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Nakazawa K, Toyoda H, Manaka T, Orita K, Hirakawa Y, Saito K, Iio R, Shimatani A, Ban Y, Yao H, Otsuki R, Torii Y, Oh JS, Shirafuji T, Nakamura H. In vivo study on the repair of rat Achilles tendon injury treated with non-thermal atmospheric-pressure helium microplasma jet. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301216. [PMID: 38743641 PMCID: PMC11093389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-thermal atmospheric-pressure plasma (NTAPP) has been widely studied for clinical applications, e.g., disinfection, wound healing, cancer therapy, hemostasis, and bone regeneration. It is being revealed that the physical and chemical actions of plasma have enabled these clinical applications. Based on our previous report regarding plasma-stimulated bone regeneration, this study focused on Achilles tendon repair by NTAPP. This is the first study to reveal that exposure to NTAPP can accelerate Achilles tendon repair using a well-established Achilles tendon injury rat model. Histological evaluation using the Stoll's and histological scores showed a significant improvement at 2 and 4 weeks, with type I collagen content being substantial at the early time point of 2 weeks post-surgery. Notably, the replacement of type III collagen with type I collagen occurred more frequently in the plasma-treated groups at the early stage of repair. Tensile strength test results showed that the maximum breaking strength in the plasma-treated group at two weeks was significantly higher than that in the untreated group. Overall, our results indicate that a single event of NTAPP treatment during the surgery can contribute to an early recovery of an injured tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katusmasa Nakazawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Toyoda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Manaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kumi Orita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Kosuke Saito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Iio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitaka Ban
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hana Yao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Otsuki
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osakas, Japan
| | - Yamato Torii
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osakas, Japan
| | - Jun-Seok Oh
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osakas, Japan
| | - Tatsuru Shirafuji
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osakas, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Abeno, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Whale R, Hasani F, Haines T, Munteanu SE, Ellis K, Patel S, Buchholtz K, Warne J, Vallance P, Malliaras P. Assessing calf exercise fidelity among people with Achilles tendinopathy using videos recorded via Zoom®: an observational study. Disabil Rehabil 2024; 46:697-704. [PMID: 36755434 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2174604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise fidelity is a fundamental aspect of exercise prescription by physiotherapists. Assessing exercise fidelity via telehealth (videoconference) is potentially useful but its reproducibility has not been assessed. The objective was to evaluate agreement (reproducibility) of video rating of calf exercise fidelity within (over four weeks) and between telehealth raters and compared with live rating. METHODS Nineteen videos of participants with AT undertaking calf exercises were rated by physiotherapists in person (live) and by watching pre-recorded videos (replicating telehealth). Three forms of agreement were assessed: (i) between live assessment and recorded video (telehealth) assessment; (ii) between telehealth raters (inter-rater); (iii) agreement within telehealth raters over four weeks (intra-rater). RESULTS There was weak to almost perfect agreement (Kappa = 0.65 to 1.00, rater 1, Kappa = 0.57 to 1.00, rater 2) between the telehealth and live raters. There was moderate to almost perfect agreement (Kappa = 0.65 to 1.00) when assessing intra-rater reliability, aside from one of the six criteria (quality of movement). CONCLUSION Assessing calf exercise fidelity via videos recorded on Zoom® appears to demonstrate weak or greater agreement versus live rating and over time. Inter-rater agreement was lower, suggesting that the criteria developed may be better suited to use by individual raters over time.Implications for rehabilitationTelehealth assessment (when compared with live, in person assessment) shows a moderate or greater agreement for the majority of assessment criteria when assessing calf exercise fidelity.The calf exercise fidelity criteria developed can be used as an adjunct to assessment and management of people with Achilles Tendinopathy.Intra-rater assessment was shown to be moderately or more consistent over a four-week period when assessing calf exercise fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Whale
- Physiotherapy Department, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fatmah Hasani
- Physiotherapy Department, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Physiotherapy Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Terry Haines
- School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Building G, Peninsula Campus, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shannon E Munteanu
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten Ellis
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shalin Patel
- Back in Motion Physiotherapy, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Buchholtz
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX University, Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan Warne
- Physiotherapy department, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Vallance
- Physiotherapy Department, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Malliaras
- Physiotherapy Department, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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DeVries JG, Scharer BM, Donnay RL, Romdenne TA. No Loss of Strength After Insertional Achilles Tendon Reconstruction With Single-Anchor or Double-Row Repair. J Foot Ankle Surg 2024; 63:22-26. [PMID: 37597583 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Many different types of surgical repair for insertional Achilles tendinosis have been described. Strength after surgery is an essential factor for patient function and satisfaction. A retrospective series of patients that underwent surgery for insertional Achilles tendon surgery were contacted to come in for prospective strength testing, with the tester blinded to the type of surgery performed. Thirty-seven patients came in for testing, 24 with a single-anchor repair and 13 with a double-row repair. Strength of plantarflexion was tested at 60°/s and 120°/s and was compared. First each operative leg was compared to the nonoperative leg as a control. Then the percentage change, or symmetry, from the control leg to the operative leg was compared between those with a single-anchor and double-row repair. Satisfaction was also assessed with a simple questionnaire and compared the types of repair. The results demonstrated there was no statistically significant change in strength after surgery compared to the nonoperative leg, and there was no difference in limb symmetry between types of repair. Similarly, there was no difference between the groups in satisfaction. Our study showed that there is, on average, no loss of strength after insertional Achilles tendon surgery at an average follow-up of nearly 2 years, regardless of type of repair.
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Bishop ME, Comer CD, Kane JM, Maltenfort MG, Raikin SM. Republication of "Open Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Is the Incidence of Clinically Significant Wound Complications Overestimated?". FOOT & ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS 2023; 8:24730114231188102. [PMID: 37506168 PMCID: PMC10369100 DOI: 10.1177/24730114231188102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conflicting evidence exists regarding the optimal management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. Operative repair is thought to afford patients a lower risk of rerupture, albeit at a higher overall risk of wound complications. Methods A retrospective chart review of 369 consecutive patients undergoing open repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures performed by a single foot and ankle fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon was undertaken. Healing was classified as no complications, complications without prolonging treatment, complications requiring prolonged local treatment, and complications requiring operative intervention. A statistical analysis comparing the rates of complications in this cohort to that reported in the literature was conducted. Results There were a total of 33 (8.94%) wound complications. Compared to the rates reported in the literature, no significant difference was detected (P = .3943; CI 6.24-12.33). However, when the complications not requiring additional treatment or prolonged care were excluded, only 9 wound complications (2.44%) were identified-a significantly lower complication rate than that reported in the literature (P < .0001; CI 1.12-4.58). There were only 2 (0.54%) major complications requiring operative intervention, also a significantly lower rate than in the literature (P < .0001; CI 0.067-1.94). Conclusion In the past, wound-healing complications have been cited as a concern when treating patients operatively. We found that when solely looking at healing complications prolonging the patients' overall recovery, a significantly lower rate of complications existed compared to that reported in the literature. Level of Evidence Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Bishop
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carly D Comer
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin M Kane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Mitchell G Maltenfort
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven M Raikin
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Daley P, Menu P, Louguet B, Crenn V, Dauty M, Fouasson-Chailloux A. Interest of platelet rich plasma in Achilles tendon rupture management: a systematic review. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:463-470. [PMID: 34392780 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1969216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) is a disabling sport-related injury. Its management involves conservative treatment with early weight-bearing or surgical treatment. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has raised interest as an adjuvant for treatment, given its properties on tendon repair and its anti-inflammatory effect. We aimed to assess clinical impact of PRP use in surgical or non-surgical treatment of acute ATR: range of motion, muscle strength, function, return to sport and adverse events. METHOD A systematic literature research was performed using PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases to collect studies reporting clinical outcomes after acute ATR treated with PRP. RESULTS Eight studies were eligible and included 543 acute ATR. Four were randomized comparative studies. A total of 128 patients were treated surgically and 415 were treated conservatively, 271 received PRP injection. Five studies described the type of PRP used, which was variable. Only one study including 12 patients found significant outcomes in favor of the PRP group, with a 4-week earlier recovery of a normal range of motion and a 7-week earlier return to running. No difference in clinical or morphological evaluations, strength measurement, and functional outcomes was found in other studies both at short and long-term. PRP did not seem to modify the frequency of adverse events. CONCLUSIONS Data are not clearly in favor of a significant effect of the PRP use for treatment of ATR. There might be a slight effect on evolution during the first months. Its interest should be assessed in future studies with strong methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Daley
- Chu Nantes, Service De Médecine Physique Et Réadapatation Locomotrice Et Respiratoire, Nantes, France.,Chu Nantes, Service De Médecine Du Sport, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Menu
- Chu Nantes, Service De Médecine Physique Et Réadapatation Locomotrice Et Respiratoire, Nantes, France.,Chu Nantes, Service De Médecine Du Sport, Nantes, France.,Irms, Institut Régional De Médecine Du Sport, Nantes, France.,Inserm, Umr 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université De Nantes, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Bastien Louguet
- Chu Nantes, Service De Médecine Du Sport, Nantes, France.,Irms, Institut Régional De Médecine Du Sport, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Crenn
- Chu Nantes, Clinique Chirurgicale Orthopédique Et Traumatologique, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Dauty
- Chu Nantes, Service De Médecine Physique Et Réadapatation Locomotrice Et Respiratoire, Nantes, France.,Chu Nantes, Service De Médecine Du Sport, Nantes, France.,Irms, Institut Régional De Médecine Du Sport, Nantes, France.,Inserm, Umr 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université De Nantes, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Alban Fouasson-Chailloux
- Chu Nantes, Service De Médecine Physique Et Réadapatation Locomotrice Et Respiratoire, Nantes, France.,Chu Nantes, Service De Médecine Du Sport, Nantes, France.,Irms, Institut Régional De Médecine Du Sport, Nantes, France.,Inserm, Umr 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université De Nantes, Oniris, Nantes, France
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Diniz P, Ferreira AS, Figueiredo L, Batista JP, Abdelatif N, Pereira H, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Finkelstein SN, Ferreira FC. Early analysis shows that endoscopic flexor hallucis longus transfer has a promising cost-effectiveness profile in the treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2022; 31:2001-2014. [PMID: 36149468 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-022-07146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current options for treating an Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) include conservative and surgical approaches. Endoscopic flexor hallucis longus (FHL) transfer has been recently proposed to treat acute ruptures, but its cost-effectiveness potential remains to be evaluated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform an early cost-effectiveness analysis of endoscopic FHL transfer for acute ATRs, comparing the costs and benefits of current treatments from a societal perspective. METHODS A conceptual model was created, with a decision tree, to outline the main health events during the treatment of an acute ATR. The model was parameterized using secondary data. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to gather information on the outcomes of current treatments. Data related to outcomes of endoscopic FHL transfers in acute Achilles ruptures was obtained from a single prospective study. Analysis was limited to the two first years. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was the main outcome used to determine the preferred strategy. A willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per quality-adjusted life-year was used. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine whether changes in input parameters would cause significant deviation from the reference case results. Specifically, a probability sensitivity analysis was conducted using Monte Carlo simulations, and a one-way sensitivity analysis was conducted by sequentially varying each model parameter within a given range. RESULTS For the reference case, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios exceeded the willingness-to-pay threshold for all the surgical approaches. Overall, primary treatment was the main cost driver. Conservative treatment showed the highest direct costs related to the treatment of complications. In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000, open surgery was cost-effective in 50.9%, minimally invasive surgery in 55.8%, and endoscopic FHL transfer in 72% of the iterations. The model was most sensitive to parameters related to treatment utilities, followed by the costs of primary treatments. CONCLUSION Surgical treatments have a moderate likelihood of being cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000, with endoscopic FHL transfer showing the highest likelihood. Following injury, interventions to improve health-related quality of life may be better suited for improved cost-effectiveness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Diniz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de Sant'Ana, Rua de Benguela, 501, 2775-028, Parede, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Fisiogaspar, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - André Soares Ferreira
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de Sant'Ana, Rua de Benguela, 501, 2775-028, Parede, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lígia Figueiredo
- Clinical Department Club Atletico Boca Juniors, CAJB Centro Artroscopico, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Pablo Batista
- Head of Orthopedic Department, Dr Nasef OrthoClinic, Private Practice, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nasef Abdelatif
- Orthopaedic Department, Centro Hospitalar Póvoa de Varzim, Vila Do Conde, Portugal
| | - Hélder Pereira
- Ripoll y De Prado Sports Clinic: FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Murcia/Madrid, Spain.,PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho ICVS/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Institute for Data, Systems and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stan N Finkelstein
- Division of Clinical Informatics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Bioceramed - Cerâmicos para Aplicações Médicas S.A., Loures, Portugal
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma Augmentation on Endoscopy-Assisted Percutaneous Achilles Tendon Repair. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11185389. [PMID: 36143034 PMCID: PMC9501121 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Achilles tendon ruptures are one of the most common sports injuries. Recently, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been widely used in tendon-related disorders to enhance tendon healing. However, studies regarding PRP treatment in Achilles tendon rupture show inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PRP in patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture treated with endoscopy-assisted percutaneous repair. Methods: A total of 62 patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture treated with surgical repair from January 2014 to December 2018 were enrolled in this study. Surgical repair in conjunction with PRP augmentation after surgery was classified as the PRP group. Surgical repair without PRP augmentation was classified as the non-PRP group. All patients were followed up at least 2 years post-operation. The outcomes were evaluated on the basis of rate of return to sports, time to return to play, Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS), calf circumference ratio, ankle range of motion (ROM) and complications following surgery. Results: At 2-year follow-up, the ATRS score was not significantly different between groups (p = 0.8), but the ATRS score in both groups improved with time. Rate of return to sports and time to return to play were not different between the two groups (p = 1.00). Moreover, calf circumference ratio and ankle ROM were evaluated at 6-month, 12-month, 18-month and 24-month follow-ups. At 6 months, the PRP group had better ankle ROM (p = 0.003) and a higher calf circumference ratio (p = 0.011); however, at the 24-month evaluation, there were no between-group differences regarding calf circumference ratio, ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion (p > 0.05). Conclusion: We show that PRP augmentation in Achilles tendon surgery did not yield superior functional and clinical outcomes. Therefore, clinicians should inform patients of the above information when undergoing Achilles tendon surgery and offer correct expectations to family and patients regrading PRP treatment.
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Amendola F, Barbasse L, Carbonaro R, Alessandri-Bonetti M, Cottone G, Riccio M, De Francesco F, Vaienti L, Serror K. The Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: An Evidence-Based Approach from the Diagnosis to the Treatment. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58091195. [PMID: 36143872 PMCID: PMC9500605 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Acute Achilles tendon rupture (AATR) is a common injury with a significant impact on daily living. Although various systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been written on the topic, no actual consensus exists on the best treatment. We aimed to collect the highest quality of evidence on the subject and to produce a document to which to refer, from the diagnosis to the final treatment. Material and Methods: Inclusion criteria were systematic reviews discussing Achilles tendon rupture, concerning either diagnostic criteria, classification, or treatment; English language; clearly stated inclusion and exclusion criteria for patients’ selection. Results: Thirteen systematic reviews were included in the study. A strong consensus exists about the higher risk of re-rupture associated with non-operative treatment and a higher risk of complications associated with surgical repair. Conclusions: The combination of minimally invasive repair and accelerated functional rehabilitation seems to offer the best results in the treatment of Achilles tendon rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Amendola
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Léa Barbasse
- Plastic and Reconstructive Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Riccardo Carbonaro
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Alessandri-Bonetti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cottone
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Riccio
- Hand Surgery Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Azienda “Ospedali Riuniti”, Via Conca 21, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco De Francesco
- Hand Surgery Unit, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Azienda “Ospedali Riuniti”, Via Conca 21, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0715963945
| | - Luca Vaienti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Kevin Serror
- Plastic and Reconstructive Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
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9
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Aufwerber S, Naili JE, Grävare Silbernagel K, Ackermann PW. No effects of early functional mobilization on gait patterns after acute Achilles tendon rupture repair. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1932-1942. [PMID: 34674300 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare recovery of gait patterns in patients treated with early functional mobilization (EFM) or standard treatment (ST) after Achilles tendon rupture repair. Second, this study aimed to explore associations between gait patterns and tendon elongation and calf muscle atrophy, respectively. Forty-seven patients (12 females), mean age 38.7 (7.3) years, were included. Patients were postoperatively randomized to EFM (n = 29), including immediate weightbearing and ankle motion for 6 weeks, or ST (n = 18), with 2 weeks of unloading in a plaster cast followed by 4 weeks of weightbearing in an orthosis. Three-dimensional gait analyses were performed at 8 weeks and 6 months postoperatively to evaluate ankle and knee kinematics and kinetics. Ultrasound imaging was performed to assess tendon length and calf muscle atrophy. At 8 weeks, there were no significant group differences in ankle and knee kinematics and kinetics, while side-to-side differences between injured and uninjured side were present within both groups. At 6 months, the ST group exhibited higher generating ankle power and greater peak moments in ankle and knee compared to the EFM group. In both groups, peak ankle dorsiflexion angle was greater on the injured side compared to the uninjured side. No correlations were found between ankle joint gait deviations and degree of tendon elongation or muscle atrophy. Clinical significance: The accelerated rehabilitation regimen with EFM did not result in a more symmetrical gait pattern. The gait pattern deviations in the ankle joint were not related to the degree of muscle atrophy or tendon elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Aufwerber
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Women's Health and Allied Health Professionals Theme, Medical Unit Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefine E Naili
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Paul W Ackermann
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Trauma, Acute Surgery and Orthopaedics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Hoeffner R, Svensson RB, Bjerregaard N, Kjær M, Magnusson SP. Persistent Deficits after an Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Narrative Review. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7445398. [PMID: 38655161 PMCID: PMC11022787 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7445398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Persistent muscle weakness, tendon elongation, and incomplete return to preinjury level are frequent sequelae after acute Achilles tendon rupture, and evidence-based knowledge of how to best rehabilitate the injury is largely absent in the literature. The objective of this review is to illuminate and discuss to what extent an Achilles tendon rupture affects muscle, tendon, and function when assessed with the Achilles tendon total rupture score (ATRS), muscle strength, muscle cross-sectional area, tendon length, and the heel-rise test. The patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) data in the literature suggest that the recovery takes longer than 6 months (ATRS, 70 out of 100), that one-year postinjury, the ATRS only reaches 82, and that this does not appear to noticeably improve thereafter. Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function can in some cases be permanent. Over the first 6 months postinjury, the tendon undergoes elongation, which appears to be negatively correlated to heel-rise function. More recently, there has been some interest in how muscle length and excursion is related to the reduced function. The available literature indicates that further research is highly warranted and that efforts to restore normal tendon length may improve the likelihood of returning to preinjury level after an Achilles tendon rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Hoeffner
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rene B. Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Bjerregaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjær
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Copenhagen University Hospital—Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Doyle TR, Davey MS, Hurley ET. Statistical Findings Reported in Randomized Control Trials for the Management of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures are at High Risk of Fragility: A Systematic Review. J ISAKOS 2022; 7:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Saarensilta A, Juthberg R, Edman G, Ackermann PW. Effect of Surgeon Experience on Long-Term Patient Outcomes in Surgical Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221077679. [PMID: 35252464 PMCID: PMC8894962 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221077679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The effect of surgeon experience on patient outcomes after surgical Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) repair has so far been unknown. Purpose: To examine whether patient-reported and functional outcomes as well as adverse events after surgical ATR repair differ between orthopaedic specialist surgeons and resident surgeons. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 295 patients treated with surgical ATR repair with standardized techniques. The level of surgeon experience (specialist vs resident) and number of adverse events (rerupture, infection, and deep venous thrombosis) were recorded. Patient-reported and functional outcomes were assessed 12 months postoperatively using the validated Achilles tendon total rupture score (ATRS) and the heel-rise test, respectively. Analysis of covariance was used to compare differences in outcomes between specialist surgeons and resident surgeons. Pearson chi-square or Fisher exact test was used for analysis of adverse events. Results: The mean ATRS at 12 months for patients operated on by resident surgeons was significantly higher compared with specialist surgeons (85.9 [95% CI, 80.3-91.5] vs 77.8 [95% CI, 73.8-81.9]; P = .028). In addition, the lateral difference (operated vs unoperated side) in mean total concentric work and number of heel-rise repetitions at 12 months was smaller in patients operated on by resident surgeons (P = .011 and 0.015, respectively). The number of adverse events did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Resident surgeons achieved patient-reported and functional outcomes at least as good as those of specialist surgeons in surgical ATR repair, with a similar risk of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka Saarensilta
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robin Juthberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Edman
- Research and Development, Norrtälje Hospital, Tiohundra AB, Norrtälje, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul W. Ackermann
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Park HG, Youn D, Baik JM, Hwang JH. Epidemiology of Achilles Tendon Rupture in South Korea: Claims Data of the National Health Insurance Service from 2009 to 2017. Clin Orthop Surg 2021; 13:539-548. [PMID: 34868504 PMCID: PMC8609222 DOI: 10.4055/cios20255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of Achilles tendon rupture and its trend has not been studied in Asia. The purpose of this nationwide study was to analyze the trend of incidence and surgical treatment of tendon ruptures in South Korea based on sex, age, and income level of patients, as well as seasonal variation. Methods A descriptive epidemiologic study was performed based on the data collected retrospectively from the Korea National Health Insurance Service. Data of all outpatients and inpatients were collected from approximately 52 million residents of South Korea, primarily diagnosed with Achilles tendon rupture from 2009 to 2017. Results A total of 112,350 patients had Achilles tendon rupture, of which 44,248 patients underwent surgical treatment during the study period. The overall, age-specific, and sex-specific incidence of Achilles tendon rupture and surgical treatment showed an increasing trend. Patients in the age group of 41 to 50 years showed the highest increase in incidence. Regarding season, higher incidence was reported during spring and summer, whereas the lowest incidence was found in winter. Higher income level was associated with increased incidence of the condition. Conclusions The incidence of Achilles tendon rupture and surgical treatments increased rapidly in patients between 41 and 50 years of age. Patients in the higher income quintile groups experienced more Achilles tendon injury than those in lower income groups, and fewer ruptures were observed during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gi Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | | | - Jong-Min Baik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Hwang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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14
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Seow D, Yasui Y, Calder JDF, Kennedy JG, Pearce CJ. Treatment of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Complication Rates With Best- and Worst-Case Analyses for Rerupture Rates. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:3728-3748. [PMID: 33783229 DOI: 10.1177/0363546521998284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An acute Achilles tendon rupture (AATR) is a common injury. The controversy that has surrounded the optimal treatment options for AATRs warrants an updated meta-analysis that is comprehensive, accounts for loss to follow-up, and utilizes the now greater number of available studies for data pooling. PURPOSE To meta-analyze the rates of all complications after the treatment of AATRs with a "best-case scenario" and "worst-case scenario" analysis for rerupture rates that assumes that all patients lost to follow-up did not or did experience a rerupture, respectively. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS Two authors performed a systematic review of the PubMed and Embase databases according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines on February 17, 2020. The included studies were assessed in terms of the level of evidence, quality of evidence, and quality of the literature. A meta-analysis by fixed-effects models was performed if heterogeneity was low (I2 < 25%) and by random-effects models if heterogeneity was moderate to high (I2≥ 25%). RESULTS Surgical treatment was significantly favored over nonsurgical treatment for reruptures. Nonsurgical treatment was significantly favored over surgical treatment for complications other than reruptures, notably infections. Minimally invasive surgery was significantly favored over open repair for complications other than reruptures (no difference for reruptures), in particular for minor complications. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis demonstrated that surgical treatment was superior to nonsurgical treatment in terms of reruptures. However, the number needed to treat analysis produced nonmeaningful values for all treatment options, except for surgical versus nonsurgical treatment and minimally invasive surgery versus open repair. No single treatment option was revealed to be profoundly favorable with respect to every complication. The results of this meta-analysis can guide clinicians and patients in their treatment decisions that should be made jointly and on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter Seow
- National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Youichi Yasui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James D F Calder
- Fortius Clinic, London, UK.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John G Kennedy
- NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Lee JH, Jung HW, Jung TS, Jang WY. Reliability and usefulness of the single leg heel raise balance test in patients with chronic ankle instability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20369. [PMID: 34645864 PMCID: PMC8514424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99466-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the differences in static (including conventional and modified [single-leg heel-raise balance]) and dynamic postural stability and muscle endurance between patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and healthy controls, and to determine the reliability and usefulness of the single-leg heel-raise balance test in patients with CAI. In total, 26 patients with CAI and 26 healthy controls were enrolled. Postural stability was assessed using a postural stabilometry system. Muscle endurance was measured in dorsiflexion and plantarflexion using an isokinetic device. Modified static postural stability (P < 0.001) and dynamic postural stability (P < 0.001) were significantly poorer in the affected ankles of patients with CAI than in the controls. Plantarflexion endurance was significantly lower in the affected ankles of the patients with CAI than in the controls (P = 0.023). Modified static postural stability significantly correlated with plantarflexion endurance in both groups (CAI group: r = - 0.470, P = 0.015; healthy controls group: r = - 0.413, P = 0.036). Plantarflexion endurance was a significant risk factor for modified static postural stability in both the CAI group (R2 = 0.221, P = 0.015) and healthy controls (R2 = 0.170, P = 0.036). Given the reliability of the modified static postural stability test, clinicians and therapists should consider using it to assess improvements in postural stability and muscle endurance in patients with CAI before and after rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyuck Lee
- Department of Sports Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Woon Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Woo Young Jang
- Department of Sports Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University, 73, Inchon‑ro, Seongbuk‑gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Prospective randomized clinical trial of open operative, minimally invasive and conservative treatments of acute Achilles tendon tear. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2021; 141:751-760. [PMID: 32367375 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-020-03461-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The acute Achilles tendon rupture (AATR) is a common injury of great importance in an increasingly active society. When early functional treatment is established, recent literature shows comparable rates of re-rupture in conservative and surgical treatments of AATR. However, there is no study comparing the outcome using a dynamometer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of patients with AATR treated conservatively and surgically using a dynamometer. In addition, the data are compared to evaluation of the Achilles tendon with ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2012 and 2015, 90 patients (mean age 41 years, male-to-female ratio 81:9) with AATR were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, and monocentric study. Thirty patients were assigned to each of the three different treatment groups. Group OPEN received a conventional open suture of the Achilles tendon, group MIN received a minimally invasive suture and patients in group CONS were treated conservatively. Follow-up treatment was the same for all patients regardless of the group they were assigned to. Plantar flexion force was assessed using a dynamometer (Biodex® System 3 Pro, Biodex Medical Systems). Further evaluation included a physical test and ultrasound of the Achilles tendon. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients were available for a 24-month follow-up. In each of the OPEN and MIN groups, there was one re-rupture. In the CONS group, there were two re-ruptures. A positive correlation between the Biodex® dynamometer measurement and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Score (AOFAS-AH) could be found in all groups. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between the treatment groups after 2 years. On sonography, all patients showed isolated structure loosening and a significantly thickened cross-sectional area compared with the non-injured opposite side, without differences between the groups. There was no correlation between the Biodex® measurement and sonographic outcome. CONCLUSION At 24-month follow-up, no significant difference can be found in patients with AATR treated operatively or conservatively. It is, therefore, important to inform patients with AATR regarding the respective advantages and disadvantages of the individual treatment strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Randomized controlled trial; level 1.
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17
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Bryant SA, Trang G, Nash HM, Gardner BB, Kim JY, Park HY, Chakrabarti M, McGahan P, Chen JL. Mini-Open Achilles Repair With a Flat Braided Suture in a Low-Profile Configuration. Arthrosc Tech 2021; 10:e451-e455. [PMID: 33680778 PMCID: PMC7917089 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Achilles repair has evolved over the past 30 years, from large open procedures with high complication rates to shorter, less-invasive procedures with better outcomes. Percutaneous repair has comparable failure rates with open repairs, fewer complications, and faster recovery. However, percutaneous Achilles repairs risk sural nerve injury. A mini-open repair fuses the gap between percutaneous and open procedures, and this approach has the potential to mitigate nerve injury while maintaining the increased efficiency in procedure time and patient recovery. The purpose of this Technical Note and accompanying video is to outline the repair of the Achilles tendon using a mini open repair using a low-profile flat braided suture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart A. Bryant
- Address correspondence to Stewart A. Bryant, M.D., Advanced Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, 450 Sutter St., Ste 400, San Francisco, CA 94108.
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18
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Boesen AP, Boesen MI, Hansen R, Barfod KW, Lenskjold A, Malliaras P, Langberg H. Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Nonsurgically Treated Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Prospective Study. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:2268-2276. [PMID: 32485112 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520922541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) is a long-lasting and devastating injury. Possible biological augmentation to promote and strengthen tendon healing after an ATR would be desirable. PURPOSE To determine whether the application of a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection in nonsurgically treated ATRs may promote healing and thereby improve functional outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS A total of 40 men (aged 18-60 years) with an ATR incurred within 72 hours were included, and 38 were followed for 12 months. All patients were treated with an orthosis with 3 wedges for 8 weeks; full weightbearing from day 1 was allowed, combined with either 4 PRP or 4 placebo injections (a few drops of saline, <0.5 mL, under the skin) 14 days apart. All patients received the same instructions on an exercise program starting from week 9. Outcomes included the self-reported Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) as well as heel-rise work, heel-rise height, tendon elongation, calf circumference, and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. RESULTS The mean ATRS score improved in both groups at all time points (P < .001), but there was no difference between the groups at any time points (12 months: 90.1 points in PRP group and 88.8 points in placebo group). No differences in all functional outcomes at any time points were seen between the groups. At 12 months, the injured leg did not reach normal functional values compared with the uninjured leg. CONCLUSION The application of PRP in nonsurgically treated ATRs did not appear to show any superior clinical and functional improvement. REGISTRATION NCT02417922 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Ploug Boesen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Rudi Hansen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Lenskjold
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Malliaras
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Henning Langberg
- CopenRehab, Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Hansen MS, Kristensen MT, Budolfsen T, Ellegaard K, Hölmich P, Barfod KW. Reliability of the Copenhagen Achilles length measure (CALM) on patients with an Achilles tendon rupture. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:281-290. [PMID: 31432242 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-019-05672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective was to examine the reliability of the Copenhagen Achilles length measure (CALM) in patients with an Achilles tendon rupture and secondary to examine the reliability of Achilles tendon resting angle (ATRA) and Achilles tendon length measure (ATLM). METHOD The study was executed as a cross-sectional study on two different groups: one focused on CALM and the other on ATRA/ATLM. CALM was performed on 56 patients at four timepoints during the first year after injury, whereas ATRA/ATLM were carried out on 28 patients. Intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were determined using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of the measurement (SEM), and the minimal detectable change (MDC). RESULTS For CALM, all measurements, both for injured and non-injured sides as well as for elongation, indicated excellent relative reliability (ICC ≥ 0.75). During the four timepoints, the inter-rater absolute reliability had an SEM that ranged between 0.3 and 0.8 cm (1-4 SEM%) for injured and non-injured sides and 0.3-0.6 cm (18-29 SEM%) for elongation. On an individual level, the inter-rater absolute reliability had an MDC ranging between 0.8 and 2.2 cm (4-11 MDC%) for injured and non-injured sides and 0.8-1.7 cm (47-81 MDC%) for elongation. In the case of ATRA, relative reliability was excellent (ICC ≥ 0.75), and for ATLM, it was fair to excellent (ICC 0.58-0.79). ATRA presented a lower measurement error than ATLM. CONCLUSION Copenhagen Achilles length measure showed excellent relative reliability, but had a significant measurement error at four timepoints the first year following an Achilles tendon rupture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Swennergren Hansen
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research-Copenhagen (PMR-C), Copenhagen University Hospital Amager, Hvidovre, Denmark. .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center-Copenhagen (SORC-C), Copenhagen University Hospital Amager, Hvidovre, Denmark. .,Fysio-og Ergoterapeutisk afdeling, Hvidovre Hospital, Kettegård allé 30, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark.
| | - Morten Tange Kristensen
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research-Copenhagen (PMR-C), Copenhagen University Hospital Amager, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Thomas Budolfsen
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research-Copenhagen (PMR-C), Copenhagen University Hospital Amager, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Karen Ellegaard
- The Parker Institute, Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Per Hölmich
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center-Copenhagen (SORC-C), Copenhagen University Hospital Amager, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Weisskirchner Barfod
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center-Copenhagen (SORC-C), Copenhagen University Hospital Amager, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Manent A, López L, Corominas H, Santamaría A, Domínguez A, Llorens N, Sales M, Videla S. Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Efficacy of Conservative and Surgical (Percutaneous, Open) Treatment-A Randomized, Controlled, Clinical Trial. J Foot Ankle Surg 2019; 58:1229-1234. [PMID: 31679677 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is controversy regarding the best treatment for acute ruptures of the Achilles tendon. Multiple treatments present good results in the short and long term, none being superior to the other if a protocol of rehabilitation with full early weightbearing rehabilitation is followed. The objective of this study was to provide evidence on the efficacy and safety of conservative or surgical (percutaneous or open) treatment for acute Achilles tendon rupture. A randomized, controlled, parallel-groups, pilot clinical trial was performed in patients aged ≥18 years who arrived at the emergency room of our center experiencing acute Achilles tendon rupture. Patients were randomized via a computer-generated list to receive 1 of 3 treatments (conservative, percutaneous surgery, or open surgery). All patients followed the same protocol of rehabilitation with early weightbearing. A responder (i.e., successful treatment) was defined as capable of standing heelrise mono- and bipodally for 3 seconds, having a pain score ≤2 (verbal numerical rating scale) after walking, and having returned to active previous life (sport) at 1-year follow-up. From 2014 to 2017, 34 consecutive patients (median age, 41 years [range 18 to 59]; 32 male [94%]) were included: 11 conservative treatment, 11 percutaneous surgery, and 12 open surgery. At 1-year follow-up, the proportion of responders was 100% (11/11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 74% to 100%), 82% (9/11, 95% CI 52% to 95%), and 83% (10/12, 95% CI 55% to 95%), respectively. There was no case of total rerupture. Similar efficacy was found for conservative, percutaneous, and open surgery treatments for acute Achilles tendon rupture at 1-year follow-up with an early weightbearing rehabilitation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Manent
- Surgeon, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Department, Hospital Consorci Sanitari Integral, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Laia López
- Surgeon, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Department, Hospital Consorci Sanitari Integral, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hèctor Corominas
- Medical Doctor, Rheumatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Santamaría
- Surgeon, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Department, Hospital Consorci Sanitari Integral, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Domínguez
- Surgeon, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Department, Hospital Consorci Sanitari Integral, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Llorens
- Surgeon, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Department, Hospital Consorci Sanitari Integral, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Sales
- Surgeon, Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Department, Hospital Consorci Sanitari Integral, Sant Joan Despí, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Videla
- Associate, Clinical Research Support Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital/Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute/University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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21
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Zellers JA, Christensen M, Kjær IL, Rathleff MS, Silbernagel KG. Defining Components of Early Functional Rehabilitation for Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2019; 7:2325967119884071. [PMID: 31803789 PMCID: PMC6878623 DOI: 10.1177/2325967119884071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early functional rehabilitation is frequently discussed in treating Achilles tendon rupture. A consistent definition of what constitutes early functional rehabilitation has not been established across the literature, despite studies supporting its efficacy. A standardized definition would be helpful to pool data across studies, allow for between-study comparisons, and ultimately work toward developing clinical guidelines. PURPOSE To define early functional rehabilitation (including when it is initiated and what it entails) when used to treat Achilles tendon rupture and to identify outcome measures for evaluating the effect of treatment. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant studies. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies consisted of randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case series (≥10 participants) including weightbearing or exercise-based interventions within 8 weeks after Achilles tendon rupture. RESULTS A total of 174 studies published between 1979 and 2018 were included. Studies were rated a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 17 (15-20) on the Downs & Black checklist and included 9098 participants. Early functional rehabilitation incorporated weightbearing (95%), range of motion (73%), and isometric/strengthening exercises (50%). Weightbearing was initiated within the first week, whereas exercise (eg, ankle range of motion, strengthening, whole-body conditioning) was initiated in the second week. Initiation of exercises varied based on whether treatment was nonsurgical (mean, 3.0 weeks; IQR, 2.0-4.0 weeks) or simple (mean, 2.0 weeks; IQR, 0.0-2.3 weeks) or augmented surgical repair (mean, 0.5 weeks; IQR, 0.0-2.8 weeks) (P = .017). Functional outcomes including ankle range of motion (n = 84) and strength (n = 76) were reported in 130 studies. Other outcome domains included patient-reported outcomes (n = 89), survey-based functional outcomes (n = 50), and tendon properties (n = 53). CONCLUSION Early functional rehabilitation includes weightbearing and a variety of exercise-based interventions initiated within the first 2 weeks after acute Achilles tendon rupture/repair. Because early functional rehabilitation has lacked a standardized definition, interventions and outcome measures are highly variable, and pooling data across studies should be done with attention paid to what was included in the intervention and how treatment was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Zellers
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marianne Christensen
- Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Inge Lunding Kjær
- Orthopaedic Research Unit, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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22
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Abstract
The goal of treatment after Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) is to restore appropriate tension to the tendon, so that normal baseline strength and functional soft-tissue length can be achieved. The assessment of plantarflexion strength has shown widespread variability. The purpose of this study is to document variations in strength assessment after the treatment of ATR in the literature. A comprehensive literature review was performed. In total, 2758 articles were found on Achilles tendon rupture and Achilles tendon strength measurement. The full text of articles including strength as a functional outcome measurement in the abstract were assessed. All objective strength measurements performed were reviewed and recorded for comparison. One-hundred articles were included in our study. In 78 articles, a dynamometer was used to measure strength, whereas in 22 articles, an endurance test (n=14) or formal gait assessment (n=8) was applied. When a dynamometer was used, there was wide variability in the various methods used including the incorporation of both isokinetic (n = 65) and isometric (n = 29) exercises utilizing varying degrees of knee flexion and patient testing position. Furthermore, the number of measurements at certain angular velocities varied. This study illustrates that no general consensus exists regarding an optimal method for measuring strength after ATR. The variability creates difficulty and challenges medical professionals' ability to formulate consistent conclusions when determining functional performance outcomes. A more uniform way of measuring strength after ATR may allow for better comparisons between studies in the literature, potentially leading to a better understanding of strength. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik C Bäcker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Adrian J Yenchak
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - David P Trofa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - J Turner Vosseller
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York Presbyterian/Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Svensson RB, Couppé C, Agergaard A, Ohrhammar Josefsen C, Jensen MH, Barfod KW, Nybing JD, Hansen P, Krogsgaard M, Magnusson SP. Persistent functional loss following ruptured Achilles tendon is associated with reduced gastrocnemius muscle fascicle length, elongated gastrocnemius and soleus tendon, and reduced muscle cross‐sectional area. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- René B. Svensson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christian Couppé
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anne‐Sofie Agergaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christian Ohrhammar Josefsen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mikkel Holm Jensen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Weisskirchner Barfod
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Orthopedic Research Center–Copenhagen Copenhagen University Hospital Amager‐Hvidovre Denmark
| | - Janus D. Nybing
- Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Imaging Research Unit Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Philip Hansen
- Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Imaging Research Unit Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael Krogsgaard
- Section for Sports Traumatology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
| | - S. Peter Magnusson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy Bispebjerg‐Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark
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Wang PY, Shih KS, Ma HL, Chiang H, Chen PY, Chao YH, Rolf C, Wang HK. Acute and Long-Term Effects of Mechanotherapy on the Outcome After an Achilles Repair: A Prospective Cohort Study With Historical Controls. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 100:2046-2052. [PMID: 31082379 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of vibration on Achilles' tendon microcirculation and characteristics following surgical repair of Achilles' tendon rupture. DESIGN Cohort study with historical controls. SETTING A university institute. PARTICIPANTS Participants (N=32), including 19 (16 men, 3 women; median [range] age: 43.0 [25.0-57.0] years) and 13 (10 men, 3 women; 44.00 [29.0-60.0] years) in the vibration (application to the ball of the foot, 30Hz, 2mm amplitude, 4kg pressure, and self-administration) and control groups, respectively, who underwent unilateral Achilles' tendon repairs were recruited. INTERVENTION A 4-week vibration intervention in the vibration group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS The tendon microcirculation was measured after the first session of vibration. The participants were evaluated repeatedly with bilateral follow-up measurements of tendon stiffness, 3 functional outcome tests, and a questionnaire survey. RESULTS Acute effects of the vibration were observed immediately after the 5-minute vibration (P≤.001). Lower total hemoglobin and oxygen saturation were respectively observed (P=.043) in the repaired legs 3 and 6 months postsurgery in the vibration group as compared with the control group. The vibration group also showed greater tendon stiffness, heel raising height and hopping distance 3 or 6 months postoperation in both the repaired and noninjured legs (all P<.05). The microcirculatory characteristics 2 months postoperation were correlated with the outcomes at 6 months postoperation. CONCLUSIONS Differences in microcirculatory characteristics and better rehabilitation outcomes were observed in the legs with an Achilles repair that underwent the early vibration intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yun Wang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kao-Shang Shih
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Li Ma
- Sport Medicine Department, Orthopedic Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Medical School, National Yang-Ming University Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hongsen Chiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Hung Chao
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Christer Rolf
- Department of Orthopaedics, Clintec, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hsing-Kuo Wang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Ochen Y, Beks RB, van Heijl M, Hietbrink F, Leenen LPH, van der Velde D, Heng M, van der Meijden O, Groenwold RHH, Houwert RM. Operative treatment versus nonoperative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2019; 364:k5120. [PMID: 30617123 PMCID: PMC6322065 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k5120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare re-rupture rate, complication rate, and functional outcome after operative versus nonoperative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures; to compare re-rupture rate after early and late full weight bearing; to evaluate re-rupture rate after functional rehabilitation with early range of motion; and to compare effect estimates from randomised controlled trials and observational studies. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed/Medline, Embase, CENTRAL, and CINAHL databases were last searched on 25 April 2018 for studies comparing operative versus nonoperative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials and observational studies reporting on comparison of operative versus nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. DATA EXTRACTION Data extraction was performed independently in pairs, by four reviewers, with the use of a predefined data extraction file. Outcomes were pooled using random effects models and presented as risk difference, risk ratio, or mean difference, with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS 29 studies were included-10 randomised controlled trials and 19 observational studies. The 10 trials included 944 (6%) patients, and the 19 observational studies included 14 918 (94%) patients. A significant reduction in re-ruptures was seen after operative treatment (2.3%) compared with nonoperative treatment (3.9%) (risk difference 1.6%; risk ratio 0.43, 95% confidence interval 0.31 to 0.60; P<0.001; I2=22%). Operative treatment resulted in a significantly higher complication rate than nonoperative treatment (4.9% v 1.6%; risk difference 3.3%; risk ratio 2.76, 1.84 to 4.13; P<0.001; I2=45%). The main difference in complication rate was attributable to the incidence of infection (2.8%) in the operative group. A similar reduction in re-rupture rate in favour of operative treatment was seen after both early and late full weight bearing. No significant difference in re-rupture rate was seen between operative and nonoperative treatment in studies that used accelerated functional rehabilitation with early range of motion (risk ratio 0.60, 0.26 to 1.37; P=0.23; I2=0%). No difference in effect estimates was seen between randomised controlled trials and observational studies. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis shows that operative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures reduces the risk of re-rupture compared with nonoperative treatment. However, re-rupture rates are low and differences between treatment groups are small (risk difference 1.6%). Operative treatment results in a higher risk of other complications (risk difference 3.3%). The final decision on the management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures should be based on patient specific factors and shared decision making. This review emphasises the potential benefits of adding high quality observational studies in meta-analyses for the evaluation of objective outcome measures after surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Ochen
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School Orthopedic Trauma Initiative, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Reinier B Beks
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mark van Heijl
- Department of Surgery, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Falco Hietbrink
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luke P H Leenen
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Marilyn Heng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School Orthopedic Trauma Initiative, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rolf H H Groenwold
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - R Marijn Houwert
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands
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26
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Yow BG, Tennent DJ, Dowd TC, Loenneke JP, Owens JG. Blood Flow Restriction Training After Achilles Tendon Rupture. J Foot Ankle Surg 2018; 57:635-638. [PMID: 29477554 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is a technique shown to be safe and effective at increasing muscular strength and endurance in healthy fitness populations and is under study for its use in postinjury rehabilitation. BFR stimulates muscular strength and hypertrophy gains at much lower loads than traditional methods, allowing patients to begin the rehabilitation process much sooner. We report on 2 patients who incorporated BFR training into their traditional rehabilitation program after Achilles tendon ruptures. Patient 1 was a 29-year-old active duty soldier who sustained a left Achilles tendon rupture while playing competitive football. After operative repair and traditional rehabilitative measures, he was unable to ambulate without assistive devices owing to persistent weakness. The patient subsequently started a 5-week "return to run" program using BFR training. He experienced plantarflexion peak torque improvements of 522% and 108.9% and power gains of 4475% and 211% at 60°/s and 120°/s, respectively. He was able to ambulate without assistive devices at the 5-week follow-up examination. Patient 2 was a 38-year-old male soldier who experienced a complete left Achilles tendon rupture while exercising. After nonoperative treatment with an accelerated rehabilitation program, the patient still experienced significant strength and functional deficits. He was subsequently enrolled in a 6-week course of BFR training. He experienced plantarflexion strength improvements of 55.8% and 47.1% and power gains of 68.8% and 78.7% at 60°/s and 120°/s, respectively. He was able to return to running and sports on completion of 6 weeks of BFR-assisted therapy. Incorporating tourniquet-assisted blood flow restriction with rehabilitation programs can improve strength, endurance, and function after Achilles tendon rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby G Yow
- Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD.
| | - David J Tennent
- Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - Thomas C Dowd
- Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Assistant Professor, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, MS
| | - Johnny G Owens
- Physical Therapist, Center for the Intrepid, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX
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Eliasson P, Agergaard AS, Couppé C, Svensson R, Hoeffner R, Warming S, Warming N, Holm C, Jensen MH, Krogsgaard M, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. The Ruptured Achilles Tendon Elongates for 6 Months After Surgical Repair Regardless of Early or Late Weightbearing in Combination With Ankle Mobilization: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:2492-2502. [PMID: 29965789 DOI: 10.1177/0363546518781826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment strategies for Achilles tendon rupture vary considerably, and clinical outcome may depend on the magnitude of tendon elongation after surgical repair. The aim of this project was to examine whether tendon elongation, mechanical properties, and functional outcomes during rehabilitation of surgically repaired acute Achilles tendon ruptures were influenced by different rehabilitation regimens during the early postsurgical period. HYPOTHESIS Restricted early weightbearing that permits only limited motion about the ankle in the early phase of tendon healing limits tendon elongation and improves functional outcome. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS 75 consecutive patients with an acute Achilles tendon rupture were included. They underwent surgical repair, and tantalum beads were placed in the distal and proximal parts of the tendon; thereafter, the patients were randomized into 3 groups. The first group was completely restricted from weightbearing until week 7. The second group was completely restricted from weightbearing until week 7 but performed ankle joint mobilization exercises. The first and second groups were allowed full weightbearing after week 8. The third group was allowed partial weightbearing from day 1 and full weightbearing from week 5. All patients received the same instructions in home exercise guidelines starting from week 9. RESULTS The rehabilitation regimen in the initial 8 weeks did not significantly influence any of the measured outcomes including tendon elongation. Achilles tendon elongation and tendon compliance continued for up to 6 months after surgery, and muscle strength, muscle endurance, and patient-reported functional scores did not reach normal values at 12 months. CONCLUSION Differences in rehabilitation loading pattern in the initial 8 weeks after the repair of an Achilles tendon rupture did not measurably alter the outcome. The time to recover full function after an Achilles tendon rupture is at least 12 months. Registration: NCT02422004 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Eliasson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sofie Agergaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hoeffner
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susan Warming
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nichlas Warming
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Holm Jensen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Krogsgaard
- Section for Sports Traumatology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture with a standardised protocol. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2018; 138:1089-1096. [PMID: 29725765 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-018-2940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A treatment protocol favouring non-operative treatment and based on early weight-bearing and early range-of-motion exercises was implemented in standard clinical care of a level I trauma clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients treated due to acute Achilles tendon rupture between 2008 and 2014 were included in the study (n = 411). The patient records were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 47 (range 17-88) years. In total, 213 (52%) acute Achilles tendon ruptures were treated operatively and 198 (48%) non-operatively. The annual proportion of operatively treated patients declined from 70 to 21% during the study period. The traumatic re-rupture rate was similar between the operative (4%) and the non-operative (6%) treatment groups (p = 0.385), even though the patients in the non-operative group were significantly older and had more co-morbidities than the operatively treated patients. Of the operatively treated patients, 10% (n = 21) had wound healing problems. In 6/198 patients, the non-operative treatment had to be converted to surgical treatment in the early phase. Unsatisfactory functional outcome after the treatment was reported in 7/213 patients in the operative and 10/198 in the non-operative group (p = 0.234). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that it is possible to implement a standardised treatment protocol to guide the decision-making and treatment and of an acute Achilles tendon rupture as a part of the daily care in a large standard trauma hospital. The clinical outcome and the rate of complications were fully comparable to the good clinical results achieved in RCT-study settings despite the heterogeneity of the treated patients and non-specialisation of the medical staff, showing that the protocol could find the most reasonable treatment for each patient and reduced dramatically the rate of operative treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, comparative series.
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29
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Munegato D, Gridavilla G, Guerrasio S, Turati M, Cazzaniga C, Zanchi N, Zatti G, Bigoni M. Mini open versus open repair techniques in Achilles tendon rupture: clinical and isokinetic evaluation. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J 2018; 7:554-561. [PMID: 29387651 DOI: 10.11138/mltj/2017.7.3.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to compare the mini-open to the classic open repair techniques for Achilles tendon ruptures. Methods We retrospectively evaluated at a minimum of 2 years follow-up 32 subcutaneous Achilles tendon ruptures; 17 underwent mini-open surgery (Group A) and 15 the open technique (Group B). Results No difference in Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score and in modified Leppillahti score was observed. With respect to the contralateral side the width of the operated Achilles tendon was 4.07 mm thicker in Group A and 7.67 mm in Group B (p<.05); the calf circumference reduction was respectively 10 mm and 23.75 mm (p<.05). Iso-kinetic peak force measurement of the calf muscle strength showed a loss of 8.21% in Group A versus 17.25% in Group B (p <.05). The mean Patient Satisfaction Score was 96.76 in Group A and 88.67 in Group B (p<.01); respectively 82.3% vs 66.7% of patients were able to return to previous levels of sporting activity. There were two post-operative complications in Group B and one in Group A. Conclusion Mini-open technique minimizes the risk of complications, leads to an improved tendon healing process and functional recovery with higher patient satisfaction. Level of evidence IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Munegato
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Gridavilla
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Manzoni General Hospital, Lecco, Italy
| | - Stefano Guerrasio
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Turati
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Paediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Hopital Couple Enfants, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Carlo Cazzaniga
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Nicolò Zanchi
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zatti
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marco Bigoni
- Orthopedic Department, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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30
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Toyooka S, Takeda H, Nakajima K, Masujima A, Miyamoto W, Pagliazzi G, Nakagawa T, Kawano H. Correlation Between Recovery of Triceps Surae Muscle Strength and Level of Activity After Open Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture. Foot Ankle Int 2017; 38:1324-1330. [PMID: 28891314 DOI: 10.1177/1071100717728686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine whether physical findings reflecting triceps surae strength recovery could predict return to activities such as jogging and sports and whether patients' age and sex would influence recovery of triceps surae strength postoperatively. METHODS Between 2009 and 2013, 96 consecutive cases of postoperative acute Achilles tendon rupture were reviewed. The postoperative triceps surae strength recovery rate was investigated in all patients by using half body weight 1-time heel rise, full body weight (FBW) 1-time heel rise, FBW 20-time heel rise, jogging, and full return to sports activities. Influence of age and sex on triceps surae strength recovery was also investigated. RESULTS FBW 1-time heel rise and jogging were achieved at an average of 14 weeks (range, 6-24 weeks) and 15 weeks (range, 8-25 weeks) postoperatively, respectively. FBW 20-time heel rise and full return to sports activities were achieved at a mean of 21 weeks (range, 12-29 weeks) and 22 weeks (range, 13-29 weeks) postoperatively, respectively. Ability to perform FBW 1-time heel rise was directly related to resilience of jogging capability ( R2 = 0.317, P < 0.001), and ability to perform FBW 20-time heel rise was related to full return to sports activities ( R2 = 0.508, P < 0.001). Time to heel rise was not correlated with patient age or sex. CONCLUSION Postoperative ability to perform FBW 1-time heel rise in patients postoperatively was directly related to resilience of jogging, and ability to perform FBW 20-time heel rise was directly related to full return to sports activities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seikai Toyooka
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Takeda
- 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakajima
- 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masujima
- 2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Toshiba General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Miyamoto
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gherardo Pagliazzi
- 3 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Takumi Nakagawa
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kawano
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Braunstein M, Baumbach SF, Herterich V, Böcker W, Polzer H. Die akute Achillessehnenruptur. Unfallchirurg 2017; 120:1007-1014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00113-017-0420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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32
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Byrne C, Keene DJ, Lamb SE, Willett K. Intrarater reliability and agreement of linear encoder derived heel-rise endurance test outcome measures in healthy adults. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 36:34-39. [PMID: 28719820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A linear encoder measuring vertical displacement during the heel-rise endurance test (HRET) enables the assessment of work and maximum height in addition to the traditional repetitions measure. We aimed to compare the test-retest reliability and agreement of these three outcome measures. Thirty-eight healthy participants (20 females, 18 males) performed the HRET on two occasions separated by a minimum of seven days. Reliability was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and agreement by a range of measures including the standard error of measurement (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV), and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Reliability for repetitions (ICC=0.77 (0.66, 0.85)) was equivalent to work (ICC=0.84 (95% CI 0.76, 0.89)) and maximum height (ICC=0.85 (0.77, 0.90)). Agreement for repetitions (SEM=6.7 (5.8, 7.9); CV=13.9% (11.9, 16.8%); LoA=-1.9±37.2%) was equivalent to work (SEM=419J (361, 499J); CV=13.1% (11.2, 15.8%); LoA=0.1±34.8%) with maximum height superior (SEM=0.8cm (0.6, 1.0cm); CV=6.6% (5.7, 7.9%); LoA=1.3±17.1%). Work and maximum height demonstrated acceptable reliability and agreement that was at least equivalent to the traditional repetitions measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Byrne
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK; School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, Plymouth University, UK.
| | - David J Keene
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah E Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Keith Willett
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
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Ho G, Tantigate D, Kirschenbaum J, Greisberg JK, Vosseller JT. Increasing age in Achilles rupture patients over time. Injury 2017; 48:1701-1709. [PMID: 28457569 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The changing demographics of Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) patients have not fully been investigated. However, there has been a general suspicion that this injury is occurring in an increasingly older population, in terms of mean age. The aim of this study was to objectively show an increase in age in Achilles tendon rupture patients over time. METHODS Published literature on Achilles tendon ruptures was searched for descriptive statistics on the demographics of patients in the studies, specifically mean and median age of Achilles tendon rupture patients, gender ratio, percentage of athletics-related injuries, percentage of smokers, and BMI. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the trend of patient demographics over time. A Welch one-way ANOVA was carried out to identify any possible differences in data obtained from different types of studies. RESULTS The patient demographics from 142 studies were recorded, with all ATR injuries occurring between the years 1953 and 2014. There was no significant difference in the mean age data reported by varying study types, i.e. randomized controlled trial, cohort study, case series, etc. (P=0.182). There was a statistically significant rise in mean age of ATR patients over time (P<0.0005). There was also a statistically significant drop in percentage of male ATR patients (P=0.02). There is no significant trend for percentage of athletics-related injuries, smoking or BMI. CONCLUSION Since 1953 to present day, the mean age at which ATR occurs has been increasing by at least 0.721 years every five years. In the same time period, the percentage of female study patients with ATR injuries has also been increasing by at least 0.6% every five years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III; Retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Ho
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH-11, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Direk Tantigate
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH-11, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Josh Kirschenbaum
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH-11, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Justin K Greisberg
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH-11, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - J Turner Vosseller
- Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital, 622 West 168th Street, PH-11, New York, NY 10032, United States.
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Bishop ME, Comer CD, Kane JM, Maltenfort MG, Raikin SM. Open Repair of Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures: Is the Incidence of Clinically Significant Wound Complications Overestimated? FOOT & ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/2473011417699834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Conflicting evidence exists regarding the optimal management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures. Operative repair is thought to afford patients a lower risk of rerupture, albeit at a higher overall risk of wound complications. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 369 consecutive patients undergoing open repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures performed by a single foot and ankle fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeon was undertaken. Healing was classified as no complications, complications without prolonging treatment, complications requiring prolonged local treatment, and complications requiring operative intervention. A statistical analysis comparing the rates of complications in this cohort to that reported in the literature was conducted. Results: There were a total of 33 (8.94%) wound complications. Compared to the rates reported in the literature, no significant difference was detected ( P = .3943; CI 6.24-12.33). However, when the complications not requiring additional treatment or prolonged care were excluded, only 9 wound complications (2.44%) were identified—a significantly lower complication rate than that reported in the literature ( P < .0001; CI 1.12-4.58). There were only 2 (0.54%) major complications requiring operative intervention, also a significantly lower rate than in the literature ( P < .0001; CI 0.067-1.94). Conclusion: In the past, wound-healing complications have been cited as a concern when treating patients operatively. We found that when solely looking at healing complications prolonging the patients’ overall recovery, a significantly lower rate of complications existed compared to that reported in the literature. Level of Evidence: Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Bishop
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carly D. Comer
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin M. Kane
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | | | - Steven M. Raikin
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Chang YP, Shih KS, Chiang H, Ma HL, Lin LC, Peng WC, Wen CS, Wang HK. Characteristics of Intratendinous Microcirculation Shortly After an Achilles Rupture and Subsequent Treatment Outcomes. PM R 2016; 9:32-39. [PMID: 27317915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early microcirculatory responses after experimental tenotomy are critical to the healing of tendons and their ultimate tensile strength. The effects of changes in microcirculation on the outcomes of tendon healing, however, have not been determined. OBJECTIVES To assess microcirculation values in injured Achilles tendons in the first 3 months after surgical repair and to correlate the inter-limb microcirculatory changes with functional outcomes at 3 and 6 months after surgery. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING A university sports physiotherapy laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirteen subjects (median age: 45 years; range: 34.8-51.9 years) with a repaired Achilles tendon were recruited. METHODS OR INTERVENTION Surgical repair. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Measurements were obtained at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Bilateral measurements of tendon microcirculation (total hemoglobin [THb] and oxygen saturation [StO2]) were recorded at the first 3 time points, whereas outcome measures of a Taiwan Chinese version of the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Scale-Achilles questionnaire, one-leg hopping distance, the star excursion balance test, and the heel raise index were conducted at the third and fourth time points. Correlations between the inter-limb microcirculatory changes, eg, between the measurements at 2 months and 1 month (2-1) after surgery, at 3 months and 2 months (3-2) after surgery, and at 3 months and 1 month (3-1) after surgery, and the outcome measures were investigated. RESULTS Compared with the noninjured tendons, the repaired Achilles demonstrated greater THb (at 1, 2, and 3 months; P = .017, .008, and .012 respectively) and StO2 (at 3 months; P = .017). Furthermore, the THb2-1 and THb3-2, StO2 2-1, and StO2 3-2 showed correlations with the heel raise index, differences in the star excursion balance test and one-leg hopping distance between the noninjured leg and injured leg, and Taiwan Chinese version of the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Scale-Achilles questionnaire scores (rho -0.921 to 0.855). CONCLUSIONS Changes in the inter-limb microcirculation shortly after Achilles repair were correlated with subsequent symptoms and functional symmetry. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Chang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; and Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China(∗)
| | - Kao-Shang Shih
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China(†)
| | - Hongsen Chiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China(‡)
| | - Hsiao-Li Ma
- Sports Medicine Department, Orthopedic Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China(§)
| | - Leou-Chyr Lin
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China(¶)
| | - Wei-Chen Peng
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; and Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China(#)
| | - Che-Sheng Wen
- Department of Orthpaedics, Chen Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China(∗∗)
| | - Hsing-Kuo Wang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; and Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Floor 3, No.17, Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng District, Taipei City 100, Taiwan, Republic of China(††).
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Spennacchio P, Vascellari A, Cucchi D, Canata GL, Randelli P. Outcome evaluation after Achilles tendon ruptures. A review of the literature. JOINTS 2016; 4:52-61. [PMID: 27386448 DOI: 10.11138/jts/2016.4.1.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The optimal treatment and the best rehabilitation protocol after an acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) remain a matter of controversy in orthopaedic and sports medicine. The use of validated injury-specific outcome instruments is the only way to clarify these issues, in order to ensure that patients receive the best possible treatment. This article describes the most commonly reported outcome measures used to assess patients treated for ATR. On the basis of the available evidence, the Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) is the most appropriate outcome measure for evaluating the management of acute ATR.
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Renninger CH, Kuhn K, Fellars T, Youngblood S, Bellamy J. Operative and Nonoperative Management of Achilles Tendon Ruptures in Active Duty Military Population. Foot Ankle Int 2016; 37:269-73. [PMID: 26537241 DOI: 10.1177/1071100715615322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal management of Achilles tendon ruptures continues to be a subject of debate in orthopedics. These injuries are common in the active duty military population. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare the results of operative and nonoperative management of Achilles tendon ruptures in the active duty military population following the publication of a landmark level I study that has influenced practice patterns. METHODS All Achilles tendon injuries in active duty patients were identified at a single military institution from January 1, 2011, to January 1, 2014. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and charts were reviewed. Demographic and treatment information were recorded along with return to duty status, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), rerupture, and other complication data. Rates of DVT, rerupture, other complications, and return to duty (including time to return) were then compared. Demographic data were described. Fifty-seven male patients met inclusion criteria with an average age of 31 years. There were 27 in the operative group and 30 in the nonoperative group. There were no significant differences in group demographics. RESULTS There were no DVTs in either treatment group. There were no wound complications in the operative group. There were no significant differences in the rates of rerupture, return to duty, or other complications. There were 2 reruptures in the nonoperative group. Both were treated nonoperatively. There was one rerupture in the operative group that was treated nonoperatively. All reruptures were partial tears. Two patients underwent repair with flexor hallucis longus augmentation. Both of these patients were initially managed nonoperatively. When available data on time to return to duty was analyzed, patients who underwent operative management returned to duty on average approximately one and a half months earlier (6.7 vs 8.2 months) than nonoperative patients (P = .04). In 2011, 12% of injuries were treated nonoperatively; in 2012, 57%; and in 2013, 84%. CONCLUSIONS Similar to previously published work, this retrospective analysis found no significant difference in complication, DVT, or rerupture rates. The rate of rerupture in this study was slightly higher than previously published work in the era of functional rehabilitation, but the sample size was small. The data were limited with respect to functional outcome for comparison; however, the rate of return to active duty was not significantly different. The data also demonstrate a shift in institutional treatment pattern for Achilles injuries in this population over the 3-year study period. Operatively treated patients did have a statistically significant reduction in the time required to return to active duty of approximately one and a half months, which may represent a clinically significant difference in highly active workers or highly active people. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, retrospective comparative series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Renninger
- Trauma and Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Kuhn
- Trauma and Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Todd Fellars
- Trauma and Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scot Youngblood
- Trauma and Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Bellamy
- Trauma and Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Gross
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - James A Nunley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Tengman T, Coleman S, Grävare Silbernagel K, Karlsson J, Riad J. Muscle fatigue after Achilles tendon rupture: A limited heel-rise test with electromyography reveals decreased endurance. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/21679169.2015.1078842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Olsson N, Petzold M, Brorsson A, Karlsson J, Eriksson BI, Silbernagel KG. Predictors of Clinical Outcome After Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures. Am J Sports Med 2014; 42:1448-55. [PMID: 24658347 DOI: 10.1177/0363546514527409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with an acute Achilles tendon rupture, it has not been possible to determine the superiority of a single specific treatment modality over other treatments with respect to symptoms and function. When several pertinent treatment protocols are available for an injury, it is of interest to understand how other variables, such as age, sex, or physical activity level, affect outcome to better individualize the treatment. PURPOSE To investigate predictors of both symptomatic and functional outcomes after an acute Achilles tendon rupture. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (Prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Ninety-three patients (79 men and 14 women; mean age, 40 years) were evaluated prospectively at 3, 6, and 12 months. The main outcome measures in this study were the Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) for symptoms and maximum heel-rise height for function. The independent variables evaluated as possible predictors of outcome included treatment, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity level, symptoms, and quality of life. RESULTS Treatment, age, BMI, physical activity level, heel-rise height at 6 months, and the ATRS at 3 months were eligible for further analysis. Only male sex was included for the prediction models. The 4 different multiple linear regression models (predicting the ATRS at 6 and 12 months and heel-rise height at 6 and 12 months) were significant (P < .001-.002), and the R (2) values for the models were 0.222 to 0.409. Surgical or nonsurgical treatment is a moderate predictor of symptoms and a weak predictor of heel-rise height after an acute Achilles tendon rupture. At the 6-month follow-up, surgical treatment was associated with a larger heel-rise height, but the opposite was seen at 12 months. Surgical treatment resulted in a lower degree of symptoms. Increasing age was a strong predictor of reduced heel-rise height, and an increase in age of 10 years reduced the expected heel-rise height by approximately 8%. A higher BMI was also a strong predictor of a greater degree of symptoms, and a 5-unit higher BMI predicted a reduction of approximately 10 points in the ATRS. CONCLUSION The present study identified important possible predictors of outcome. Despite having a wide range of clinically relevant variables, the models had a limited ability to predict the final individual outcome. In general, the models appear to be better at predicting function than symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Olsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Max Petzold
- Centre for Applied Biostatistics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brorsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jón Karlsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bengt I Eriksson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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Vasileff WK, Moutzouros V. Unrecognized pediatric partial Achilles tendon injury followed by traumatic completion: a case report and literature review. J Foot Ankle Surg 2014; 53:485-8. [PMID: 24713492 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Achilles tendon ruptures are a relatively common athletic injury but are exceedingly rare in the pediatric population. We describe the case of a 10-year-old ice hockey player who experienced an Achilles tendon injury from a laceration to the posterior leg from a skate blade that led to a partial tendon laceration. This tendon injury was initially unrecognized despite an emergency department evaluation. The patient continued to complain of weakness and paresthesia after the skin laceration had healed. A traumatic dorsiflexion injury while running several weeks later led to a traumatic complete tendon rupture. The clinical, operative, and physical therapy records were reviewed to complete the history, treatment, and rehabilitation progress. The initial laceration injury had occurred 6 weeks before presentation, and the traumatic dorsiflexion injury had occurred 2 days before referral to an acute orthopedics clinic. Open repair was performed several days after the traumatic completion of the laceration, and the patient was immobilized in a cast for 5 weeks. The patient had weaned off crutches by 10 weeks postoperatively and had returned to some activities and light skating at 5.5 months. A full return to running and ice hockey had been achieved by 8 months postoperatively. The optimal repair for this injury has not been well established in published studies. We have concluded that laceration injuries have the potential to mask tendon injuries and that prolonged symptoms after a laceration should suggest occult pathologic features. Open tendon repair is a viable treatment option in the pediatric patient with Achilles tendon ruptures. A return to activities within a reasonable period can be expected with robust physical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Kelton Vasileff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center For Athletic Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI.
| | - Vasilios Moutzouros
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center For Athletic Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
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Olsson N, Silbernagel KG, Eriksson BI, Sansone M, Brorsson A, Nilsson-Helander K, Karlsson J. Stable surgical repair with accelerated rehabilitation versus nonsurgical treatment for acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a randomized controlled study. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:2867-76. [PMID: 24013347 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513503282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal treatment for acute Achilles tendon ruptures is still a subject of debate. Early loading of the tendon is a factor that has been shown to be beneficial to recovery and to minimize complications. The main outcome of previous studies has been complications such as reruptures and deep infections, without focusing on the functional outcome relevant to the majority of patients who do not experience these complications. PURPOSE To evaluate whether stable surgical repair and early loading of the tendon could improve patient-reported outcome and function after an acute Achilles tendon rupture. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS A total of 100 patients (86 men, 14 women; mean age, 40 years) with an acute total Achilles tendon rupture were randomized to either surgical treatment, including an accelerated rehabilitation protocol, or nonsurgical treatment. The primary outcome was the Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS). The patients were evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months for symptoms, physical activity level, and function. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of symptoms, physical activity level, or quality of life. There was a trend toward improved function in surgically treated patients; the results were significantly superior when assessed by the drop countermovement jump (95% CI, 0.03-0.15; P = .003) and hopping (95% CI, 0.01-0.33; P = .040). No reruptures occurred in the surgical group, while there were 5 in the nonsurgical group (P = .06). There were 6 superficial infections in the surgically treated group; however, these superficial infections had no bearing on the final outcome. Symptoms, reduced quality of life, and functional deficits still existed 12 months after injury on the injured side in both groups. CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrate that stable surgical repair with accelerated tendon loading could be performed in all (n = 49) patients without reruptures and major soft tissue-related complications. However, this treatment was not significantly superior to nonsurgical treatment in terms of functional results, physical activity, or quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Olsson
- Nicklas Olsson, Orthocenter IFK-Kliniken, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 4a, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Carmont MR, Silbernagel KG, Mathy A, Mulji Y, Karlsson J, Maffulli N. Reliability of Achilles tendon resting angle and calf circumference measurement techniques. Foot Ankle Surg 2013; 19:245-9. [PMID: 24095232 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resting angle of the ankle joint may be altered following apparently successful management of Achilles tendon rupture. The reliability of the Achilles Tendon Resting Angle and Calf Circumference measurements was determined. METHODS Three test-retest measurements for reliability assessment were performed on 16 healthy subjects: 10 males and 6 females. RESULTS The mean left Achilles Tendon Resting Angle was mean 50.1° (range [26-61]), ICC 0.92 (CI [0.83-0.97]), SEM 2.4°. The mean right Achilles tendon resting angle was mean 49.9° (range [26-60]), ICC 0.91 (CI [0.80-0.96]), SEM 2.6°. The mean left calf circumference was mean 38.5cm (range [33.3-44.2]), ICC 0.97 (CI [0.94-0.98]), SEM 0.6cm, and the mean right calf circumference was mean 38.4cm (range [33.3-43.6]), ICC 0.97 (CI [0.94-0.99]), SEM 0.5cm. CONCLUSIONS The Achilles Tendon Resting Angle and Calf Circumference at 15cm from the antero-medial joint line had excellent test-retest reliability. These are simple, quick and inexpensive measurements, which have the potential to correlate with tendon elongation and functional outcome. The Achilles tendon resting angle may be used as a guide to tendon length during intra-operative repair and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Carmont
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Princess Royal Hospital, Telford, Shropshire, UK.
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Whole-body vibration versus eccentric training or a wait-and-see approach for chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a randomized clinical trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013; 43:794-803. [PMID: 24175595 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2013.4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Randomized clinical trial. OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that whole-body vibration training results in greater improvements in symptoms and pain, structural changes, and muscle flexibility and strength of the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit than those achieved with eccentric training or with a wait-and-see approach. BACKGROUND The potential use of vibration training for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy has not been explored. METHODS Fifty-eight patients (mean age, 46.0 years) with Achilles tendinopathy were randomly assigned to a 12-week intervention using whole-body vibration training, eccentric training, or a wait-and-see approach. Pain, tendon structure and path, and muscle flexibility and strength were assessed at baseline and follow-up, and compared using mixed-factor analyses of variance. RESULTS Pain improvements at the midsection of the tendon were greater in the vibration- and eccentric-training groups than in the wait-and-see group (mean difference from the vibration-training group, -18.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -35.0, -1.1; mean difference from the eccentric-training group, -27.0; 95% CI: -50.9, -3.1). Improvements in pain at the musculotendinous junction were greater in the eccentric-training group than in the other groups (mean difference from the vibration-training group, -31.4; 95% CI: -60.7, -2.0; mean difference from the wait-and-see group, -50.2; 95% CI: -82.3, -18.1). Improvements in most participants were achieved in the vibration-training group, followed by the eccentric-training group. CONCLUSION Vibration training may be an alternative or a complementary treatment in patients who do not respond well to eccentric training, especially in those with insertional pain. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapy, level 2b-.
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McNair P, Nordez A, Olds M, Young SW, Cornu C. Biomechanical properties of the plantar flexor muscle-tendon complex 6 months post-rupture of the Achilles tendon. J Orthop Res 2013; 31:1469-74. [PMID: 23649780 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effects of a non-weight bearing protocol (NWB) and a weight bearing (WB) protocol on energy stored, stiffness, and shock absorption in the plantar flexor muscle-tendon unit of patients managed non-operatively following an Achilles tendon rupture. Thirty-eight subjects were randomized to a WB cast fitted with a Bohler iron or a traditional non-weight-bearing cast. At a 6-month follow-up, a biomechanical assessment utilizing an isokinetic dynamometer allowed measurement of peak passive torque, energy stored, shock absorption, and stiffness. The WB group had greater peak passive torque (≈ 20%). Irrespective of group, peak passive torque in unaffected legs was greater (≈ 26%) than affected legs. Across the groups, energy stored in the NWB group was 74% of the WB group. The energy stored in affected legs was 80% of that in unaffected legs. Shock absorption was not significantly different across legs or groups. Irrespective of group, affected legs had significantly less stiffness (20-40%). While the augmentation of plaster with a Bohler iron to allow increased weight bearing had positive effects, deficits in affected compared to unaffected legs irrespective of group were notable, and should be addressed prior to participation in vigorous physical activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McNair
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Jandacka D, Zahradnik D, Foldyna K, Hamill J. Running biomechanics in a long-term monitored recreational athlete with a history of Achilles tendon rupture. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2012-007370. [PMID: 23362072 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-007370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study represented a unique opportunity to understand changes in the human motion biomechanics during basic locomotion within a time interval of 4 years, when the monitored individual regained his original aerobic fitness, running performance and body mass index as prior to the injury. The participant visited the laboratory a month prior to the injury and during 4 years after the surgery. The surgery, subsequent rehabilitation and a 4-year running training programme in the studied recreational athlete did not completely eliminate the consequences of the Achilles tendon rupture. The function muscle deficit is namely manifested by a lower net plantar flexion moment and a lower net-generated ankle joint power during the take-off in the stance phase. The greater dorsal flexion in the affected ankle joint at the first contact with the ground and consequently higher peaks of ground reaction forces during running are consequences of the longer Achilles tendon in the affected lower extremity and weakened calf muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jandacka
- Human Motion Diagnostic Center, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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Wilkins R, Bisson LJ. Operative versus nonoperative management of acute Achilles tendon ruptures: a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Am J Sports Med 2012; 40:2154-60. [PMID: 22802271 DOI: 10.1177/0363546512453293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite several randomized controlled trials comparing operative to nonoperative management of Achilles tendon ruptures, the optimal management of this condition remains the subject of significant debate. Rerupture is a known complication, but most level I studies have not shown a significant difference in the incidence of reruptures when comparing operative to nonoperative management. PURPOSE The goal of this systematic review was to identify all randomized controlled trials comparing operative and nonoperative management of Achilles tendon ruptures and to meta-analyze the data with reruptures being the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes including strength, time to return to work, and other complications were analyzed as well. STUDY DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS We searched multiple online databases to identify English-language, prospective randomized controlled trials comparing open surgical repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures to nonoperative management. Rerupture was our primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included strength, time to return to work, deep infections, sural nerve sensory disturbances, noncosmetic scar complaints, and deep venous thrombosis. Coleman methodology scores were calculated for each included study. Data were extracted from all qualifying articles and, when appropriate, pooled and meta-analyzed. RESULTS Seven level I trials involving 677 patients met inclusion criteria. Coleman scores were 95, 95, 95, 89, 78, 97, and 92. Open repair was associated with a significantly lower rerupture rate compared with nonoperative treatment (3.6% vs 8.8%; odds ratio, 0.425; 95% confidence interval, 0.222-0.815). The incidence of deep infections was significantly higher for patients treated with surgery (P = .0113). The incidences of noncosmetic scar complaints and sural nerve sensory disturbances were also significantly higher in patients treated with surgery (P < .001 for each). Strength measurements were not standardized and therefore could not be meta-analyzed. CONCLUSION Open surgical repair of acute Achilles tendon ruptures significantly reduces the risk of reruptures when compared with nonoperative management. Several other complications, which are clearly avoided with nonoperative treatment, occur with a significantly higher incidence when surgical repair is performed. The available literature makes it difficult to compare the return of strength in the involved lower extremity after operative or nonoperative management. Future studies may focus on testing strength in a more functional and reproducible manner than isokinetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wilkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 33 Linden Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Manal K, Gravare-Silbernagel K, Buchanan TS. A Real-time EMG-driven Musculoskeletal Model of the Ankle. MULTIBODY SYSTEM DYNAMICS 2012; 28:169-180. [PMID: 23419878 PMCID: PMC3571695 DOI: 10.1007/s11044-011-9285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The real-time estimation of muscle forces could be a very valuable tool for rehabilitation. By seeing how much muscle force is being produced during rehabilitation, therapists know whether they are working within safe limits in their therapies and patients know if they are producing enough force to expect improvement. This is especially true for rehabilitation of Achilles tendon ruptures where, out of fear of overloading and causing a re-rupture, minimal therapy is typically done for eight weeks post-surgery despite animal studies that show that low-level loading is beneficial. To address this need, we have developed a biomechanical model that allows for the real-time estimation of forces in the triceps surae muscle and Achilles tendon. Forces are estimated using a Hill-type muscle model. To account for differences in neuromuscular control of each subject, the model used EMGs as input. To make this clinically useful, joint angles were measured using electrogoniometers. A dynamometer was used to measure joint moments during the model calibration stage, but was not required during real-time studies. The model accounts for the force-length and force-velocity properties of muscles, and other parameters such as tendon slack length and optimal fiber length. Additional parameters, such as pennation angle and moment arm of each muscle in the model, vary as functions of joint angle. In this paper, the model is presented and it application is demonstrated in two subjects: one with a healthy Achilles tendon and a second six months post Achilles tendon rupture and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Manal
- Delaware Rehabilitation Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA
| | | | - Thomas S. Buchanan
- Delaware Rehabilitation Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA
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Olsson N, Karlsson J, Eriksson BI, Brorsson A, Lundberg M, Silbernagel KG. Ability to perform a single heel-rise is significantly related to patient-reported outcome after Achilles tendon rupture. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:152-8. [PMID: 22716232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the short-term recovery of function after an acute Achilles tendon rupture, measured by a single-legged heel-rise test, with main emphasis on the relation to the patient-reported outcomes and fear of physical activity and movement (kinesiophobia). Eighty-one patients treated surgically or non-surgically with early active rehabilitation after Achilles tendon rupture were included in the study. Patient's ability to perform a single-legged heel-rise, physical activity level, patient-reported symptoms, general health, and kinesiophobia was evaluated 12 weeks after the injury. The heel-rise test showed that 40 out of 81 (49%) patients were unable to perform a single heel-rise 12 weeks after the injury. We found that patients who were able to perform a heel-rise were significantly younger, more often of male gender, reported a lesser degree of symptoms, and also had a higher degree of physical activity at 12 weeks. There was also a significant negative correlation between kinesiophobia and all the patient-reported outcomes and the physical activity level. The heel-rise ability appears to be an important early achievement and reflects the general level of healing, which influences patient-reported outcome and physical activity. Future treatment protocols focusing on regaining strength early after the injury therefore seem to be of great importance. Kinesiophobia needs to be addressed early during the rehabilitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Olsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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Maffulli N, Spiezia F, Testa V, Capasso G, Longo UG, Denaro V. Free gracilis tendon graft for reconstruction of chronic tears of the Achilles tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012; 94:906-10. [PMID: 22617918 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.k.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic tears of the Achilles tendon with a tendon gap exceeding 6 cm are a surgical challenge. The purpose of this study is to report the long-term results of reconstruction of such chronic Achilles tendon ruptures with use of a free autologous gracilis tendon graft. METHODS Twenty-one patients underwent reconstruction of a chronic rupture of the Achilles tendon. Fifteen patients were available for clinical and functional assessment on the basis of anthropometric measurements, isometric strength testing, and the Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score after a mean duration of follow-up of 10.9 years (range, eight to twelve years). RESULTS All fifteen patients were able to walk on the tiptoes, and no patient used a heel lift or walked with a visible limp. At an average of 10.9 years of follow-up, the maximum calf circumference of the operatively treated leg remained substantially decreased and the operatively treated limb was significantly weaker than the contralateral, normal limb. Two patients had developed tendinopathy of the contralateral Achilles tendon, one had developed tendinopathy of the reconstructed tendon, and one had ruptured the contralateral Achilles tendon eight years after the index tear. CONCLUSIONS The long-term results of treatment of chronic tears of the Achilles tendon with free gracilis tendon grafting showed that patients retained good functional results despite permanently impaired ankle plantar flexion strength and decreased calf circumference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, England.
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