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Rams TE, Contreras A, Slots J. Aggressive periodontitis in southwestern American Indian adolescents. J Periodontol 2024; 95:594-602. [PMID: 37910464 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study determined the prevalence of aggressive (molar-incisor pattern) (Ag/MI) periodontitis and assessed the associated subgingival bacterial-herpesvirus microbiota in Pueblo Indian adolescents in the southwestern United States. METHODS The study included 240 Pueblo Indian adolescents, aged 13-20 years old, residing in three Rio Grande River villages in New Mexico and the Hopi Pueblo reservation in Arizona. Adolescents with Ag/MI periodontitis or periodontal health provided subgingival samples for culture of bacterial pathogens and for polymerase chain reaction detection of periodontal herpesviruses. RESULTS Ag/MI periodontitis was detected in 22 (9.2%) Pueblo Indian adolescents, with 21 exhibiting a localized molar-incisor breakdown pattern. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and other red/orange complex bacterial pathogens predominated in Ag/MI periodontitis, whereas periodontal health yielded mainly viridans streptococci and Actinomyces species. Periodontal herpesviruses demonstrated a 3.5 odds ratio relationship with Ag/MI periodontitis. The only adolescent with generalized Ag/MI periodontitis harbored viral co-infection by cytomegalovirus plus Epstein-Barr virus Type 1, in addition to A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and several other periodontopathic bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Pueblo Indian adolescents showed an unusually high prevalence of early-age Ag/MI periodontitis predominated by periodontopathic bacteria and herpesviruses suspected to be major etiologic agents of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adolfo Contreras
- Periodontal Medicine Research Group, Department of Periodontology, Universidad del Valle School of Dentistry, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Dommisch H, Schmidt-Westhausen AM. The role of viruses in oral mucosal lesions. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38411337 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The mucosa of the oral cavity is exposed to a large number of different microorganisms such as archaea, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Among those, viruses cause specific infections, which can easily be transmitted from one person to another. The infectious route may not only include patients and their relatives but also the dental professional team. Thus, a wide knowledge regarding specific viral infections is crucial for the daily routine. Signs and symptoms of oral viral infections can be completely absent or develop into a pronounced clinical picture, so that early detection and information determine the further course of the infection and its influence on other inflammatory diseases, such as periodontitis, as well as the safety of family members and the social environment. As the clinical manifestation of viral infections may be highly variable leading to heterogenous mucosal lesions it is, in most cases, mandatory to differentiate them by specific microbiological tests in addition to clinical examination procedures. This article will give an overview of the role of viruses infecting the oral mucosa, and in addition, describe their clinical manifestation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology, Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Maria Schmidt-Westhausen
- Department of Periodontology, Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Slots J, Rams TE. Herpesvirus-Bacteria pathogenic interaction in juvenile (aggressive) periodontitis. A novel etiologic concept of the disease. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:532-538. [PMID: 37345343 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Localized juvenile (aggressive) periodontitis starts at puberty in otherwise healthy individuals and involves the proximal surfaces of permanent incisors and first molars. The disease destroys a sizeable amount of periodontal bone within a few months despite minimal dental plaque and gingival tissue inflammation. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, as well as the two main periodontopathic bacteria Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, are linked to juvenile periodontitis. Juvenile periodontitis-affected teeth show cementum hypoplasia. We hypothesize that an active herpesvirus infection, at the time of root formation, hampers cementum formation and, at puberty, herpesvirus reactivation triggers an upgrowth of bacterial pathogens which produce rapid periodontal destruction on teeth with a defective periodontium. A pathogenic interaction between active herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens can potentially explain the etiology and incisor-first molar destructive pattern of juvenile periodontitis. Effective treatment of juvenile periodontitis may target the herpesvirus-bacteria co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas E Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, and Oral Microbiology Testing Service Laboratory, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Tsimpiris A, Tsolianos I, Grigoriadis A, Tsimtsiou Z, Goulis DG, Grigoriadis N. Association of chronic periodontitis with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 77:104874. [PMID: 37478676 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic periodontitis (CP) is a multifactorial, chronic inflammatory disease of microbial etiology that manifests as a result of the dysfunction of the immune mechanism, culminating in the destruction of the alveolar bone of the jaws. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS), leads to demyelination and degeneration of nerve axons and often causes severe physical and/or cognitive impairment. As CP and MS involve inflammatory mechanisms and immune dysfunction, researchers have attempted to study the association between them. AIM To systematically review the literature on the epidemiological association between CP and MS in adults. METHODS PRISMA 2020 statement was used in the study protocol. The design was done according to the Cochrane methodology. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases; a manual search and evaluation of the gray literature was also performed. The meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was defined as the effect size of the outcome. Heterogeneity was assessed by Chi-square and I2. The articles evaluated were written in English, without a time limit, concern observational studies (patient-controls) and report the diagnostic criteria of the diseases. Duplicate entries were excluded. To evaluate the reliability of the results of each study, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and GRADE tools were used. Two independent reviewers did all evaluations with a resolution of discrepancies by a third. RESULTS Meta-analysis included three observation studies examined 3376 people. MS patients are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with CP than healthy controls (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.54-2.42, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION A high prevalence of CP was found among MS patients compared with healthy controls. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the association between these pathological entities to provide patients with high-quality care through an effective and holistic diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis Tsolianos
- Dental School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Grigoriadis
- Dental Sector, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Implant Biology, Dental School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Tsimtsiou
- Department of Hygiene, Social-Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Alzoubi F, Wong A. Fixed prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient with Papillon-Lefevre syndrome supported by a Quad Zygoma Approach: A clinical report. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2023; 43:240-249. [PMID: 35802392 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Papillon-Lefevere syndrome (PLS) is a rare disorder with severe oral manifestations resulting in premature tooth loss at an early stage of life. As a result, extensive bone resorption pattern in the maxilla negates conventional implant treatment in the majority of cases. This clinical report describes a prosthetic rehabilitation revision of a 26-year-old female diagnosed with PLS using an implant supported fixed complete denture with a quad zygoma approach. A 1 year follow-up is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Alzoubi
- Department of General Dental Practice, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | - Allen Wong
- AEGD Program Director Hospital Dentistry Program, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, USA
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Rams TE, Slots J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Recalcitrant Severe Human Periodontitis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020265. [PMID: 36830176 PMCID: PMC9951977 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated a combined systemic and topical anti-infective periodontal treatment of 35 adults who had experienced ongoing periodontal breakdown following conventional surgical periodontics. The prescribed anti-infective therapy, based on microbiological testing, consisted of a single course of metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin (23 patients), metronidazole plus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (10 patients), and metronidazole plus ciprofloxacin followed by metronidazole plus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (2 patients). In addition, the study patients received 0.1% povidone-iodine subgingival disinfection during non-surgical root debridement and daily patient administered oral irrigation with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite. At 1 and 5 years post-treatment, all study patients showed gains in clinical periodontal attachment with no further attachment loss, and significant decreases in pocket probing depth, bleeding on probing, and subgingival temperature. The greatest disease resolution occurred in patients who at baseline harbored predominantly major periodontal pathogens which post-antibiotics became non-detectable and substituted by non-periodontopathic viridans streptococci. The personalized and minimally invasive anti-infective treatment regimen described here controlled periodontitis disease activity and markedly improved the clinical and microbiological status of the refractory periodontitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Southern California School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Teles F, Collman RG, Mominkhan D, Wang Y. Viruses, periodontitis, and comorbidities. Periodontol 2000 2022; 89:190-206. [PMID: 35244970 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Seminal studies published in the 1990s and 2000s explored connections between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions, revealing potential contributions of periodontal diseases in the initiation or worsening of systemic conditions. The resulting field of periodontal medicine led to the publication of studies indicating that periodontal diseases can influence the risk of systemic conditions, including adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as Alzheimer disease and cancers. In general, these studies hypothesized that the periodontal bacterial insult and/or the associated proinflammatory cascade could contribute to the pathogenesis of these systemic diseases. While investigations of the biological basis of the connections between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions generally emphasized the bacteriome, it is also biologically plausible, under an analogous hypothesis, that other types of organisms may have a similar role. Human viruses would be logical "suspects" in this role, given their ubiquity in the oral cavity, association with periodontal diseases, and ability to elicit strong inflammatory response, compromise immune responses, and synergize with bacteria in favor of a more pathogenic microbial consortium. In this review, the current knowledge of the role of viruses in connecting periodontal diseases and systemic conditions is examined. We will also delve into the mechanistic basis for such connections and highlight the importance of those relationships in the management and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Teles
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine & School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dana Mominkhan
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Luan X, Zhou X, Fallah P, Pandya M, Lyu H, Foyle D, Burch D, Diekwisch TGH. MicroRNAs: Harbingers and shapers of periodontal inflammation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 124:85-98. [PMID: 34120836 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory reaction of the periodontal tissues to oral pathogens. In the present review we discuss the intricate effects of a regulatory network of gene expression modulators, microRNAs (miRNAs), as they affect periodontal morphology, function and gene expression during periodontal disease. These miRNAs are small RNAs involved in RNA silencing and post-transcriptional regulation and affect all stages of periodontal disease, from the earliest signs of gingivitis to the regulation of periodontal homeostasis and immunity and to the involvement in periodontal tissue destruction. MiRNAs coordinate periodontal disease progression not only directly but also through long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have been demonstrated to act as endogenous sponges or decoys that regulate the expression and function of miRNAs, and which in turn suppress the targeting of mRNAs involved in the inflammatory response, cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. While the integrity of miRNA function is essential for periodontal health and immunity, miRNA sequence variations (genetic polymorphisms) contribute toward an enhanced risk for periodontal disease progression and severity. Several polymorphisms in miRNA genes have been linked to an increased risk of periodontitis, and among those, miR-146a, miR-196, and miR-499 polymorphisms have been identified as risk factors for periodontal disease. The role of miRNAs in periodontal disease progression is not limited to the host tissues but also extends to the viruses that reside in periodontal lesions, such as herpesviruses (human herpesvirus, HHV). In advanced periodontal lesions, HHV infections result in the release of cytokines from periodontal tissues and impair antibacterial immune mechanisms that promote bacterial overgrowth. In turn, controlling the exacerbation of periodontal disease by minimizing the effect of periodontal HHV in periodontal lesions may provide novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. In summary, this review highlights multiple levels of miRNA-mediated control of periodontal disease progression, (i) through their role in periodontal inflammation and the dysregulation of homeostasis, (ii) as a regulatory target of lncRNAs, (iii) by contributing toward periodontal disease susceptibility through miRNA polymorphism, and (iv) as periodontal microflora modulators via viral miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Luan
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pooria Fallah
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA
| | - Mirali Pandya
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA
| | - Huling Lyu
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA; Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Deborah Foyle
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA
| | - Dan Burch
- Department of Pedodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- Texas A&M Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis and Department of Periodontics, TAMU College of Dentistry, 75246 Dallas, TX USA.
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Chen C, Feng P, Slots J. Herpesvirus-bacteria synergistic interaction in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2020; 82:42-64. [PMID: 31850623 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of severe periodontitis includes herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection. This article evaluates the pathogenicity of herpesviruses (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) and periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis) and coinfection of these infectious agents in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and A. actinomycetemcomitans/P. gingivalis exercise synergistic pathogenicity in the development of localized ("aggressive") juvenile periodontitis. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus are associated with P. gingivalis in adult types of periodontitis. Periodontal herpesviruses that enter the general circulation may also contribute to disease development in various organ systems. A 2-way interaction is likely to occur between periodontal herpesviruses and periodontopathic bacteria, with herpesviruses promoting bacterial upgrowth, and bacterial factors reactivating latent herpesviruses. Bacterial-induced gingivitis may facilitate herpesvirus colonization of the periodontium, and herpesvirus infections may impede the antibacterial host defense and alter periodontal cells to predispose for bacterial adherence and invasion. Herpesvirus-bacteria synergistic interactions, are likely to comprise an important pathogenic determinant of aggressive periodontitis. However, mechanistic investigations into the molecular and cellular interaction between periodontal herpesviruses and bacteria are still scarce. Herpesvirus-bacteria coinfection studies may yield significant new discoveries of pathogenic determinants, and drug and vaccine targets to minimize or prevent periodontitis and periodontitis-related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Section of Infection and Immunity, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
Four billion individuals worldwide have a history of periodontitis, with the poorest people in society most affected. Periodontitis can lead to unsightly drifting of teeth and tooth loss that may interfere with the wellbeing of daily living and has also been linked to at least 57 medical diseases and disabilities. The etiology of severe periodontitis includes active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens, and destructive immune responses, but herpesviruses seem to be the major pathogenic determinant. Periodontal herpesviruses that disseminate via the systemic circulation to nonoral sites may represent a major link between periodontitis and systemic diseases. Current treatment of periodontitis focuses almost exclusively on bacterial biofilm and will require revision. Periodontal therapy that targets both herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens can provide long-term clinical improvement and potentially reduces the risk of systemic diseases. Molecular diagnostic tests for periodontal pathogens may enable early microbial identification and preemptive therapy. This review details an efficient and reliable anti-infective treatment of severe periodontitis that can be carried out in minimal time with minimal cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Slots
- School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Henrik Slots
- University of Nevada at Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada.,St. George's School of Medicine, St. George, Grenada.,Renown Medical Center, Reno, Nevada
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Bilichodmath S, Nair SK, Bilichodmath R, Mangalekar SB. mRNA expression of IFN-λs in the gingival tissue of patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis: A polymerase chain reaction study. J Periodontol 2019; 89:867-874. [PMID: 29717481 DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have proven the existence of herpesviruses in periodontal pockets of patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. Recently discovered interferon lambda (IFN-λ) has antiviral properties and is induced by herpesviruses. The present study was a quantitative analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IFN-λs (IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, IFN-λ3) in the gingival tissues of patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. METHODS A total of 90 participants (50 men and 40 women; age range 19-50 years, mean age 31.50 ± 7.8) were categorized into three groups: healthy participants, patients with chronic periodontitis, and patients with aggressive periodontitis. mRNA expression of IFN-λs in gingival tissues was estimated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and was correlated with clinical parameters such as gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). RESULTS mRNA of IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, and IFN-λ3 was expressed in gingival tissues of healthy participants and in patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. The highest level of IFN-λ1 was observed in patients with aggressive periodontitis (3.049 ± 9.793), whereas IFN-λ2 (4.322 ± 11.310) and IFN-λ3 (11.932 ± 27.479) were highest in patients with chronic periodontitis. The difference in mRNA expression of IFN-λ1 (P = 0.008) and IFN-λ3 (P = 0.043) among three groups was statistically significant CONCLUSION: Increased quantity of IFN-λs in patients with chronic and patients with aggressive periodontitis suggests a role in periodontitis. Variation in the expression of IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 in patients with periodontitis needs to be further evaluated. The mRNA expression of antiviral IFN-λs in gingival tissues might enhance our understanding related to viral pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sruthi K Nair
- Department of Periodontology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Rekha Bilichodmath
- Department of Periodontology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Sachin B Mangalekar
- Deparment of Periodontology, Bharti Vidyapeeth Dental College, Wanlesswadi, Sangali, Maharashtra, India
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Zuo Y, Whitbeck JC, Haila GJ, Hakim AA, Rothlauf PW, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH, Krummenacher C. Saliva enhances infection of gingival fibroblasts by herpes simplex virus 1. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223299. [PMID: 31581238 PMCID: PMC6776388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral herpes is a highly prevalent infection caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). After an initial infection of the oral cavity, HSV-1 remains latent in sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia. Episodic reactivation of the virus leads to the formation of mucocutaneous lesions (cold sores), but asymptomatic reactivation accompanied by viral shedding is more frequent and allows virus spread to new hosts. HSV-1 DNA has been detected in many oral tissues. In particular, HSV-1 can be found in periodontal lesions and several studies associated its presence with more severe periodontitis pathologies. Since gingival fibroblasts may become exposed to salivary components in periodontitis lesions, we analyzed the effect of saliva on HSV-1 and -2 infection of these cells. We observed that human gingival fibroblasts can be infected by HSV-1. However, pre-treatment of these cells with saliva extracts from some but not all individuals led to an increased susceptibility to infection. Furthermore, the active saliva could expand HSV-1 tropism to cells that are normally resistant to infection due to the absence of HSV entry receptors. The active factor in saliva was partially purified and comprised high molecular weight complexes of glycoproteins that included secretory Immunoglobulin A. Interestingly, we observed a broad variation in the activity of saliva between donors suggesting that this activity is selectively present in the population. The active saliva factor, has not been isolated, but may lead to the identification of a relevant biomarker for susceptibility to oral herpes. The presence of a salivary factor that enhances HSV-1 infection may influence the risk of oral herpes and/or the severity of associated oral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zuo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Charles Whitbeck
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gabriel J. Haila
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Abraham A. Hakim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul W. Rothlauf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Roselyn J. Eisenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claude Krummenacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
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Ivanovska-Stojanoska M, Popovska M, Anastasovska V, Kocova M, Zendeli-Bedzeti L, Dimova C, Taseva A. Detection of Virus Herpes Simplex Type 1 in Patients with Chronic Periodontal Disease. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1737-1741. [PMID: 30338001 PMCID: PMC6182537 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is an inflammatory-destructive condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth. Microorganisms found in the dental plaque were considered to be the primary local etiologic factor responsible for the periodontal destruction. It is also evident that herpes simplex viruses may have an impact in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. AIM This study has been made with the aim to analyse the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the dental plaque (supra- and subgingival) of patients with the chronic periodontal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study comprised a total of 89 patients with chronic periodontal disease divided into two groups (patients with moderate and severe periodontitis). Supragingival dental plaque samples were taken with sterile cotton (supragingival), and subgingival dental plaque samples were taken with paper absorbents. Samples were subjected to extraction of DNA and further analysis with multiplex PCR for the presence of herpes viral DNA. RESULTS HSV-1 virus was detected In 24.7% of all patients included in the study. HSV-1 was detected in 22.2% of patients with the moderate stage of the disease, of which in all (100%) in the supragingival plaque samples and only 16.7% in subgingival plaque samples. In two patients HSV-1 was concomitantly detected in supra and subgingival plaque samples. In patients with advanced stage of the disease, the HSV-1 virus was detected in 28.6% patients. In two of the patients, HSV-1 was concomitantly detected in supra and subgingival plaque samples. Statistically, a significant difference was found in HSV-1 positive patients with a moderate stage of disease, between the presence of the virus in subgingival (100%) and subgingival (16.7%) dental plaque samples, p < 0.05. CONCLUSION Herpes simplex viruses type 1 are present in supragingival and subgingival dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ivanovska-Stojanoska
- University Dental Clinical Centre St. Panteleimon, Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Mirjana Popovska
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Dentistry, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Violeta Anastasovska
- University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Mirjana Kocova
- University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Lidita Zendeli-Bedzeti
- University Dental Clinical Centre St. Panteleimon, Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Cena Dimova
- University "Goce Delchev", Faculty of Dentistry, Shtip, Republic of Macedonia
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14
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Abstract
This volume of Periodontology 2000 represents the 25th anniversary of the Journal, and uses the occasion to assess important advancements in periodontology over the past quarter-century as well as the hurdles that remain. Periodontitis is defined by pathologic loss of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The disease involves complex dynamic interactions among active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens and destructive immune responses. Periodontal diagnostics is currently based on clinical rather than etiologic criteria, and provides limited therapeutic guidance. Periodontal causative treatment consists of scaling, antiseptic rinses and occasionally systemic antibiotics, and surgical intervention has been de-emphasized, except perhaps for the most advanced types of periodontitis. Plastic surgical therapy includes soft-tissue grafting to cover exposed root surfaces and bone grafting to provide support for implants. Dental implants are used to replace severely diseased or missing teeth, but implant overuse is of concern. The utility of laser treatment for periodontitis remains unresolved. Host modulation and risk-factor modification therapies may benefit select patient groups. Patient self-care is a critical part of periodontal health care, and twice-weekly oral rinsing with 0.10-0.25% sodium hypochlorite constitutes a valuable adjunct to conventional anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis treatments. A link between periodontal herpesviruses and systemic diseases is a strong biological plausibility. In summary, research during the past 25 years has significantly changed our concepts of periodontitis pathobiology and has produced more-effective and less-costly therapeutic options.
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Rams TE, Listgarten MA, Slots J. Radiographic alveolar bone morphology and progressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2018; 89:424-430. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Rams
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology; Temple University School of Dentistry; Philadelphia PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA
| | - Max A. Listgarten
- Department of Periodontics; University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine; Philadelphia PA
| | - Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology; Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene; University of Southern California School of Dentistry; Los Angeles CA
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16
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Nibali L. Development of the gingival sulcus at the time of tooth eruption and the influence of genetic factors. Periodontol 2000 2017; 76:35-42. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Passariello C, Gigola P, Testarelli L, Puttini M, Schippa S, Petti S. Evaluation of microbiota associated with Herpesviruses in active sites of generalized aggressive periodontitis. ANNALI DI STOMATOLOGIA 2017; 8:59-70. [PMID: 29299190 DOI: 10.11138/ads/2017.8.2.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aims The present study aimed to investigate microbial patterns associated with disease progression and coinfection by different Herpesviruses in generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP). Methods Microbiological samples were obtained from active (AS) and non-active (n-AS) sites in 165 subjects affected by GAP and were analyzed for 40 bacterial species by the Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization technique and for Herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1), Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein Bar virus (EBV) by PCR.Common Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis were applied to disclose specific microbial patterns associated with the three viruses. Results Herpesviruses were detected in 37.6% of subjects. Detection of each of the searched viruses was associated with specific patterns of subgingival biofilm in AS. Logistic regression analyses evidenced several virus/bacteria associations: i) EBV with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; ii) CMV with A. actinomycetemcomitans, Veillonella parvula, Parvimonas micra and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum; iii) HSV-1 with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium periodonticum and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions Microbiological data suggest that Herpesviruses are probably not mere spectators of disease progression and that specific patterns of subgingival plaque are correlated with the presence of different Herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Passariello
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, " Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Gigola
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiologic and Public Health Sciences University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Testarelli
- Department of Odontostomatologic and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Serena Schippa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, " Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Petti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, " Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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18
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Elamin A, Ali RW, Bakken V. Putative periodontopathic bacteria and herpes viruses interactions in the subgingival plaque of patients with aggressive periodontitis and healthy controls. Clin Exp Dent Res 2017; 3:183-190. [PMID: 29744199 PMCID: PMC5839261 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial profile of aggressive periodontitis patients is considered to be complex with variations among populations in different geographical areas. The aim of this study was to assess the presences of 4 putative periodontopathic bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola) and 2 periodontal herpes viruses (Epstein-Barr virus type 1 [EBV-1] and human cytomegalovirus [HMCV]) in subgingival plaque of Sudanese subjects with aggressive periodontitis and healthy controls. The study group consisted of 34 subjects, 17 aggressive periodontitis patients and 17 periodontally healthy controls (14-19 years of age). Pooled subgingival plaque samples were collected and analyzed for detection of bacteria and viruses using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Prevalence of subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans, HCMV, and P. gingivalis were significantly higher among aggressive periodontitis patients than periodontally healthy controls. Coinfection with A. actinomycetemcomitans, HCMV, and/or EBV-1 was restricted to the cases. Increased risk of aggressive periodontitis was the highest when A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected together with EBV-1 (OD 49.0, 95% CI [2.5, 948.7], p = .01) and HCMV (OD 39.1, 95% CI [2.0, 754.6], p = .02). In Sudanese patients, A. actinomycetemcomitans and HCMV were the most associated test pathogens with aggressive periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Elamin
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health SciencesZayed UniversityDubaiUAE
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Raouf Wahab Ali
- Department of PeriodontologyUniversity of Science and TechnologyOmdurmanSudan
| | - Vidar Bakken
- Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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Aggarwal T, Lamba AK, Faraz F, Tandon S. Viruses: Bystanders of periodontal disease. Microb Pathog 2017; 102:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Alzahrani AA. Association between human herpes virus and aggressive periodontitis: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjdr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Teughels W, Sliepen I, Quirynen M, Haake SK, Van Eldere J, Fives-Taylor P, Van Ranst M. Human Cytomegalovirus Enhances A. actinomycetemcomitans Adherence to Cells. J Dent Res 2016; 86:175-80. [PMID: 17251519 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to epithelial cells is an important step in periodontal disease pathogenesis. Recent publications describe the subgingival presence of a wide array of viruses [ e.g., human cytomegalo-virus (hCMV)]. Since viruses can increase cellular susceptibility for bacterial adherence, we investigated whether hCMV renders epithelial cells more prone to adherence by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Cultivated HeLa and primary epithelial cells were shown to be semi-permissive for hCMV infection, which resulted in increased bacterial adherence. This increase correlated with viral concentrations, was evident in all Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains examined, and increased during the first 24 hrs, followed by a slight decrease. Immediate early antigen expression was not correlated with the increased adherence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. The results confirmed our hypothesis that the adherence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is influenced by hCMV in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Teughels
- Catholic University Leuven, Research Group for Microbial Adhesion, Department of Periodontology, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Viral serological and molecular data on possible involvement of herpes viruses in periodontal disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 37:15-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sdj.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Kondo K, Nakamura S, Takahashi M, Kaneko T, Horie N, Shimoyama T. Methotrexate-related lymphoproliferative disorder of the oral region in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Ting M, Whitaker EJ, Albandar JM. Systematic review of the in vitro effects of statins on oral and perioral microorganisms. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 124:4-10. [PMID: 26718458 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Statins are medications administered orally and are widely used for lowering the blood cholesterol level. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of orally administered statins on microorganisms infecting oral and perioral tissues. We performed a systematic review of published studies of the in vitro antimicrobial effects of statins on bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, and Google scholar. Studies show that most statins exhibit antimicrobial effects against various oral microorganisms. Simvastatin is most effective against the periodontal pathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and against most dental plaque bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans. Statins also exhibit antiviral properties against human cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus, and have antifungal properties against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Zygomycetes spp. There were notable differences in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between different studies, which may be attributed to differences in study design. Further studies are warranted to ascertain if statins can be solubilized so that patients, who have been prescribed statins for cardiovascular diseases, can use the medication as a swish and swallow, giving patients the added benefit of the antimicrobial action topically in the mouth against infectious oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ting
- Predoctoral Program, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eugene J Whitaker
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jasim M Albandar
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Joshi VM, Bhat KG, Katti SS, Kugaji MS, Ingalgi PS. Prevalence of Herpesvirus and Correlation with Clinical Parameters in Indian Subjects with Chronic Periodontitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:915-920. [PMID: 26718301 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The identification of new uncultured species and viruses supports the possibility of combination of the herpes-virus-bacterial periodontal infection for periodontitis. The paucity of data and studies with larger sample size in Indian subjects provides an unclear picture of the presence of the herpesvirus in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 100 each in the healthy group and chronic periodontitis (CP) group. The subgingival plaque was collected and polymerase chain reaction was performed post deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction by using specific primers for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's coefficient correlation. RESULTS Human cytomegalovirus and EBV viruses were significantly higher in the CP group as compare to the healthy group. A higher percentage of those with CMV positive had EBV also positive (28.3%) compared to only 9.1% of CMV negative being EBV positive in the CP group. When both the healthy and CP group in total was compared, there was a significant correlation with all clinical parameters. CONCLUSION Both the viruses dominated in disease as compared to health were similar to the earlier findings. The CP group had higher pocket depth and clinical attachment loss in the virus positive subjects. These findings could suggest that virus serves as a prelude to the disease and the combination of the two viruses could play a role in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Mahableshwar Joshi
- Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India, Rs No. 47A/2, Bauxite Road, Belgaum, Karnataka, India Phone: 91-9620127630, e-mail:
| | - Kishore Gajanan Bhat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandeep Suresh Katti
- Department of Periodontics, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka India
| | - Manohar Suresh Kugaji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Preeti Shivaji Ingalgi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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26
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Abstract
Human periodontitis is associated with a wide range of bacteria and viruses and with complex innate and adaptive immune responses. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses are major suspected pathogens of periodontitis, and a combined herpesvirus–bacterial periodontal infection can potentially explain major clinical features of the disease. Cytomegalovirus infects periodontal macrophages and T‐cells and elicits a release of interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α. These proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in the host defense against the virus, but they also have the potential to induce alveolar bone resorption and loss of periodontal ligament. Gingival fibroblasts infected with cytomegalovirus also exhibit diminished collagen production and release of an increased level of matrix metalloproteinases. This article reviews innate and adaptive immunity to cytomegalovirus and suggests that immune responses towards cytomegalovirus can play roles in controlling, as well as in exacerbating, destructive periodontal disease.
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27
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Rodrigues PMDS, Teixeira AL, Kustner EC, Medeiros R. Are herpes virus associated to aggressive periodontitis? A review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2015; 19:348-55. [PMID: 26980964 PMCID: PMC4774289 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.174621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal Disease includes a wide variety of infectious entities with various clinical manifestations in the oral cavity and responses to treatment. The determinants of clinical manifestations of periodontal disease include the type of infectious agent, the host immune response and environmental factors. Aggressive periodontitis (AP) is defined as a type of inflammation with specific clinical and laboratory features, which distinguish it from other types of periodontitis, with high incidence rates in a sub-group of individuals. Bacteria have been frequently mentioned as the agent inciting gingival inflammation and tissue destruction that underlies the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However, recent studies, with some controversial results, have suggested that the herpes family of viruses, including CMV and EBV-1 as well as papillomaviruses, HIV, Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, Torquetenovirus and hepatitis B and C occur with high frequency in active periodontal lesions. There is a lack of information about this disease and the role of herpesviruses in its pathophysiology. This review provides a critical analysis of the scientific evidence linking bacteria and viruses with AP and their potential impact on clinical characteristics, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rui Medeiros
- Department of Virology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Oporto, Portugal
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28
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Slots J. Periodontal herpesviruses: prevalence, pathogenicity, systemic risk. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:28-45. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Prevalence and quantitative analysis of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with Japanese chronic periodontitis patients. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 19:1605-10. [PMID: 25515271 PMCID: PMC4539349 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective A number of studies have recently suggested Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) involvement in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. In this study, we investigated the association between major periodontopathic bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and EBV in Japanese chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. Materials and methods A group of 25 patients with CP participated in the study along with 13 individuals without periodontitis. Subgingival samples were obtained with paper points. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect EBV DNA and P. gingivalis. Results In the CP patients, EBV DNA and P. gingivalis were detected in both 80 % of sites with probing pocket depths (PPD) of ≥5 mm and in 40 and 36 % of sites with PPD ≤3 mm, respectively. EBV DNA and P. gingivalis were detected in 50 and 27 % of the sites in periodontally healthy individuals. Coexistence of EBV DNA and P. gingivalis was significantly higher in the deeper PPD sites of CP patients (68 %) than in the PPD sites of the healthy controls (15 %) and shallow PPD sites of CP patients (12 %). PCR-positive deeper PPD sites of CP patients for EBV DNA and P. gingivalis range between 3.74 × 103∼2.83 × 109 and 2.73 × 105∼6.65 × 109 (copies/ml), respectively. Conclusion These results suggest an association between EBV DNA, P. gingivalis, and CP in Japanese individuals. Further studies are required to clarify this association; however, we believe that our enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases involving viral infections will lead to new treatments.
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30
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Kato A, Imai K, Ochiai K, Ogata Y. Higher prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in deeper periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis in Japanese patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71990. [PMID: 23991022 PMCID: PMC3753341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, a complex chronic inflammatory disease caused by subgingival infection, is among the most prevalent microbial diseases in humans. Although traditional microbiological research on periodontitis has focused on putative bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, the herpes virus is proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis because bacterial etiology alone does not adequately explain various clinical aspects. In this study, we established for the first time, more Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA is found deeper in periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis in Japanese patients. Subgingival samples were collected from 85 patients with chronic periodontitis having two periodontal sites with probing depths (PD) of ≤3 mm (shallow) or ≥5 mm (deep) and were subjected to a nested polymerase chain reaction. EBV DNA was more frequently detected in patients with deeper PD sites (66%) than in those with shallow PD sites (48%) or healthy controls (45%). Coexistence of EBV DNA and P. gingivalis was significantly higher in patients with deeper PD sites (40%) than in those with shallow PD sites (14%) or healthy controls (13%). Although no difference in clinical index for periodontitis, the odds ratio of EBV DNA in patients with deeper PD sites was 2.36, which was 2.07-fold higher than that in those with shallow PD sites. Interestingly, the odds of acquiring chronic periodontitis (PD ≥5 mm) were higher in the presence of both EBV DNA and P. gingivalis compared with either EBV DNA or P. gingivalis only. In addition, we also observed that EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) in positive cells of human gingival tissues. These results would suggest that EBV DNA may serve as a pathogenic factor leading to chronic periodontitis among Japanese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kato
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenichi Imai
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (YO)
| | - Kuniyasu Ochiai
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yorimasa Ogata
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail: (KI); (YO)
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Ambili R, Preeja C, Archana V, Nisha KJ, Seba A, Reejamol MK. Viruses: are they really culprits for periodontal disease? A critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:179-87. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Ambili
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
| | - Chandran Preeja
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
| | - Vilasan Archana
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
| | | | - Abraham Seba
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
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Ullbro C, Twetman S. Review Paper: Dental Treatment for Patients with Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome (PLS). Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03262602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Enwonwu CO, Salako N. The periodontal disease-systemic health-infectious disease axis in developing countries. Periodontol 2000 2012; 60:64-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wu H, Li T, Zeng M, Peng T. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection activates the Epstein-Barr virus replicative cycle via a CREB-dependent mechanism. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:546-59. [PMID: 22188237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to lytic replication is important in pathogenesis and requires virus-host cellular interactions. However, the mechanism underlying the reactivation of EBV is not yet fully understood. In the present study, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was shown to induce the reactivation of latent EBV by triggering BZLF1 expression. The BZLF1 promoter (Zp) was not activated by HSV-1 essential glycoprotein-induced membrane fusion. Nevertheless, Zp was activated within 6 h post HSV-1 infection in virus entry-dependent and replication-independent manners. Using a panel of Zp deletion mutants, HSV-1 was shown to promote Zp through a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element (CRE) located in ZII. The phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding (phos-CREB) protein, the cellular transactivator that binds to CRE, also increased after HSV-1 infection. By transient transfection, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and HSV-1 US3 protein were found to be capable of activating Zp in CREB- and CRE-dependent manners. The relationship between EBV activation and HSV-1 infection revealed a possible common mechanism that stimulated latent EBV into lytic cycles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
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35
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Ereş G, Altıok E, Özkul A, Açıkel CH. Subgingival Epstein-Barr and Cytomegalovirus Occurrence in Pregnancy Gingivitis. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1676-84. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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36
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Mahanonda R, Sa-Ard-Iam N, Rerkyen P, Champaiboon C, Vanavit N, Pichyangkul S. Innate antiviral immunity of periodontal tissue. Periodontol 2000 2011; 56:143-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Grenier G, Gagnon G, Grenier D. Detection of herpetic viruses in gingival crevicular fluid of patients suffering from periodontal diseases: prevalence and effect of treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 24:506-9. [PMID: 19832804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Although the role of bacteria in the etiology of periodontitis is well established, it has been suggested that herpetic viruses could contribute to the initiation and progression of this disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples obtained from periodontally healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis patients. In addition, the effect of periodontal treatment (scaling and root planing) on the persistence of herpetic viruses was evaluated in a sub-group of patients suffering from chronic periodontitis. METHODS The presence of viruses in GCF samples was assessed by a nested PCR amplification technique. The persistence of viruses in periodontal sites was evaluated following a scaling and root planing therapy. RESULTS A statistically significant higher prevalence of HCMV was observed in periodontitis patients as compared to healthy control subjects (35 vs. 8%, respectively; P = 0.0377). A trend for a higher prevalence of HSV was also noted in the periodontitis group, in comparison with healthy control subjects. In addition, a higher prevalence of HCMV was associated with deep periodontal pockets in subjects suffering from periodontitis. In the sub-group of periodontitis patients, periodontal therapy resulted in the elimination (HCMV and EBV) or reduction (HSV) of the herpetic viruses. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the prevalence of HCMV and HSV viruses in GCF is higher in patients suffering from periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy subjects, and that the prevalence of HCMV is higher in deep periodontal pockets. It also brought evidences that periodontal therapy may be associated with virus elimination in diseased sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Nibali L, Atkinson C, Griffiths P, Darbar U, Rakmanee T, Suvan J, Donos N. Low prevalence of subgingival viruses in periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:928-32. [PMID: 19811582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses such as Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been proposed to be periodontal pathogens. The aim of this study was to analyse the presence of herpesvirus DNA in subgingival plaque samples of patients with different forms of periodontitis and in healthy periodontia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 140 ethnically mixed (prevalently Caucasian) subjects took part in the study. Sixteen were affected by localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP), 64 by generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), 20 by chronic periodontitis (CP) and 40 were periodontally healthy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were performed to detect HCMV and EBV. Sera were tested for anti-HCMV and EBV IgG antibodies. PCRs for herpes simplex (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) were performed in subgingival samples from a subset of 20 AgP subjects. RESULTS HCMV DNA was not detected in any plaque samples. EBV DNA was detected in four LAgP (25%), two GAgP (3%) subjects and four healthy individuals (10%). HSV DNA and VZV DNA were not detected in the subset of studied individuals. CONCLUSIONS This study challenges the previously reported high prevalence of herpesvirus DNA in subgingival samples from periodontitis patients and so questions whether they act as pathogens in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Nibali
- Periodontology Unit, Eastman Dental Institute, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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Passariello C, Palamara A, Garaci E, Pasquantonio G. Herpesviruses and periodontal disease: a cautionary tale. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:263-8. [PMID: 19505379 DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of bacterial origin, characterized by an inconstant progression of lesions affecting the tooth supporting tissues. In spite of more than half a century of research efforts, the clinician still lacks any specific molecular or microbial diagnostic tool to predict the progression of periodontal lesions. Recently, several reports have proposed a role for some herpesviruses in the etiology of destructive phases of periodontitis. This paper critically analyzes these data in the light of consolidated knowledge that was developed in the characterization of virus-bacteria cooperative interactions, and proposes new topics of investigation to clarify the role of herpesviral infections in periodontitis and their potential predictive role as markers of progression.
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Dhanrajani PJ. Papillon-Lefevre syndrome: clinical presentation and a brief review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 108:e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dawson DR, Wang C, Danaher RJ, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Jacob RJ, Miller CS. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Determine the Prevalence and Copy Number of Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus DNA in Subgingival Plaque at Individual Healthy and Periodontal Disease Sites. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1133-40. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Imbronito AV, Okuda OS, Maria de Freitas N, Moreira Lotufo RF, Nunes FD. Detection of herpesviruses and periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of patients with chronic periodontitis, generalized aggressive periodontitis, or gingivitis. J Periodontol 2009; 79:2313-21. [PMID: 19053922 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpesviruses may be related to the etiology of aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) by triggering periodontal destruction or by increasing the risk for bacterial infection. This case-control study evaluated the presence of herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus type I (EBV-1), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis) in patients with generalized AgP (AgP group), CP (CP group), or gingivitis (G group) and in healthy individuals (C group). METHODS Subgingival plaque samples were collected with paper points from 30 patients in each group. The nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to detect HSV-1, EBV-1, and HCMV. Bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA-based PCR. RESULTS HSV-1, HCMV, and EBV-1 were detected in 86.7%, 46.7%, and 33.3% of the AgP group, respectively; in 40.0%, 50.0%, and 46.7% of the CP group, respectively; in 53.3%, 40.0%, and 20.0% of the G group, respectively; and in 20.0%, 56.7%, and 0.0% of the C group, respectively. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected significantly more often in the AgP group compared to the other groups (P <0.005). P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were identified more frequently in AgP and CP groups, and AgP, CP, and G groups had higher frequencies of P. intermedia compared to the C group. CONCLUSION In Brazilian patients, HSV-1 and EBV-1, rather than HCMV, were more frequently associated with CP and AgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vitória Imbronito
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Bilichodmath S, Mangalekar SB, Sharma DCG, Prabhakar AK, Reddy SB, Kalburgi NB, Patil SR, Bhat K. Herpesviruses in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients in an Indian population. J Oral Sci 2009; 51:79-86. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.51.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Grande SR, Imbronito AV, Okuda OS, Lotufo RFM, Magalhães MHG, Nunes FD. Herpes viruses in periodontal compromised sites: comparison between HIV-positive and -negative patients. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:838-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Detection of human cytomegalovirus in dental plaque from individual periodontal sites by real-time polymerase chain reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 106:840-4. [PMID: 18805716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate three primer-probe sets and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in dental plaque from individual periodontal sites. STUDY DESIGN Fifty subgingival plaque specimens from 13 healthy subjects (on average at least 2 healthy and 2 periodontal disease sites per subject) and 50 saliva specimens from 24 subjects, including 16 controls, were assessed using 3 primer-probe sets (polymerase [POL], glycoprotein B [gB], and US14) and real-time PCR. Kappa statistics were performed to measure agreement between the primer-probe sets. RESULTS There was excellent agreement between the gB and POL primers in the detection of HCMV (kappa statistic = 0.85 [95% confidence interval 0.71-0.99]), yielding a prevalence of 4% (2 out of 50) at individual periodontal disease sites and a similar rate of 8.8% (3 out of 34) in saliva. CONCLUSION Human cytomegalovirus was infrequently detected in dental plaque. Of 3 primer-probe sets evaluated, those targeting the POL and gB genes were more accurate in the detection of HCMV than that targeting US14.
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EBV and CMV in chronic periodontitis: a prevalence study. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1917-9. [PMID: 18791835 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious disease involving specific bacteria and viruses. Herpesviruses believed to play roles in it. The present study examines the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in subgingival and supragingival plaque of 61 patients with chronic periodontitis and 40 healthy controls. A nested polymerase chain reaction method was used. The clinical parameters, clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were examined. Prevalence of EBV- 1, EBV-2 and CMV were 73.8%, 4.9% and 59%; respectively. There was no association between the presence of EBV-1, EBV-2 and CMV with bleeding on depth.
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Sunde PT, Olsen I, Enersen M, Beiske K, Grinde B. Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in apical and marginal periodontitis: a role in pathology? J Med Virol 2008; 80:1007-11. [PMID: 18428124 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is presumably caused by bacterial infection, but it has been shown recently that affected tissue often contains human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The present study was initiated to evaluate the role of these viruses in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. HCMV and EBV were quantified in 40 apical and 25 marginal periodontitis samples using real time PCR. In situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry was carried out on apical samples to detect viral presence within cells. A possible association with relevant bacteria was examined. Of the apical periodontitis samples, 50% contained EBV, while none contained HCMV. Of the marginal periodontitis samples, 40% were positive for EBV and 12% for HCMV. With one exception, however, the amount of virus was close to the detection limits. EBV was only detected in 1 out of 15 healthy periodontium samples. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were all negative. Significant associations were found between periodontal EBV and the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Although there was an obvious association of the virus with clinical samples, it seems unlikely that these viruses play a major role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis of the average patient. Their presence may reflect that the clinical samples contain more blood or saliva compared to controls, or an accumulation of lymphoid cells harboring virus in the inflamed tissue.
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