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Teixeira VON, Bartikoski BJ, do Espirito Santo RC, Alabarse PVG, Ghannan K, Silva JMS, Filippin LI, Visioli F, Martinez-Gamboa L, Feist E, Xavier RM. The role of proteasome in muscle wasting of experimental arthritis. Adv Rheumatol 2023; 63:14. [PMID: 36949513 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-023-00292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that often leads patients to muscle impairment and physical disability. This study aimed to evaluate changes in the activity of proteasome system in skeletal muscles of mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and treated with etanercept or methotrexate. METHODS Male DBA1/J mice were divided into four groups (n = 8 each): CIA-Vehicle (treated with saline), CIA-ETN (treated with etanercept, 5.5 mg/kg), CIA-MTX (treated with methotrexate, 35 mg/kg) and CO (healthy control group). Mice were treated two times a week for 6 weeks. Clinical score and hind paw edema were measured. Muscles were weighted after euthanasia and used to quantify proteasome activity, gene (MuRF-1, PMSα4, PSMβ5, PMSβ6, PSMβ7, PSMβ8, PSMβ9, and PSMβ10), and protein (PSMβ1, PSMβ5, PSMβ1i, PSMβ5i) expression of proteasome subunits. RESULTS Both treatments slowed disease development, but only CIA-ETN maintained muscle weight compared to CIA-MTX and CIA-Vehicle groups. Etanercept treatment showed caspase-like activity of 26S proteasome similar to CO group, while CIA-Vehicle and CIA-MTX had higher activity compared to CO group (p: 0.0057). MuRF-1 mRNA expression was decreased after etanercept administration compared to CIA-Vehicle and CO groups (p: 0.002, p: 0.007, respectively). PSMβ8 and PSMβ9 mRNA levels were increased in CIA-Vehicle and CIA-MTX compared to CO group, while CIA-ETN presented no difference from CO. PMSβ6 mRNA expression was higher in CIA-Vehicle and CIA-MTX groups than in CO group. Protein levels of the PSMβ5 subunit were increased in CO group compared to CIA-Vehicle; after both etanercept and methotrexate treatments, PSMβ5 expression was higher than in CIA-Vehicle group and did not differ from CO group expression (p: 0.0025, p: 0.001, respectively). The inflammation-induced subunit β1 (LMP2) was enhanced after methotrexate treatment compared to CO group (p: 0.043). CONCLUSIONS The results of CIA-Vehicle show that arthritis increases muscle proteasome activation by enhanced caspase-like activity of 26S proteasome and increased PSMβ8 and PSMβ9 mRNA levels. Etanercept treatment was able to maintain the muscle weight and to modulate proteasome so that its activity and gene expression were compared to CO after TNF inhibition. The protein expression of inflammation-induced proteasome subunit was increased in muscle of CIA-MTX group but not following etanercept treatment. Thus, anti-TNF treatment may be an interesting approach to attenuate the arthritis-related muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Oliveira Nunes Teixeira
- Medical Sciences Program, Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, 2350, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Jonson Bartikoski
- Medical Sciences Program, Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, 2350, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Cavalheiro do Espirito Santo
- Medical Sciences Program, Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, 2350, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Vinícius Gil Alabarse
- Medical Sciences Program, Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, 2350, Brazil
- University of California San Diego Medical Center Library, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, USA
| | - Khetam Ghannan
- Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jordana Miranda Souza Silva
- Medical Sciences Program, Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, 2350, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Isabel Filippin
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, 2350, Brazil
- Health and Human Development Department, Universidade La Salle, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Patology Department, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lorena Martinez-Gamboa
- Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen Feist
- Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricardo Machado Xavier
- Medical Sciences Program, Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Doenças Autoimunes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, 2350, Brazil
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Claveau JS, LeBlanc R, Ahmad I, Delisle JS, Cohen S, Kiss T, Bambace NM, Bernard L, Lachance S, Roy DC, Sauvageau G, Veilleux O, Roy J. Bortezomib Maintenance After Allogeneic Transplantation in Newly Diagnosed Myeloma Patients Results in Decreased Incidence and Severity of Chronic GVHD. Transplant Cell Ther 2023; 29:44.e1-44.e9. [PMID: 36334654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2022.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has curative potential in myeloma but remains hampered by high rates of relapse and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We hypothesized that bortezomib (BTZ) as maintenance therapy after allo HCT could not only decrease the incidence of relapse but also the incidence and severity of chronic GVHD. The primary endpoint of this study was to determine whether BTZ maintenance decreases the incidence and severity of chronic GVHD using National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria. The secondary endpoints were to determine the immunosuppression burden, organ involvement and survival (overall survival, progression-free survival) in patients either receiving or not receiving BTZ. In this retrospective study, we compared the outcome of 46 myeloma patients who received BTZ after upfront tandem auto-allo HCT between 2008 and 2020 to 61 patients without maintenance. We explored the impact of BTZ maintenance on incidence and severity of chronic GVHD using the 2014 NIH criteria. At 2 years, incidences of overall (61.2% versus 83.6%; P = .001), and moderate/severe chronic GVHD (44.5% versus 77.0%; P = .001) were significantly lower in BTZ recipients who had less mouth (43% versus 67%; P = .018) and eyes (9% versus 41%; P = .001) involvement at initial diagnosis. We report a lower use of systemic steroids (45.1% versus 76.4%; P < .001), mycophenolate mofetil (15.5% versus 28.2%; P = .031) and tacrolimus (34.5% versus 70.6%; P < .001) in BTZ recipients. Probability of being alive and off systemic immunosuppressants at 3 years was 77% in BTZ recipients and 56% in controls (P = .046). To date, there is no difference in survival between both groups. In summary, BTZ maintenance improved incidence and severity of chronic GVHD and should be considered as a valid option in myeloma patients receiving upfront tandem auto-allo HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Claveau
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Richard LeBlanc
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Delisle
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandra Cohen
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Kiss
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nadia M Bambace
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Léa Bernard
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Silvy Lachance
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Claude Roy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Veilleux
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Roy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Institut Universitaire d'Hémato-Oncologie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Kirk CJ, Muchamuel T, Wang J, Fan RA. Discovery and Early Clinical Development of Selective Immunoproteasome Inhibitors. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010009. [PMID: 35011570 PMCID: PMC8750005 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the proteolytic activity of the 20S proteasome have transformed the treatment of multiple B-cell malignancies. These agents have also been employed with success in the treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases and immune-mediated disorders. However, new agents are needed to fully unlock the potential of proteasome inhibitors as immunomodulatory drugs. The discovery that selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome possess broad anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical models has led to the progression of multiple compounds to clinical trials. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory potential of immunoproteasome inhibition and the early development of KZR-616, the first selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome to reach clinical testing.
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El-Kadiry AEH, Merhi Y. The Role of the Proteasome in Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083999. [PMID: 33924425 PMCID: PMC8069084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets are megakaryocyte-derived acellular fragments prepped to maintain primary hemostasis and thrombosis by preserving vascular integrity. Although they lack nuclei, platelets harbor functional genomic mediators that bolster platelet activity in a signal-specific manner by performing limited de novo protein synthesis. Furthermore, despite their limited protein synthesis, platelets are equipped with multiple protein degradation mechanisms, such as the proteasome. In nucleated cells, the functions of the proteasome are well established and primarily include proteostasis among a myriad of other signaling processes. However, the role of proteasome-mediated protein degradation in platelets remains elusive. In this review article, we recapitulate the developing literature on the functions of the proteasome in platelets, discussing its emerging regulatory role in platelet viability and function and highlighting how its functional coupling with the transcription factor NF-κB constitutes a novel potential therapeutic target in atherothrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abed El-Hakim El-Kadiry
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Centre, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Yahye Merhi
- Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Montreal Heart Institute, Research Centre, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-376-3330
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Woodle ES, Tremblay S, Rossi A, Rojas CC, Alloway R, Roskin K, Allman D, Hildeman D. Plasma cell targeting to prevent antibody-mediated rejection. Am J Transplant 2020; 20 Suppl 4:33-41. [PMID: 32538532 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are the major source of pathogenic allo- and autoantibodies and have historically demonstrated resistance to therapeutic targeting. However, significant recent clinical progress has been made with the use of second-generation proteasome inhibitors (PIs). PIs provide efficient elimination of plasmablast-mediated humoral responses; however, long-lived bone marrow (BM) resident PCs (LLPCs) demonstrate therapeutic resistance, particularly to first-generation PIs. In addition, durability of antibody (Ab) reduction still requires improvement. More recent clinical trials have focused on conditions mediated by LLPCs and have included mechanistic studies of LLPCs from PI-treated patients. A recent clinical trial of carfilzomib (a second-generation irreversible PI) demonstrated improved efficacy in eliminating BM PCs and reducing anti-HLA Abs in chronically HLA-sensitized patients; however, Ab rebound was observed over several weeks to months following PI therapy. Importantly, recent murine studies have provided substantial insights into PC biology, thereby further enhancing our understanding of PC populations. It is now clear that BMPC populations, where LLPCs are thought to primarily reside, are heterogeneous and have distinct gene expression, metabolic, and survival signatures that enable identification and characterization of PC subsets. This review highlights recent advances in PC biology and clinical trials in transplant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Steve Woodle
- Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Simon Tremblay
- Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy Rossi
- Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Cyd C Rojas
- Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rita Alloway
- Divison of Nephrology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Krishna Roskin
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - David Allman
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Hildeman
- Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Wang H, Yan W, Feng Z, Gao Y, Zhang L, Feng X, Tian D. Plasma proteomic analysis of autoimmune hepatitis in an improved AIH mouse model. J Transl Med 2020; 18:3. [PMID: 31906950 PMCID: PMC6943959 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is increasing, and its early clinical diagnosis is difficult. The pathogenesis of AIH remains unclear, and AIH-related studies are largely limited because of lack of suitable mouse models. Methods To obtain a good tool for research on AIH, we first established an improved immune-mediated mouse model that can mimic the pathological process of AIH as in the human body, through repeated injections of human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) plasmid. Next, a proteomic analysis based on isobaric tag (IBT) technology was performed to detect the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and related biological functions and pathways in the plasma of AIH and normal mice. Finally, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to further confirm the most abundant DEP in the plasma of patients with AIH. Results Autoantibodies and the characteristic pathology of AIH were observed in our mouse model. Inflammatory infiltration also increased in the livers of AIH mice over time and plateaued by day 42 post the first injection. Chronic hepatitis was most severe on day 35 with the development of fibrosis as well, and the plasma of AIH mice were collected for proteomic analysis. A total of 176 DEPs were found in this experiment, of which 148 DEPs were up-regulated and 28 DEPs were down-regulated. Thirty significant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways (P < 0.05) were detected. Arginine biosynthesis was found to be the most significant pathway involved in the AIH process. During the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, most DEPs were found to be involved in the binding, cellular, and metabolic processes. Using ELISA, the most overexpressed DEP, serum amyloid A 1 (SAA1), was confirmed to be increased specifically in the plasma of patients with AIH compared to other chronic hepatitis. Different plasma levels of SAA1 were also found related to different grades of inflammation and stages of fibrosis in the liver of patients with AIH. Conclusions Our study is the first to describe the proteomics analysis of a true sense of AIH mouse model, which is beneficial for a better understanding of AIH pathogenesis and identifying potential biomarkers for its clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuohua Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxia Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue 1095, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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Kaplan GS, Torcun CC, Grune T, Ozer NK, Karademir B. Proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy: Treatment regimen and peripheral neuropathy as a side effect. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 103:1-13. [PMID: 27940347 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomal system plays an important role in protein turnover, which is essential for homeostasis of cells. Besides degradation of oxidized proteins, it is involved in the regulation of many different signaling pathways. These pathways include mainly cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, transcriptional activation and angiogenesis. Thus, proteasomal system is a crucial target for treatment of several diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cystic fibrosis, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, diabetes and cancer. Over the last fifteen years, proteasome inhibitors have been tested to highlight their mechanisms of action and used in the clinic to treat different types of cancer. Proteasome inhibitors are mainly used in combinational therapy along with classical chemo-radiotherapy. Several studies have proved their significant effects but serious side effects such as peripheral neuropathy, limits their use in required effective doses. Recent studies focus on peripheral neuropathy as the primary side effect of proteasome inhibitors. Therefore, it is important to delineate the underlying mechanisms of peripheral neuropathy and develop new inhibitors according to obtained data. This review will detail the role of proteasome inhibition in cancer therapy and development of peripheral neuropathy as a side effect. Additionally, new approaches to prevent treatment-limiting side effects will be discussed in order to help researchers in developing effective strategies to overcome side effects of proteasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulce Sari Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine/Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceyda Corek Torcun
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine/Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department for Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Nesrin Kartal Ozer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine/Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Karademir
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine/Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, 34854 Maltepe, Istanbul, Turkey.
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The proteasome - victim or culprit in autoimmunity. Clin Immunol 2016; 172:83-89. [PMID: 27475228 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system is closely connected to apoptosis, autophagy, signaling of inflammatory cytokines and generation of ligands for MHC class I antigen presentation. Proteasome function in the innate immune response becomes particularly evident in patients with proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes (PRAAS), where disease causing mutations result in reduced proteasome activity. PRAAS can be classified as a novel type of interferonopathy, however the molecular mechanism and signaling pathways leading from impaired proteasome capacity, the accumulation of damaged proteins, and the induction of type I IFN-genes remain to be determined. In contrast, several studies have confirmed an up-regulation of inducible subunits of the proteasome in systemic autoimmune diseases. Since proteasome inhibition was shown to be efficacious in several in-vitro studies and animal models of autoimmune diseases, it is justified to investigate the application of proteasome inhibitors in human disease. In this context, a number of available proteasome inhibitors has been characterized as potent immune-suppressants. The mode of action of proteasome inhibition interferes with the quality control of the huge amounts of synthetized antibodies causing an unfolded protein response. Further effects of proteasome inhibition includes inhibition of NFκB activation as well as direct activation of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis. The preliminary clinical work on proteasome inhibition in autoimmune diseases comprises only few studies in small cohorts with promising effects, which needs to be confirmed in controlled clinical trials.
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Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib suppresses nuclear factor-kappa B activation and ameliorates eye inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:847373. [PMID: 25653480 PMCID: PMC4306382 DOI: 10.1155/2015/847373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor used for hematologic cancer treatment. Since it can suppress NF-κB activation, which is critical for the inflammatory process, bortezomib has been found to possess anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of bortezomib on experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in mice and investigated the potential mechanisms related to NF-κB inactivation. High-dose bortezomib (0.75 mg/kg), low-dose bortezomib (0.15 mg/kg), or phosphate buffered saline was given after EAU induction. We found that the EAU is ameliorated by high-dose bortezomib treatment when compared with low-dose bortezomib or PBS treatment. The DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was suppressed and expression of several key inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, IL-17, and MCP-1 was lowered in the high-dose bortezomib-treated group. These results suggest that proteasome inhibition is a promising treatment strategy for autoimmune uveitis.
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Švajger U, Gobec M, Obreza A, Mlinarič-Raščan I. Novel N-amidinopiperidine-based proteasome inhibitor preserves dendritic cell functionality and rescues their Th1-polarizing capacity in Ramos-conditioned tumor environment. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:15-27. [PMID: 25253531 PMCID: PMC11029559 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment represents a burden that hampers the proper activation of immune cells, including the dendritic cells (DCs). It is, therefore, desired that the important characteristics of a given anticancer drug candidate be seen as consisting not solely of its antitumor properties, but that it also lacks potential side effects that could additionally constrain the development and function of immune cells associated with tumor immunity. We have previously identified compounds with a N-amidinopiperidine scaffold that selectively induce apoptosis in Burkitt's lymphoma cells through proteasome inhibition. Here, we demonstrate that SPI-15 affected neither the viability of DCs nor their differentiation. In addition, the compound had no significant effect on their cytokine secretion or allostimulatory capacity. Moreover, DC functionality in the context of tumor microenvironment was also unaffected, as demonstrated by experiments performed on DCs differentiated in Ramos-conditioned media in the presence or absence of SPI-15. The cytokine profile and functional assays revealed that SPI-15 rescues DC differentiation from the immunosuppressive environment produced by Ramos cells; this was seen by their reacquired ability to induce IFN-γ-secretion from naïve CD4(+)CD45RA(+) T cells and the consequently induced Th1-effector differentiation. Herein, we present novel characteristics of an N-amidinopiperidine-based protease inhibitor whose anticancer properties are not associated with the immunosuppression of DCs. We propose future studies toward the design of structurally similar compounds with the aim of developing potent anticancer drugs with minimal negative effects on crucial factors involved in tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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Ejaz NS, Alloway RR, Halleck F, Dürr M, Budde K, Woodle ES. Review of bortezomib treatment of antibody-mediated rejection in renal transplantation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2401-18. [PMID: 24635140 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Development of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) after kidney transplantation is associated with reduced allograft survival. A few strategies have been tested in controlled clinical trials for the treatment of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), and no therapies are approved by regulatory authorities. Thus development of antihumoral therapies that provide prompt elimination of DSA and improve allograft survival is an important goal. RECENT ADVANCES Proteasome inhibitor (PI)-based regimens provide a promising new approach for treating AMR. To date, experiences have been limited to off-label bortezomib use in AMR. Key findings with PI-based therapy are that they provide effective primary and rescue therapy for AMR by prompt reduction in immunodominant DSA and improvements in histologic and renal function. Early and late AMR differ immunologically and in response to PI therapy. Bortezomib-related toxicities in renal transplant recipients are similar to those observed in the multiple myeloma population. CRITICAL ISSUES Although preliminary evidence with PI therapy for AMR is encouraging, the evidence is limited. Larger, prospective, randomized controlled trials with long-term follow up are needed. Advancement in endpoints of clinical trial designs and rigorous clinical trials with more standardized adjunct therapies are also required to explore the risks and benefits of AMR treatment modalities. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In the next few years, new PIs are likely to be introduced and new approaches would be developed for achieving synergy with PIs. The ultimate goal will be to develop a regimen that delivers reliable, rapid, complete, and durable elimination of DSA with an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Ejaz
- 1 Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, Ohio
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Mehta B, Mahadeo K, Zaw R, Tang S, Kapoor N, Abdel-Azim H. Bortezomib for effective treatment of a child with refractory autoimmune hemolytic anemia post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:2324-5. [PMID: 25131654 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Mehta
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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13
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Abstract
Proteasome (PS) is a sophisticated protein degradation machinery comprising a 20S proteolytic core particle provided with caspase-like, trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activities on ubiquitinilated proteins. The products of this selective, complex, controlled and strictly coordinated system play a crucial role in cell cycle progression and apoptosis; activation of transcription factors, cytokines and chemokines; degradation and generation of MHC class I-presented peptides. PS has recently emerged as a promising drug target in cancer therapy, and bortezomib has been approved for refractory multiple myeloma. PS proteolysis is crucial for the degradation of the inhibitory protein IkB of nuclear factor kB (NF-kB), and hence, an interesting field of research has been developed on possible benefits of drugs with anti-PS activity in disease conditions with hyper-expression of NF-kB. PS inhibitors are being adopted in pilot studies in antibody-mediated renal rejection and in AL amyloidosis, with increasing scientific interest in possible applications in lupus, IgA nephropathy, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and renal fibrosis. The most often used PS inhibitor, bortezomib, has a severe peripheral neurotoxicity, and the search for effective and less toxic PS-targeted drugs is a challenging area also in nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Coppo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, City of Health and Science of Turin, Regina Margherita University Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Mohty M, Malard F, Mohty B, Savani B, Moreau P, Terpos E. The effects of bortezomib on bone disease in patients with multiple myeloma. Cancer 2013; 120:618-23. [PMID: 24249482 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bortezomib has demonstrated substantial activity in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma and is widely incorporated into treatment strategies across the different settings. It is interesting to note that data are accumulating to suggest that the activity of bortezomib extends beyond the tumor cell and microenvironment to encompass effects on bone metabolism. Indeed, data from both the preclinical and clinical settings have suggested that bortezomib directly stimulates osteoblast growth and differentiation, while also inhibiting osteoclast development and activity. Notably, in the clinical setting, the bone anabolic effects of bortezomib could be demonstrated by the healing of lytic lesions as noted in some patients. These results are of importance because bone disease is a hallmark of myeloma and therefore any agent that combines antimyeloma activity with positive effects on bone is of substantial interest. However, further studies are needed to establish how the agent should be used for the treatment of patients with bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Mohty
- Hematology Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France; INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) 938, Paris, France; Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France
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15
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Mohty M, Brissot E, Savani BN, Gaugler B. Effects of Bortezomib on the Immune System: A Focus on Immune Regulation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2013; 19:1416-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Moran E, Carbone F, Augusti V, Patrone F, Ballestrero A, Nencioni A. Proteasome inhibitors as immunosuppressants: biological rationale and clinical experience. Semin Hematol 2013; 49:270-6. [PMID: 22726551 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the potential of proteasome inhibitors as immunosuppressants. Proteasome inhibitors interfere with antigen processing and presentation, as well as with the signaling cascades involved in immune cell function and survival. Both myeloma and healthy plasma cells appear to be highly susceptible to proteasome inhibitors due to impaired proteasomal activity in both cell types. As a consequence, these agents can be used to reduce antibody production and thus prevent antibody-induced tissue damage. Several clinical studies have explored the potential of bortezomib, a peptide boronate proteasome inhibitor, for treating immune disorders, such as antibody-mediated organ rejection and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), with encouraging results. Here, we discuss the biological rationale for the use of proteasome inhibitors as immunosuppressive agents and review the clinical experience with bortezomib in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Moran
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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17
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Majetschak M. Regulation of the proteasome by ATP: implications for ischemic myocardial injury and donor heart preservation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H267-78. [PMID: 23709597 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00206.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that proteasomes are involved in multiple aspects of myocardial physiology and pathology, including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. It is well established that the 26S proteasome is an ATP-dependent enzyme and that ischemic heart disease is associated with changes in the ATP content of the cardiomyocyte. A functional link between the 26S proteasome, myocardial ATP concentrations, and ischemic cardiac injury, however, has been suggested only recently. This review discusses the currently available data on the pathophysiological role of the cardiac proteasome during ischemia and reperfusion in the context of the cellular ATP content. Depletion of the myocardial ATP content during ischemia appears to activate the 26S proteasome via direct regulatory effects of ATP on 26S proteasome stability and activity. This implies pathological degradation of target proteins by the proteasome and could provide a pathophysiological basis for beneficial effects of proteasome inhibitors in various models of myocardial ischemia. In contrast to that in the ischemic heart, reduced and impaired proteasome activity is detectable in the postischemic heart. The paradoxical findings that proteasome inhibitors showed beneficial effects when administered during reperfusion in some studies could be explained by their anti-inflammatory and immune suppressive actions, leading to reduction of leukocyte-mediated myocardial reperfusion injury. The direct regulatory effects of ATP on the 26S proteasome have implications for the understanding of the contribution of the 26S proteasome to the pathophysiology of the ischemic heart and its possible role as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Majetschak
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Martinez-Gamboa L, Lesemann K, Kuckelkorn U, Scheffler S, Ghannam K, Hahne M, Gaber-Elsner T, Egerer K, Naumann L, Buttgereit F, Dörner T, Kloetzel PM, Burmester GR, Faustman DL, Feist E. Gene expression of catalytic proteasome subunits and resistance toward proteasome inhibition of B lymphocytes from patients with primary sjogren syndrome. J Rheumatol 2013; 40:663-73. [PMID: 23504381 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.120680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysregulation of proteasome subunit β1i expression has been shown in total blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS), a B cell-driven systemic autoimmune disorder. METHODS Proteasome activation was investigated in sorted blood cells from patients with pSS and controls by measuring transcript levels of constitutive (β1/β2/β5) and corresponding immunoproteasome catalytic subunits (β1i/β2i/β5i) using real-time PCR. At protein level, β1i protein expression was analyzed by immunoblotting. Functional effects of proteasome inhibition on proteolytic activity and induction of apoptosis were also evaluated in cellular subsets. RESULTS The proteasome was found to be activated in pSS, with upregulation of gene expression of catalytic proteasome subunits. Western blot analysis revealed decreased β1i protein expression in pSS B lymphocytes, with decreased protein despite increased messenger RNA (mRNA) levels. After proteasome inhibition in vitro, proteolytic activity was less reduced and resistance to apoptosis was increased in B lymphocytes compared to other cells. CONCLUSION In pSS, catalytic subunits of the proteasome are upregulated at the mRNA level, while dysregulation of subunit β1i is attributed to B lymphocytes. B cell resistance after proteasome inhibition differs from the classical concept of increased susceptibility toward inhibition in activated cells, supporting the novel notion that susceptibility depends on cellular intrinsic factors and on proteasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Martinez-Gamboa
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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Chondrogianni N, Petropoulos I, Grimm S, Georgila K, Catalgol B, Friguet B, Grune T, Gonos ES. Protein damage, repair and proteolysis. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 35:1-71. [PMID: 23107776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are continuously affected by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Damaged proteins influence several intracellular pathways and result in different disorders and diseases. Aggregation of damaged proteins depends on the balance between their generation and their reversal or elimination by protein repair systems and degradation, respectively. With regard to protein repair, only few repair mechanisms have been evidenced including the reduction of methionine sulfoxide residues by the methionine sulfoxide reductases, the conversion of isoaspartyl residues to L-aspartate by L-isoaspartate methyl transferase and deglycation by phosphorylation of protein-bound fructosamine by fructosamine-3-kinase. Protein degradation is orchestrated by two major proteolytic systems, namely the lysosome and the proteasome. Alteration of the function for both systems has been involved in all aspects of cellular metabolic networks linked to either normal or pathological processes. Given the importance of protein repair and degradation, great effort has recently been made regarding the modulation of these systems in various physiological conditions such as aging, as well as in diseases. Genetic modulation has produced promising results in the area of protein repair enzymes but there are not yet any identified potent inhibitors, and, to our knowledge, only one activating compound has been reported so far. In contrast, different drugs as well as natural compounds that interfere with proteolysis have been identified and/or developed resulting in homeostatic maintenance and/or the delay of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
| | - Isabelle Petropoulos
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4-UPMC, IFR 83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Grimm
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Konstantina Georgila
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Betul Catalgol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4-UPMC, IFR 83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
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20
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Sadaka B, Alloway RR, Shields AR, Schmidt NM, Woodle ES. Proteasome Inhibition for Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection. Semin Hematol 2012; 49:263-9. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Chitra S, Nalini G, Rajasekhar G. The ubiquitin proteasome system and efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in diseases. Int J Rheum Dis 2012; 15:249-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185x.2012.01737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selvarajan Chitra
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute; Sri Ramachandra University; Chennai; India
| | - Ganesan Nalini
- Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute; Sri Ramachandra University; Chennai; India
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22
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Abstract
Cancer is one of the most frightful diseases mostly resulting in mortality; it has recently become more possible to overcome with the help of new therapies. In this direction, carcinogenesis is defined as a complicated process that can include several different factors that contribute to its progress. Proteasome is implicated in cancer studies as it is the main degradation system for oxidatively damaged proteins and also for several proteins playing a role in the cell cycle and transcription, which are important for cancer improvement. Because of this crucial role of proteasome in cancer development, myriad in vitro and in vivo studies have focused on the proteasome in different cancer cases. In this chapter, the involvement of proteasome in the degradation of cancer-related proteins is explained with the results of representative studies. Related to these proteins, the use of proteasome inhibitors in cancer treatment is reviewed.
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Everly MJ, Terasaki PI. The state of therapy for removal of alloantibody producing plasma cells in transplantation. Semin Immunol 2011; 24:143-7. [PMID: 22153981 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current evidence clearly points towards donor specific alloantibody as a major cause of allograft loss. In order to mitigate allograft loss due to antibodies, treating the source of antibody production, the plasma cell is essential. Therapies that lack effect on the terminally differentiated (long-lived) plasma cell, such as rituximab, intravenous immune globulin and, plasmapheresis were the therapies used prior to 2007. In studies, their ability to remove antibody was found to be incomplete and/or cost prohibitive. In 2007, a proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, was used for the first time in transplant due to its ability to deplete plasma cells. Through multiple case reports it has demonstrated consistent success in DSA reduction and removal, with only a few reports of failure to date. This review discusses the plasma cell, the alloantibody, and the current data supporting proteasome inhibitor use in transplant.
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Sadaka B, Alloway RR, Woodle ES. Clinical and investigational use of proteasome inhibitors for transplant rejection. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1535-42. [PMID: 21916809 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.618494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The presence of donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (DSA) in patients experiencing acute cellular rejection and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is associated with poor renal allograft survival in kidney transplant recipients. Traditional therapies for AMR provide variable results, and do not deplete the cellular source of antibody production, that is, the plasma cell. AREAS COVERED Physiologic effects of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are reviewed in the context of recent clinical reports of PI therapy in solid organ transplantation for AMR and desensitization. EXPERT OPINION PI-based therapy is a novel approach for treating AMR that is being employed with increasing frequency in transplantation. Initial reports of PI-based regimens for treating AMR have demonstrated the ability of bortezomib to significantly reduce DSA levels and improve histology and allograft function. Use of PI agents have recently been evaluated in a large multicenter collaborative consisting of over 100 solid organ transplant recipients treated with a common PI-based regimen. Increasing experience with PI-based regimens for AMR have indicated that PI therapy (similar to other AMR therapies) provides excellent results in early AMR, with late AMR demonstrating a greater degree of therapeutic resistance. A substantial number of strategies exist for enhancement of therapeutic results with PI therapy for AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Sadaka
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267 0558, USA
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25
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Liang Y, Mao X, Liu H. Proteasome inhibitor clioquinol as a candidate drug in prophylaxis and treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease. Med Hypotheses 2010; 76:400-2. [PMID: 21122999 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is one of the most severe complications after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. It exhibits a complex pathophysiology resulting from donor T cell recognition of a genetically disparate recipient that is unable to reject the donor cells following allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) and ultimately causes multiple organs destruction. Currently practiced prophylaxis of GVHD includes T-cell depletion (TCD) and/or immunosuppressive medication. However, immunosuppressive agents may have serious side effects and selective removal of T cells from the graft significantly reduces the beneficial effects of donor T cells, especially anti-tumor activity. These deleterious side effects of infectious complications and relapse of underlying malignancy remain barriers to successful approaches. The proteasomal pathway of protein degradation plays a key role in different key cell functions such as cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and costimulation. Proteasome inhibition in cancer cells leads to induction of tumor cell death and also plays critical roles in T cell activation, proliferation, and apoptosis, in part, because of blockade of NF-κB activation. Recently it was reported clioquinol can inhibit the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity and induce apoptotic cell death in leukemia and myeloma. We hypothesized that proteasome inhibitor clioquinol could be a candidate drug for pharmacological prophylaxis and treatment of GVHD with retention of graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
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26
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Lonze BE, Dagher NN, Simpkins CE, Locke JE, Singer AL, Segev DL, Zachary AA, Montgomery RA. Eculizumab, bortezomib and kidney paired donation facilitate transplantation of a highly sensitized patient without vascular access. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:2154-60. [PMID: 20636451 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A 43-year-old patient with end-stage renal disease, a hypercoagulable condition and 100% panel reactive antibody was transferred to our institution with loss of hemodialysis access and thrombosis of the superior and inferior vena cava, bilateral iliac and femoral veins. A transhepatic catheter was placed but became infected. Access through a stented subclavian into a dilated azygos vein was established. Desensitization with two cycles of bortezomib was undertaken after anti-CD20 and IVIg were given. A flow-positive, cytotoxic-negative cross-match live-donor kidney at the end of an eight-way multi-institution domino chain became available, with a favorable genotype for this patient with impending total loss of a dialysis option. The patient received three pretransplant plasmapheresis treatments. Intraoperatively, the superior mesenteric vein was the only identifiable patent target for venous drainage. Eculizumab was administered postoperatively in the setting of antibody-mediated rejection and an inability to perform additional plasmapheresis. Creatinine remains normal at 6 months posttransplant and flow cross-match is negative. In this report, we describe the combined use of new agents (bortezomib and eculizumab) and modalities (nontraditional vascular access, splanchnic drainage of graft and domino paired donation) in a patient who would have died without transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Lonze
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sensitized renal transplant recipients: current protocols and future directions. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6:297-306. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2010.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to describe the biochemistry and physiology of proteasome inhibition and to discuss recent studies with proteasome inhibitor therapy in organ transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Traditional antihumoral therapies do not deplete plasma cells, the source of antibody production. Proteasome inhibition depletes both transformed and nontransformed plasma cells in animal models and human transplant recipients. Bortezomib is a first in a class proteasome inhibitor that has been shown to effectively treat antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplant recipients. In this experience, bortezomib provided reversal of histologic changes and also induced a reduction in donor-specific anti-HLA antibody levels. Recent experiences have also shown that bortezomib reduces donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody in the absence of rejection. Finally, evidence has been presented that bortezomib therapy depletes human leukocyte antigen-specific antibody producing plasma cells. SUMMARY Proteasome inhibition induces a complex series of biochemical events that results in pleiotropic effects on multiple cell populations, and plasma cells in particular. Initial clinical results have provided evidence that bortezomib effectively treats antibody-mediated rejection and acute cellular rejection and reduces or eliminates donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody. Carefully designed clinical trials are needed to accurately define the role of proteasome inhibition in transplant recipients.
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Finn JD, Hui D, Downey HD, Dunn D, Pien GC, Mingozzi F, Zhou S, High KA. Proteasome inhibitors decrease AAV2 capsid derived peptide epitope presentation on MHC class I following transduction. Mol Ther 2009; 18:135-42. [PMID: 19904235 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors are an extensively studied and highly used vector platform for gene therapy applications. We hypothesize that in the first clinical trial using AAV to treat hemophilia B, AAV capsid proteins were presented on the surface of transduced hepatocytes, resulting in clearance by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and consequent loss of therapeutic transgene expression. It has been previously shown that proteasome inhibitors can have a dramatic effect on AAV transduction in vitro and in vivo. Here, we describe using the US Food and Drug Administration-approved proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, to decrease capsid antigen presentation on hepatocytes in vitro, whereas at the same time, enhancing gene expression in vivo. Using an AAV capsid-specific T-cell reporter (TCR) line to analyze the effect of proteasome inhibitors on antigen presentation, we demonstrate capsid antigen presentation at low multiplicities of infection (MOIs), and inhibition of antigen presentation at pharmacologic levels of bortezomib. We also demonstrate that bortezomib can enhance Factor IX (FIX) expression from an AAV2 vector in mice, although the same effect was not observed for AAV8 vectors. A pharmacological agent that can enhance AAV transduction, decrease T-cell activation/proliferation, and decrease capsid antigen presentation would be a promising solution to obstacles to successful AAV-mediated, liver-directed gene transfer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Finn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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30
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Abstract
The success of gene therapy strategies to cure disease relies on the control of unwanted immune responses to transgene products, genetically modified cells and/or to the vector. Effective treatment of an established immune response is much harder to achieve than prevention of a response before it has had a chance to develop. However, preventive strategies are not always effective in avoiding immune responses, thus the use of drugs to induce immunosuppression (IS) is required. The growing discovery of novel drugs provides a conceptual shift from using generalized, moderately intensive immunosuppressive regimens towards a refined approach to attain the optimal balance of naive cells, effector cells, memory cells, and regulatory cells, harnessing the natural tolerance mechanisms of the body. We review several strategies based on transient IS coupled with gene therapy for sustained immune tolerance induction to the therapeutic transgene.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Current antihumoral therapies in transplantation and autoimmune disease do not target the mature antibody-producing plasma cell. Bortezomib is a first in class proteosomal inhibitor, that is Food and Drug Administration approved, for the treatment of plasma cell-derived tumors that is multiple myeloma. We report the first clinical experience with plasma cell-targeted therapy (bortezomib) as an antirejection strategy. METHODS Eight episodes of mixed antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and acute cellular rejection (ACR) in six transplant recipients were treated with bortezomib at labeled dosing. Monitoring included serial donor-specific antihuman leukocyte antigen antibody (DSA) levels and repeated allograft biopsies. RESULTS Six kidney transplant patients received bortezomib for AMR and concomitant ACR. In each case, bortezomib therapy provided (1) prompt rejection reversal, (2) marked and prolonged reductions in DSA levels, (3) improved renal allograft function, and (4) suppression of recurrent rejection for at least 5 months. Moreover, immunodominant DSA (iDSA) (i.e., the antidonor human leukocyte antigen antibody with the highest levels) levels were decreased by more than 50% within 14 days and remained substantially suppressed for up to 5 months. One or more additional DSA were present at lower concentrations (non-iDSA) in each patient and were also reduced to nondetectable levels. Bortezomib-related toxicities (gastrointestinal toxicity, thrombocytopenia, and paresthesias) were all transient. CONCLUSIONS Bortezomib therapy: (1) provides effective treatment of AMR and ACR with minimal toxicity and (2) provides sustained reduction in iDSA and non-iDSA levels. Bortezomib represents the first effective antihumoral therapy with activity in humans that targets plasma cells.
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Alexandrova A, Petrov L, Georgieva A, Kirkova M, Kukan M. Effects of proteasome inhibitor, MG132, on proteasome activity and oxidative status of rat liver. Cell Biochem Funct 2008; 26:392-8. [PMID: 18236383 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In vivo effects of N-benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz)-Leu-Leu-leucinal (MG132) on chymotryptic-like (ChT-L), tryptic-like, and post-glutamyl peptide hydrolytic-like proteasome activities, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation (LP), glutathione (GSH) level, as well as on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione-reductase) in the rat liver were studied. The possibility of MG132 provoking the formation of free oxygen radicals was also assayed in primary hepatocytes. The following results were obtained: (1) In vivo, MG132 did not change the spontaneous LP, but increased Fe-induced LP and the amount of oxidized proteins; it decreased the GSH level in liver. From the proteasome activities studied in liver cytosol only ChT-L activity was significantly decreased after MG132 administration. Furthermore, MG132 increased antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px. (2) In vitro, MG132 increased free radical oxygen species in hepatocytes; this effect disappeared in the presence of CAT or mannitol. In conclusion, since nowadays proteasome inhibitors are entering into the swing of laboratory and clinical practice, the present data could provide useful information for MG132 action. Consequently, future in vivo experiments with MG132 could highlight the possibility of its use at different pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albena Alexandrova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Inhibition of proteasome activity by anthocyanins and anthocyanidins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372:57-61. [PMID: 18460339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated multiple benefits associated with the consumption of berry fruits, including a decreased vulnerability to oxidative stress, reduced ischemic brain damage, protection of neurons from stroke-induced damage and the reversal of age-related changes in brain and behaviour. Berry fruits contain high amounts of anthocyanins, which play a major role as free radical scavengers. The present study addresses proteasome inhibition as a further mechanism by which anthocyanins and their aglycons, the anthocyanidins, may exert health-promoting effects. HL-60 cells were incubated with 19 test substances and inhibition of the chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity was determined in a chemiluminescent assay. Anthocyanins and their aglycons achieved IC(50) values ranging from 7.8 microM for kaempferidinidin and pelargonidin, to 32.4 microM for delphinidin. Thus proteasome inhibitory properties of anthocyanins may contribute to their known anticarcinogenic, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities, rationalizing dietary supplementations with anthocyanins in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders.
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Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has been approved as a cytostatic drug for the therapy of multiple myeloma, and is currently being tested in clinical trials for a variety of other malignancies. At the same time, a growing number of animal studies suggest that proteasome inhibitors may also prove to be valuable remedies for the treatment of non-tumorous diseases. In this review, we will revisit the current applications of proteasome inhibitors in clinical research according to the cellular effects of proteasome inhibitors as poisons, which induce apoptosis, or as remedies, which modulate cellular function and protect from cell death. We postulate that the correct distinction of a poison from a remedy depends on cell type and on the degree of proteasome inhibition. Dose-dependent and differential inhibition of the proteasome may affect specific sets of substrates, thereby conferring substrate specificity. According to this idea, we suggest that inhibition of the proteasome to a defined degree may offer a promising tool in achieving desired therapeutic effects in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Meiners
- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie und Angiologie, Germany.
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Subklewe M, Sebelin-Wulf K, Beier C, Lietz A, Mathas S, Dörken B, Pezzutto A. Dendritic cell maturation stage determines susceptibility to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Hum Immunol 2007; 68:147-55. [PMID: 17349869 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has been used successfully in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in humans, and in the treatment of graft versus host disease (GVHD) and autoimmune diseases in animal models. The mechanism of growth inhibition and immunosuppression is only partly understood. Here, we have evaluated the differential effect of bortezomib on human monocyte derived immature and mature dendritic cells (DCs) as the maturation stage of DCs determines their function. We found bortezomib to induce apoptotic cell death in immature DCs and to a much lesser extent, in mature DCs. Furthermore, cytokine-induced maturation of immature DCs was inhibited by bortezomib, whereas already matured DCs remained unaffected as seen by phenotype and allo-stimulatory capacity. This corresponded to a decreased NF-kappaB activity in immature DCs, whereas NF-kappaB activity of mature DCs was not affected. In conclusion, our data expand on previous reports on the effects of proteasome inhibitors on human monocyte-derived DCs by demonstrating a differential effect of bortezomib on immature versus mature DCs. Our findings suggest a potential role of bortezomib in modulating immune responses in humans through inhibition of DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Subklewe
- Charité, Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Med. Klinik m. S. Haematologie/Onkologie, Berlin, Germany.
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Nencioni A, Grünebach F, Patrone F, Ballestrero A, Brossart P. Proteasome inhibitors: antitumor effects and beyond. Leukemia 2006; 21:30-6. [PMID: 17096016 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors are emerging as effective drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma and possibly certain subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bortezomib (Velcade) is the first proteasome inhibitor proven to be clinically useful and will soon be followed by a second generation of small molecule inhibitors with improved pharmacological properties. Although it is now understood that certain types of malignancies have an exquisite dependence on a functional proteasome for their survival, the underlying reason(s) remain unclear as of now. In this context, addiction to nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-induced survival signals, activation of the unfolded protein response as well as a reduced proteasomal activity in differentiated plasma cells have all been proposed to justify proteasome inhibitors' activity in susceptible tissues. In addition to their anticancer properties, bortezomib and related drugs modulate inflammatory and immune responses by affecting function and survival of immune cells such as lymphocytes and dendritic cells. The present review offers an overview of the biological effects that have been involved in proteasome inhibitors' antitumor activity and suggests prospective future applications for these drugs based on their recently characterized anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Zoeger A, Blau M, Egerer K, Feist E, Dahlmann B. Circulating proteasomes are functional and have a subtype pattern distinct from 20S proteasomes in major blood cells. Clin Chem 2006; 52:2079-86. [PMID: 16990418 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.072496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 20S proteasomes, the proteolytic core particles of the major intracellular protein degradative pathway, are potential disease markers because they are detectable in human plasma as circulating proteasomes and their concentrations are increased in patients suffering from various diseases. To investigate the origin of circulating proteasomes, we compared some of their features with those of proteasomes isolated from major blood cells. METHODS We isolated circulating proteasomes from the plasma of 2 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 2 with systemic lupus erythematosus and from human plasma from healthy donors. We purified the proteasomes to apparent homogeneity and then used electron microscopy for imaging and chromatography for subtype spectrum analysis. We compared subtype results with those from 20S proteasomes purified from 4 major blood cell populations. We also tested proteasomes for enzymatic activity and immunosubunit content. RESULTS Circulating proteasomes from plasma of healthy donors and from patients with autoimmune disease were found to have the same size and shape as erythrocyte proteasomes, be proteolytically active, and contain standard- and immunosubunits. Chromatography revealed 6 circulating proteasome subtype peaks in healthy donor plasma and 7 in patient donor plasma. Proteasomes from erythrocytes had 3 subtype peaks and those of monocytes, T-lymphocytes, and thrombocytes each had 5 different subtype peaks. CONCLUSION Circulating proteasomes were intact and enzymatically active in plasma from healthy donors and from patients with autoimmune disease. Because the subtype patterns of circulating proteasomes clearly differ from those of proteasomes from blood cells, these cells cannot be regarded as a major source of circulating proteasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Zoeger
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin-Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Caudill CM, Jayarapu K, Elenich L, Monaco JJ, Colbert RA, Griffin TA. T Cells Lacking Immunoproteasome Subunits MECL-1 and LMP7 Hyperproliferate in Response to Polyclonal Mitogens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4075-82. [PMID: 16547243 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.7.4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunoproteasomes comprise a specialized subset of proteasomes that is defined by the presence of three catalytic immunosubunits: LMP2, MECL-1 (LMP10), and LMP7. Proteasomes in general serve many cellular functions through protein degradation, whereas the specific function of immunoproteasomes has been thought to be largely, if not exclusively, optimization of MHC class I Ag processing. In this report, we demonstrate that T cells from double knockout mice lacking two of the immunosubunits, MECL-1 and LMP7, hyperproliferate in vitro in response to various polyclonal mitogens. We observe hyperproliferation of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell subsets and demonstrate accelerated cell cycling. We do not observe hyperproliferation of T cells lacking only one of these subunits, and thus hyperproliferation is independent of either reduced MHC class I expression in LMP7(-/-) mice or reduced CD8(+) T cell numbers in MECL-1(-/-) mice. We observe both of these latter two phenotypes in MECL-1/LMP7(-/-) mice, which indicates that they also are independent of each other. Finally, we provide evidence of in vivo T cell dysfunction by demonstrating increased numbers of central memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells in MECL-1/LMP7(-/-) mice. In summary, this novel phenotype of hyperproliferation of T cells lacking both MECL-1 and LMP7 implicates a specific role for immunoproteasomes in T cell proliferation that is not obviously connected to MHC class I Ag processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy M Caudill
- William S. Rowe Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45229, USA
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Nencioni A, Schwarzenberg K, Brauer KM, Schmidt SM, Ballestrero A, Grünebach F, Brossart P. Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib modulates TLR4-induced dendritic cell activation. Blood 2006; 108:551-8. [PMID: 16537813 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from the animal model suggests that proteasome inhibitors may have immunosuppressive properties; however, their effects on the human immune system remain poorly investigated. Here, we show that bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor with anticancer activity, impairs several immune properties of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). Namely, exposure of DCs to bortezomib reduces their phagocytic capacity, as shown by FITC-labeled dextran internalization and mannose-receptor CD206 down-regulation. DCs treated with bortezomib show skewed phenotypic maturation in response to stimuli of bacterial (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and endogenous sources (including TNF-alpha and CD40L), as well as reduced cytokine production and immunostimulatory capacity. LPS-induced CCL-2/MCP-1 and CCL5/RANTES secretions by DCs were prevented by DC treatment with bortezomib. Finally, CCR7 up-regulation in DCs exposed to LPS as well as migration toward CCL19/MIP-3beta were strongly impaired. As a suitable mechanism for these effects, bortezomib was found to down-regulate MyD88, an essential adaptor for TLR signaling, and to relieve LPS-induced activation of NF-kappaB, IRF-3, and IRF-8 and of the MAP kinase pathway. In summary, inhibition of DC function may represent a novel mechanism by which proteasome inhibitors exert immunomodulatory effects. These compounds could prove useful for tuning TLR signaling and for the treatment of inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders.
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Nencioni A, Garuti A, Schwarzenberg K, Cirmena G, Dal Bello G, Rocco I, Barbieri E, Brossart P, Patrone F, Ballestrero A. Proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:681-9. [PMID: 16479541 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors possess potent antitumor activity against a broad spectrum of human malignancies. However, the effects of these compounds on the immune system still have to be clearly determined. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of proteasome inhibitors on dendritic cells (DC), antigen-presenting cells playing a key role in the initiation of immune responses. Exposure to the proteasome inhibitors bortezomib, MG132 or epoxomicin was found to promote apoptosis of human monocyte-derived DC and to reduce the yield of viable DC when given to monocytes early during differentiation to DC. DC apoptosis via proteasome inhibition was accompanied by mitochondria disruption and subsequent activation of the caspase cascade. Up-regulation and intracellular redistribution of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, were observed in DC treated with these compounds and represent a suitable mechanism leading to activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Finally, active protein synthesis was found to represent an upstream prerequisite for DC apoptosis induced by proteasome inhibitors, since the translation inhibitor cycloheximide blocked all of the steps of the observed apoptotic response. In conclusion, induction of apoptosis in DC may represent a novel mechanism by which proteasome inhibitors affect the immune response at the antigen-presenting cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
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Bruserud Ø, Tronstad KJ, McCormack E, Gjertsen BT. Is targeted chemotherapy an alternative to immunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia? Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:221-8. [PMID: 16034559 PMCID: PMC11030065 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although molecular remission is now detected, it is still unknown whether we have the tools to cure B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (referred to as CLL). Nonetheless, several new therapeutic approaches have been introduced in cancer therapy during the last decade, including antiangiogenic therapy, apoptosis-inducing treatment and inhibition of heat shock proteins, farnesyl transferase, tyrosine kinases and proteasomes. These modalities may also be considered in CLL, but additional experimental characterization is required. Further characterization and development of CLL animal models should be a part of this preclinical work (especially xenografting in NOD/SCID animals, but also murine leukemia) to allow a more extensive evaluation prior to clinical trials. Animal models are particularly important for preclinical comparison of pharmacological effects between different disease compartments and for in vivo evaluation of antileukemic immune reactivity. However, T cell targeting therapy seems to have several advantages in comparison to other approaches: (1) based on the current clinical experience one would expect low toxicity for several of these strategies, especially vaccine treatment; (2) several studies have demonstrated that autologous T cells can recognize CLL cells; (3) experimental and clinical evidence suggests that immunotherapy can be combined with chemotherapy. Thus, T cell therapy has a relatively strong scientific basis that justifies further clinical studies of immunotherapy in CLL. Although several of the new pharmacological agents seem to have immunosuppressive effects, at least some of them (e.g. heat shock protein 90 inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, inhibition of angiogenesis) appear to affect T cells only at relatively high concentrations and may thus be used in combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- Section for Hematology, Institute of Medicine, The University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Brégégère F, Milner Y, Friguet B. The ubiquitin-proteasome system at the crossroads of stress-response and ageing pathways: a handle for skin care? Ageing Res Rev 2006; 5:60-90. [PMID: 16330259 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 09/26/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level has been considered for long as the main mechanism of cellular adaptive responses. Since the turn of the century, however, it is becoming clear that higher organisms developed a complex, sensitive and maybe equally important network of regulatory pathways, relying largely on protein interactions, post-translational modifications and proteolysis. Here we review the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of protein degradation at different levels of cellular life in relation with ageing, and with a special focus on skin. It comes out that the ubiquitin system plays a major role in signal transduction associated with stress and ageing, in skin in particular through the control of retinoid and NF-kappaB pathways. The understanding of specific proteolytic targeting by E3 ubiquitin-ligases paves the way for a new generation of active molecules that may control particular steps of normal and pathological ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Brégégère
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Biochimie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, C.C.7128, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cédex 05, France.
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Wu Y, Han B, Luo H, Shi G, Wu J. Dipeptide Boronic Acid, a Novel Proteasome Inhibitor, Prevents Islet-Allograft Rejection. Transplantation 2004; 78:360-6. [PMID: 15316363 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000128855.10397.db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have demonstrated previously in vitro that proteasome inhibitors suppress the proliferation, and induce the apoptosis, of activated T cells. This implies that they could be used as a novel category of immunosuppressants to block allograft rejection. Therefore, in this study, dipeptide boronic acid (DPBA) was tested for its effect on mouse islet transplantation. METHODS First, DPBA was investigated in vitro for its effect on mouse mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity. DPBA was then used in vivo to treat mouse islet-allograft rejection. RESULTS Both MLR and CTL were dose dependently suppressed by the proteasome inhibitor. A 17-day DPBA regimen resulted in islet-allograft survival in 50% of the recipients for a duration of up to 60 days, whereas the control group without immunosuppressants rejected the islet graft in 7 days. DPBA showed moderate side effects according to blood biochemistry; the function of endogenous islets after treatment appeared normal on glucose challenge. CONCLUSIONS The proteasome inhibitor could inhibit islet-allograft rejection in mice without serious side effects at therapeutic dose levels. This has opened a new dimension in the development of better immunosuppression regimens for islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Wu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CHUM)-Notre Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Naujokat C, Daniel V, Bauer TM, Sadeghi M, Opelz G. Cell cycle- and activation-dependent regulation of cyclosporin A-induced T cell apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 310:347-54. [PMID: 14521916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.08.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A (CsA), which interferes with signal transduction pathways leading to cytokine gene transcription in activated T cells, was investigated regarding its ability to induce apoptosis in T cells undergoing cell cycle progression and activation. In Jurkat and peripheral CD4+ T cells, CsA was found to markedly induce apoptosis at the G0 phase of the cell cycle. Susceptibility to CsA-induced apoptosis progressively decreased during cell cycle progression to the S and G2/M phase, and subsequent T cell receptor- and mitogen-mediated activation totally abrogated CsA-induced apoptosis. Because CsA is an inhibitor of the chymotryptic peptidase activity of the proteasome, susceptibility to apoptosis induced by the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin was investigated under the same conditions. A progressive increase of the susceptibility of T cells to lactacystin-induced apoptosis during cell cycle progression and activation was demonstrated. Intracellular protein levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1)decreased from the G0 to G2/M phase and from the cycling to the activation state, but remained unchanged during the induction of apoptosis by CsA and lactacystin, suggesting a role of p27(Kip1)in the regulation of susceptibility to apoptosis during cell cycle progression and activation. Inhibition of CsA- but not lactacytin-induced apoptosis by overexpression of Bcl-2 in Jurkat T cells revealed that CsA and proteasome inhibitors activate different apoptotic pathways, while both CsA- and lactacystin-induced apoptosis were found to be dependent on caspase activation and independent of the FasL/Fas system. The results show that T cells can progressively regulate their susceptibility to apoptosis during cell cycle progression and activation in a stimulus-dependent manner, and suggest that lactacystin, but not CsA, is able to deplete activated T cells by apoptosis, a mechanism deemed necessary for the induction of allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord Naujokat
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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