: 17516927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2007.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As part of the RIKEN mouse encyclopedia project, two cDNA libraries were prepared from melanocyte-derived cell lines, using techniques of full-length clone selection and subtraction/normalization to enrich for rare transcripts. End sequencing showed that these libraries display over 83% complete coding sequence at the 5' end and 96-97% complete coding sequence at the 3' end. Evaluation of the libraries, derived from B16F10Y tumor cells and melan-c cells, revealed that they contain clones for a majority of the genes previously demonstrated to function in melanocyte biology. Analysis of genomic locations for transcripts revealed that the distribution of melanocyte genes is non-random throughout the genome. Three genomic regions identified that showed significant clustering of melanocyte-expressed genes contain one or more genes previously shown to regulate melanocyte development or function. A catalog of genes expressed in these libraries is presented, providing a valuable resource of cDNA clones and sequence information that can be used for identification of new genes important for melanocyte development, function, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Baxter
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20855, USA
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Anderson MG, Hawes NL, Trantow CM, Chang B, John SWM. Iris phenotypes and pigment dispersion caused by genes influencing pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2007; 21:565-78. [PMID: 18715234 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2008.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous mutations altering mouse coat colors have been a classic resource for discovery of numerous molecular pathways. Although often overlooked, the mouse iris is also densely pigmented and easily observed, thus representing a similarly powerful opportunity for studying pigment cell biology. Here, we present an analysis of iris phenotypes among 16 mouse strains with mutations influencing melanosomes. Many of these strains exhibit biologically and medically relevant phenotypes, including pigment dispersion, a common feature of several human ocular diseases. Pigment dispersion was identified in several strains with mutant alleles known to influence melanosomes, including beige, light, and vitiligo. Pigment dispersion was also detected in the recently arising spontaneous coat color variant, nm2798. We have identified the nm2798 mutation as a missense mutation in the Dct gene, an identical re-occurrence of the slaty light mutation. These results suggest that dysregulated events of melanosomes can be potent contributors to the pigment dispersion phenotype. Combined, these findings illustrate the utility of studying iris phenotypes as a means of discovering new pathways, and re-linking old ones, to processes of pigmented cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Andreeva AV, Kutuzov MA, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA. Regulation of surfactant secretion in alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L259-71. [PMID: 17496061 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00112.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of surfactant delivery to the air/liquid interface in the lung, which is crucial to lower the surface tension, have been studied for more than two decades. Lung surfactant is synthesized in the alveolar type II cells. Its delivery to the cell surface is preceded by surfactant component synthesis, packaging into specialized organelles termed lamellar bodies, delivery to the apical plasma membrane and fusion. Secreted surfactant undergoes reuptake, intracellular processing, and finally resecretion of recycled material. This review focuses on the mechanisms of delivery of surfactant components to and their secretion from lamellar bodies. Lamellar bodies-independent secretion is also considered. Signal transduction pathways involved in regulation of these processes are discussed as well as disorders associated with their malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Andreeva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kypri E, Schmauch C, Maniak M, De Lozanne A. The BEACH Protein LvsB Is Localized on Lysosomes and Postlysosomes and Limits Their Fusion with Early Endosomes. Traffic 2007; 8:774-83. [PMID: 17488289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2007.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a genetic disorder caused by the loss of the BEACH protein Lyst. Impaired lysosomal function in CHS patients results in many physiological problems, including immunodeficiency, albinism and neurological problems. Dictyostelium LvsB is the ortholog of mammalian Lyst and is also important for lysosomal function. A knock-in approach was used to tag LvsB with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and express it from its single chromosomal locus. GFP-LvsB was observed on late lysosomes and postlysosomes. Loss of LvsB resulted in enlarged postlysosomes, in the abnormal localization of proton pumps on postlysosomes and their abnormal acidification. The abnormal postlysosomes in LvsB-null cells were produced by the inappropriate fusion of early endosomal compartments with postlysosomal compartments. The intermixing of compartments resulted in a delayed transit of fluid-phase marker through the endolysosomal system. These results support the model that LvsB and Lyst proteins act as negative regulators of fusion by limiting the heterotypic fusion of early endosomes with postlysosomal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kypri
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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