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Peralta-Mamani M, Terrero-Pérez Á, Tucunduva RMA, Rubira CMF, Santos PSDS, Honório HM, Rubira-Bullen IRF. Occurrence of field cancerization in clinically normal oral mucosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 143:105544. [PMID: 36126567 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose was to describe whether there are field cancerization (FC) indicators in clinically normal mucosa opposite to primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS A search of the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Livivo databases was performed on June 12, 2022, which retrieved 152 records without duplicates. Studies that analyzed FC in biopsies in clinically normal tissue opposite to primary OSCC were included. The search was conducted under the PRISMA guideline and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42017077125). RESULTS Eight articles with 302 patients were included, 192 men and 110 women, mean age 57.1 years. Most patients had deleterious habits. All studies performed histopathological confirmation of OSCC and biopsies were obtained the clinically normal mirror mucosa. The meta-analysis carried out with eight studies. The studies showed 57.3 % of cases with histopathological changes of clinically normal mucosa opposite to primary OSCC (Confidence interval 95 %, 0.443-0.703; heterogeneity: Q value 18.715; I2 73.284 %; n = 205). p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemical analysis may be predictive for detecting changes. There was p53 immunoexpression in 41.3 % of cases (p = 0.872) (n = 55), ki-67 immunoexpression (< 20 %) in 68 % (p = 0.001) (n = 97) and ki-67 immunoexpression (> 20 %) in 28.4 % of cases (p = 0.000) (n = 110). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that FC can occur, and there are histopathological changes in clinically normal tissue opposite to primary OSCC. Nevertheless, the review showed that more longitudinal studies on FC are needed to draw a conclusive indication of the occurrence of FC in oral tissues opposite to OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Peralta-Mamani
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology - Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ángel Terrero-Pérez
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology - Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana Mara Adami Tucunduva
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology - Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Cassia Maria Fischer Rubira
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology - Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio da Silva Santos
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology - Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Heitor Marques Honório
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health - Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Patil NN, Wadhwan V, Chaudhary M, Nayyar AS. KAI-1 and p53 expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas: Markers of significance in future diagnostics and possibly therapeutics. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20:384-389. [PMID: 27721601 PMCID: PMC5051284 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.190908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT KAI-1/CD82 is a tumor suppressor gene with decreased gene expression being associated with increased invasive ability of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). p53 protein functions in the G1-S phase of the cell cycle to allow repair of damaged DNA. In the present study, p53 and KAI-1 expression was investigated using monoclonal antibodies in OSCC. AIMS The aim of this study was to detect KAI-1 and p53 expression in OSCCs and to assess the relation between both in OSCCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study included histopathologically diagnosed thirty cases of well- and moderately differentiated OSCCs to study the expression of KAI-1 and p53 antibodies. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The results obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis; one-way ANOVA; least square difference method and independent t-test. RESULTS OSCCs exhibited 41.62% positivity for KAI-1 while p53 positive cells were recorded to an extent of 60.82%. A significant positive correlation was observed between KAI-1 and p53 expression in OSCCs. CONCLUSIONS Although a significant amount of work is still required to uncover the mechanisms of action and regulation of KAI-1 and p53 expression, control of the complex metastatic processes would be of interest in controlling the tumor biology in OSCCs as well as other types of malignancies to enhance prognosis in the affected patients and to help protect against future metastasis in the going to be treated and treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata N Patil
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saraswati Dhanwantari Dental College and Hospital and Post Graduate Research Institute, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay Wadhwan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Subharti Dental College and Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Minal Chaudhary
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sharad Pawar Dental College and Hospital, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhishek Singh Nayyar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saraswati-Dhanwantari Dental College and Hospital and Post-Graduate Research Institute, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India
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Souza LR, Fonseca-Silva T, Pereira CS, Santos EP, Lima LC, Carvalho HA, Gomez RS, Guimarães ALS, De Paula AMB. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53, APE1, hMSH2 and ERCC1 proteins in actinic cheilitis and lip squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2011; 58:352-60. [PMID: 21323960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study has compared the tissue expression of the p53 tumour suppressor protein and DNA repair proteins APE1, hMSH2 and ERCC1 in normal, dysplastic and malignant lip epithelium. METHODS AND RESULTS Morphological analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed on archived specimens of normal lip mucosa (n=15), actinic cheilitis (AC) (n=30), and lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) (n=27). AC samples were classified morphologically according to the severity of epithelial dysplasia and risk of malignant transformation. LSCC samples were morphologically staged according to WHO and invasive front grading (IFG) criteria. Differences between groups and morphological stages were determined by bivariate statistical analysis. Progressive increases in the percentage of epithelial cells expressing p53 and APE1 were associated with increases in morphological malignancy from normal lip mucosa to LSCC. There was also a significant reduction in epithelial cells expressing hMSH2 and ERCC1 proteins in the AC and LSCC groups. A higher percentage of malignant cells expressing APE1 was found in samples with an aggressive morphological IFG grade. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that epithelial cells from premalignant to malignant lip disease exhibited changes in the expression of p53, APE1, hMSH2 and ERCC1 proteins; these molecular change might contribute to lip carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla R Souza
- Health Science Programme, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
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Xavier FCA, Takiya CM, Reis SRA, Ramalho LMP. p63 Immunoexpression in lip carcinogenesis. J Mol Histol 2009; 40:131-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-009-9223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Xavier FCA, Rodini CO, Ramalho LMP, Mantesso A, Nunes FD. WNT-5A, but not matrix metalloproteinase 3 or beta-catenin protein, expression is related to early stages of lip carcinogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:708-15. [PMID: 19473452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2009.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncogenic Wnt/beta-catenin signaling occurs in numerous types of cancers, but little is known about the role of the Wnt protein family member, WNT-5A, in lip carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate WNT-5A, beta-catenin, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 protein expression in actinic cheilitis (AC), and lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). METHODS Twenty-one cases of AC, and fifty-one cases of LSCC were analyzed, with normal lip mucosa used as a control. Qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of WNT-5A, beta-catenin, and MMP-3 immunostaining pattern and cellular distribution were performed. RESULTS WNT-5A was observed in more than 50% of the cells, scattered in all layers of AC, in contrast to the absence of immunostaining in normal lip mucosa. AC presented a higher level of WNT-5A expression than LSCC (P = 0.0289, Fisher test), while MMP-3 immunoexpression was statistically more significant in LSCC than in AC (P = 0.0285, Fisher test). Immunolabeling of beta-catenin protein was differentially distributed between samples; the majority of AC cases (61.90%) demonstrated a membranous-cytoplasmic pattern, while a considerable number of LSCC cases (29.41%) revealed a cytoplasmic pattern, instead of the usual membranous pattern. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that WNT-5A may be an important marker during initial events of AC malignant transformation, in which non-canonical and canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways could be involved. Additionally, WNT-5A might recruit other events in LSCC, such as MMP-3 protein synthesis, as its presence is increased in established malignant processes without beta-catenin dependency.
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Horta MCR, de Assis LAP, de Souza AF, de Araújo VC, Gomez RS, Aguiar MCF. p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1 overexpression at the invasive front of lower lip squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 36:88-92. [PMID: 17238970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (LLSCC) is an oral cancer that has distinct epidemiology and etiopathogenesis. Although risk factors for this neoplasia are acknowledged, few studies have investigated the molecular basis of its development and behavior. METHODS Expression of p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) was examined by immunohistochemistry of archived tissue from 21 specimens of LLSCC. Differences in this expression between the whole tumor (WT) and the invasive front (IF) as well as correlation between p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression were analyzed. RESULTS p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) were overexpressed at the IF of LLSCC. The expression of both proteins was higher at IF than at WT. No correlation was observed between p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) overexpression is important in LLSCC pathogenesis, reinforce that IF is the most important area for tumor behavior, and support that p53-independent mechanisms should be involved in the expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1).
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Soni S, Kaur J, Kumar A, Chakravarti N, Mathur M, Bahadur S, Shukla NK, Deo SVS, Ralhan R. Alterations of Rb Pathway Components Are Frequent Events in Patients with Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Predict Clinical Outcome in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Oncology 2005; 68:314-25. [PMID: 16020958 DOI: 10.1159/000086970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/03/2004] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to test the hypothesis that alterations in expression of G1/S modulators cyclin D1, p16 and pRb occur in patients with oral epithelial dysplasia, considered to be at increased risk for malignant transformation. In addition, the analysis of expression of all three markers in the same set of oral cancer patients would provide a unique opportunity to determine whether these alterations have cooperative or synergistic effects on oral cancer development and prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospective study was undertaken to carry out immunohistochemical analysis of cyclin D1, p16 and pRb proteins in serial paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 220 oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), 90 potentially malignant lesions (52 oral hyperplastic lesions, 38 dysplasias) and 81 matched histologically normal oral tissues and correlated them with clinicopathological parameters. Ninety-eight OSCC patients were followed up for a maximum period of 94 months with overall median survival of 21 months. RESULTS Seventy-five of 90 (83%) potentially malignant lesions and 198 of 220 (90%) OSCCs showed altered expression of at least one of the proteins in the pRb pathway, while 10 of 90 (11%) patients with potentially malignant lesions and 40 (18%) of 220 OSCC patients showed all three alterations. Loss of p16 was the earliest event in oral tumorigenesis. In a multivariate model, loss of pRb was associated with transition from hyperplasia to dysplasia (OR = 3.727, p = 0.005). The transition of potentially malignant lesions to malignant stage was associated with pRb-/cyclin D1+ phenotype (OR = 2.294, p = 0.001) and p53+ phenotype (OR = 2.230, p = 0.002). Loss of pRb and accumulation of p53 (pRb-/p53+) phenotype was associated with histologic progression of the tumors and acquisition of invasive potential. Multivariate analysis using Cox's proportional hazards model revealed that pRb-/p53+ phenotype was the most significant adverse prognosticator for disease-free survival (hazards ratio, (HR) = 2.642, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Deregulation of the p16/pRb/cyclin D1 pathway is an early event in acquisition of dysplasia, but deregulation of both pRb and p53 pathways is associated with malignant transformation and adverse prognosis in oral tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Soni
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital (IRCH), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Martínez A, Brethauer U, Rojas IG, Spencer M, Mucientes F, Borlando J, Rudolph MI. Expression of apoptotic and cell proliferation regulatory proteins in actinic cheilitis. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34:257-62. [PMID: 15817067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a pre-malignant lesion caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The apoptotic proteins p53, bax, bcl-2, and the proliferation marker Ki-67, are known to play an important role in UV-exposed skin and carcinomas, therefore, these markers were assessed in AC and compared with normal lip and oral mucosa. METHODS AC (n = 13), normal lip (n = 7) and oral mucosa (n = 6) biopsies were stained immunohistochemically for p53, bax, bcl-2 and Ki-67, to determine their expression and distribution. RESULTS p53 was over-expressed in AC as compared with normal lip and oral mucosa (P < 0.003). Although bcl-2 expression was higher in AC than in oral mucosa (P < 0.002), it was significantly reduced as compared with normal lip (P < 0.04). Bax expression remained unchanged, and Ki-67 was significantly increased in AC and normal lip as compared with oral mucosa (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that DNA-damaged cells by UV radiation in AC are eliminated by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martínez
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.
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Rodolico V, Aragona F, Cabibi D, Di Bernardo C, Di Lorenzo R, Gebbia N, Gulotta G, Leonardi V, Ajello F. Overexpression of cyclin D1 and interaction between p27Kip1 and tumour thickness predict lymph node metastases occurrence in lower lip squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2005; 41:268-75. [PMID: 15743689 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2004.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have attempted to identify those subgroups of patients most likely to develop lymph node metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip (LLSSC). A total of 97 subjects, who did not undergo elective neck dissection, were recruited into the 60-month disease-free survival study. After univariate analysis, tumour size, histological grading, maximal thickness, perineural invasion and immunoreactivity to cyclin D1 and p27Kip1 proteins proved to be significant factors. Tests of the effect of interaction between p27Kip1 LI and tumour thickness yielded that the impact of tumour thickness on the risk of lymph node metastases was modified by the percentage of p27Kip1 positive cells. Subsequent to models of multivariate analysis, tumour size, positive cyclin D1 protein expression, maximal thickness (> 5 mm), p27Kip1 LI (%) and the interaction term between p27Kip1 LI and tumour thickness retained strong independent predictive values for lymph node metastases. We suggest that immunohistochemistry for cyclin D1 and p27Kip1 may prove to be valuable ancillary tests for identifying LLSSC with metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Rodolico
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
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Schliephake H. Prognostic relevance of molecular markers of oral cancer--a review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 32:233-45. [PMID: 12767868 DOI: 10.1054/ijom.2002.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present article was to review the current knowledge on the prognostic value of tumour marker in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The literature of the past 5 years (1997-August 2002) was screened. One hundred and sixty-nine articles were included in this review, twenty-nine molecular markers of relevance were identified. Tumour markers were allocated to four groups according to their function: (i) Enhancement of Tumour Growth: Cell cycle acceleration and proliferation, (ii) Tumour Suppression and Anti-Tumour Defence: Immune response and apoptosis, (iii) Angiogenesis, (iv) Tumour Invasion and Metastatic Potential: Adhesion molecules and matrix degradation. Data showed that the prognostic relevance of most tumour markers is still not quite clear. Only 12 of 23 reports on the prognostic relevance of markers for cell cycle acceleration and proliferation indicated a significant association with prognosis while 20 of 29 studies on markers for tumour suppression and anti-tumour response showed prognostic relevance. Markers of angiogenesis exhibited only minor importance for the prognosis and treatment of OSCC. Results on markers of tumour invasion and metastatic potential appeared to be too premature for a statement regarding their prognostic value. In general, the location of markers within the tumour and not their quantitative assessment as such is emphasized. Particularly, the analysis of the invasive front of the tumour with regard to the occurrence of molecular markers is supposed to be of great importance for prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schliephake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, George Augusta University, Göttingen, Germany
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