1
|
The Pulp Stones: Morphological Analysis in Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopic Chemical Quantification. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 58:medicina58010005. [PMID: 35056314 PMCID: PMC8778352 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Pulp stones are hard tissue structures formed in the pulp of permanent and deciduous teeth. Few studies have evaluated their morphology and chemical composition. However, their formation, composition, configuration and role played in overall health status are still unclear. Clinically, they may be symptomatic; technically, they impede access during endodontic therapy, increasing the risk of treatment errors. Thus, this study aimed to morphologically analyze pulp stones and present their chemical quantification, identifying their main chemical elements. It also correlates the results with their possible induction mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Seven pulp nodules were collected from molar teeth needing endodontic treatment. The morphology of the stones was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their chemical composition was determined by X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDX). Results: These structures varied considerably in shape, size and topography. The site of the stones in the pulp cavity was the factor that most affected the morphology. The majority of the stones found in the pulp chambers presented nodular morphology, while those in the root canals presented a diffuse shape, resembling root canal anatomy. The topography of the nodules showed heterogeneous relief, revealing smooth and compact areas contrasting with the rugged and porous ones. The chemical composition varied depending on the location of the nodule in the pulp cavity and the relief of the analyzed area. Radicular stones presented considerably lower calcium and phosphorus content than coronary nodules. Conclusions: The high cellularity rate of the coronal pulp predisposes this region to nodular mineralizations around injured cells. The presence of larger caliber vascular bundles and higher collagen fiber content in radicular pulp determines a diffuse morphological pattern in this region. Understanding the morphology and chemical composition of the pulp stones allows future translational pathways towards the prevention or treatment of such conditions.
Collapse
|
2
|
Juerchott A, Jelinek C, Kronsteiner D, Jende JME, Kurz FT, Bendszus M, Heiland S, Hilgenfeld T. Quantitative assessment of contrast-enhancement patterns of the healthy dental pulp by magnetic resonance imaging: A prospective in vivo study. Int Endod J 2021; 55:252-262. [PMID: 34767640 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This prospective in vivo study aimed to optimize the assessment of pulpal contrast-enhancement (PCE) on dental magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) and investigate physiological PCE patterns. METHODOLOGY In 70 study participants, 1585 healthy teeth were examined using 3-Tesla dMRI before and after contrast agent administration. For all teeth, the quotient of post- and pre-contrast pulp signal intensity (Q-PSI) was calculated to quantify PCE. First, pulp chambers were analysed in 10 participants to compare the coefficient of variation of mean versus maximum Q-PSI values (Q-PSImean versus Q-PSImax ). Second, dynamic PCE was evaluated in 10 subjects to optimize the time interval between contrast agent application and image acquisition. Finally, 50 participants (age groups: 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69 years) were examined to analyse age, gender, tooth types and maxilla versus mandible as independent factors of PCE. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon signed rank test and linear mixed models. RESULTS PCE assessment based on Q-PSImax was associated with a significantly smaller coefficient of variation compared with Q-PSImean , with median values of 0.17 versus 0.21 (p = .002). Analysis of dynamic PCE revealed an optimal timing interval for image acquisition 4 min after contrast media application. No significant differences in PCE were observed by comparing age groups, female versus male participants and maxillary versus mandibular teeth (p > .05). Differences between tooth types were small (median Q-PSImax values of 2.52/2.32/2.30/2.20 for molars/premolars/canines/incisors) but significant (p < .05), except for the comparison of canines versus premolars (p = .80). CONCLUSIONS PCE in dMRI was a stable intra-individual marker with only minor differences between different tooth types, thus forming an important basis for intra-individual controls when assessing teeth with suspected endodontic pathosis. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that PCE is independent of age, gender and jaw type. These findings indicate that dMRI-based PCE analysis could be a valuable diagnostic tool for the identification of various pulp diseases in future patient studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Juerchott
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Dorothea Kronsteiner
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johann M E Jende
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix T Kurz
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bendszus
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Heiland
- Division of Experimental Radiology, Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Hilgenfeld
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zarpellon DC, Runnacles P, Maucoski C, Gross DJ, Coelho U, Rueggeberg FA, Arrais C. In Vivo Pulp Temperature Changes During Class V Cavity Preparation and Resin Composite Restoration in Premolars. Oper Dent 2021; 46:374-384. [PMID: 34370040 DOI: 10.2341/20-098-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This in vivo study evaluated the influence of the sequence of all restorative steps during Class V preparation and restoration in human premolars on pulp temperature (PT). METHODS AND MATERIALS Intact premolars with orthodontic extraction indication of 13 volunteers received infiltrative anesthesia and isolation with rubber dam. An occlusal preparation was made with a high-speed diamond bur under air-water spray until the pulp was minimally exposed, then a thermocouple probe was inserted within the pulp. A deep, 2.0-mm depth Class V preparation was made using a high-speed diamond bur under air-water spray. Three restorative techniques were performed (n=7): Filtek Z250 placed in two increments (10-second exposure, shade:A2, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), Filtek Z350 XT (40-second exposure, shade:A3D, 3M ESPE) and Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill (10-second exposure, shade:IVA, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), both placed in a single layer. Bonding layer and resin composite were exposed to light from the same Polywave LCU (Bluephase 20i, Ivoclar Vivadent). The peak PT and the difference between peak PT and baseline (ΔT) values were subjected to two-way, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc test (α=0.05). RESULTS Cavity preparation and etch & rinse procedures decreased the PT values (p<0.001). The 40-second exposure of Filtek Z350 caused the highest peak PT values (38.7±0.8°C) and the highest ΔT values (3.4±0.8°C), while Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill showed the lowest values (-1.6±1.3°C; p=0.009). CONCLUSION None of the evaluated procedures resulted in a PT rise near to values that could offer any risk of thermal damage to the pulp.
Collapse
|
4
|
Janani K, Ajitha P, Sandhya R, Subbaiyan H, Jose J. Efficiency of new custom-made pulse oximeter sensor holder in assessment of actual pulp status. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:3333-3337. [PMID: 33102292 PMCID: PMC7567235 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_73_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of new custom-made pulse oximeter sensor holder in assessment of actual pulp status with three pulp sensibility tests. Materials and Methods Seventy-nine single canal teeth requiring endodontic therapy was included in the study. The tooth that was requiring root canal treatment was tested with heat test, cold test, electric pulp test, and pulse oximeter. Between each test, a time period of 2 min was allowed. The response from three pulp sensibility tests and the reading from pulse oximeter were recorded. Following which root canal treatment was performed. The result obtained from four pulp tests were correlated with the clinical finding after access cavity preparation. The data obtained was statistically assessed. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of the pulp tests. In the above statistical tools, the probability value. 05 is considered as significant level. Results The overall diagnostic accuracy was found to be significantly higher with pulse oximeter when compared with other three pulp sensibility tests. The ROC curve demonstrates the results obtained from pulse oximeter was found to be more reliable than other pulp tests. Conclusion Within the limitation of the study, diagnostic accuracy of pulse oximeter with custom made sensor holder was reliable and accurate in assessment of actual pulp status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamachari Janani
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - P Ajitha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Raghu Sandhya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Haripriya Subbaiyan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Jerry Jose
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
In vivo temperature rise and acute inflammatory response in anesthetized human pulp tissue of premolars having Class V preparations after exposure to Polywave® LED light curing units. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1201-1213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Dzeletovic B, Stratimirovic DJ, Stojic D, Djukic LJ. Linear and nonlinear analysis of dental pulp blood flow oscillations in ageing. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1033-1039. [PMID: 32281658 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of ageing on control mechanisms of pulpal microcirculation using wavelet analysis and to calculate linear and nonlinear parameters of blood flow oscillations, in a healthy general population. METHODOLOGY Pulpal blood flow (PBF) oscillations were recorded on right maxillary central incisors using laser Doppler Flowmeter (PeriFlux PF 5001, Perimed, Jarfalla, Sweden) on a group of 10 young participants (20-25 years) and a group of 10 older adults (60-70 years). In total, 20 recordings were obtained for at least 20 min (one recording on one tooth per subject). Using wavelet spectral analysis, the amplitude and power were calculated as a linear and Hurst exponent as a nonlinear parameter of PBF oscillations. Differences between the two groups were assessed with the independent Student t-test. RESULTS Mean PBF levels were significantly lower (P = 0.024) in older adults than in young participants. Relative amplitudes and powers corresponding to the myogenic (P = 0.046, P < 0.001, respectively) and neurogenic activity (P = 0.04, P = 0.01, respectively) were significantly higher, whereas values corresponding to the endothelial function (P = 0.04, P = 0.01, respectively) were significantly lower in older adults than in young participants. Hurst exponents of the total spectrum, myogenic and endothelial component (P < 0.001, P = 0.02, P < 0.001, respectively) of PBF oscillations were significantly lower in older adults in comparison to young participants. CONCLUSIONS At the level of pulpal microcirculation, ageing was associated with altered blood flow levels, the contribution of different control mechanisms to blood flow oscillations as well as the interaction of vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. Described changes of pulpal haemodynamics contribute to a better understanding of physiological behaviour and decreased adaptability of aged dental pulp to pathological stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Dzeletovic
- DentalNet Research Group, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D J Stratimirovic
- Department of Biophysics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Stojic
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - L J Djukic
- Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dzeletovic B, Aleksic N, Radak D, Stratimirovic D, Djukic L, Stojic D. Effect of Aging and Carotid Atherosclerosis on Multifractality of Dental Pulp Blood Flow Oscillations. J Endod 2020; 46:358-363. [PMID: 32035639 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related changes of dental pulp tissue and atherosclerosis of carotid arteries as its feeding arteries could influence the functionality of pulpal circulation. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of aging (physiological process) and carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis (pathologic process) on the pulpal microcirculatory system using multifractal analysis of the laser Doppler flowmetry signal. METHODS Three groups of 10 subjects were enrolled in the study: the young group (healthy subjects, 20-25 years), the middle-aged group (healthy subjects, 50-60 years), and the clinical group (subjects with carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis, 50-60 years). Pulpal blood flow (PBF) signals recorded by laser Doppler flowmetry were assessed by multifractal analysis that estimates Hölder exponents of the signal. PBF levels, the average mean values, and the range of Hölder exponents were obtained. RESULTS PBF levels were significantly higher in the young group compared with the middle-aged and clinical groups, and the difference between the middle-aged and clinical groups was not statistically significant. The range of the Hölder exponents was narrower in the middle-aged and clinical groups than in the young group and narrower in the clinical group than in the middle-aged group. The average mean value of Hölder exponents was significantly higher in the young group than in the middle-aged and clinical groups, whereas there was no significant difference between the middle-aged and clinical groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study investigating the multifractality of the PBF signal showed that the aging process and carotid atherosclerosis could affect the complex structure of PBF oscillations and contribute to a better understanding of pulpal hemodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Dzeletovic
- DentalNet Research Group, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nikola Aleksic
- Vascular Surgery Clinic, "Dedinje" Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Radak
- Vascular Surgery Clinic, "Dedinje" Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Stratimirovic
- Department of Biophysics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Djukic
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragica Stojic
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
How standard deviation contributes to the validity of a LDF signal: a cohort study of 8 years of dental trauma. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 34:1905-1916. [PMID: 31093798 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this cohort study was to document the potential of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) for diagnosing tooth vitality in traumatized teeth in a population of 88 referred patients with dental trauma over a period of 8 years (2011-2018). The main reason to refer was tooth discoloration (26%), and the main trauma cause was a traffic injury (35%). Taking into account that referral for LDF is best given within the week after trauma, 66% of referrals were overdue. In 73% of cases, root canal treatment could be avoided, and in 65%, the presence of a fixed orthodontic retainer showed beneficial for pulp recovery. Data of 394 teeth were collected and submitted to multilevel modelling statistics. As a general conclusion, both LDF perfusion and concentration values proved to be highly reliable in the appreciation of tooth vitality. The difference of variability of standard deviation and range of LDF measurements involving intra-subject control teeth showed statistically significant in discriminating between vital and non-vital pulps. In non-vital teeth, the diagnostic combination of LDF, sensibility tests and peri-apical X-ray is advised.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghouth N, Duggal MS, BaniHani A, Nazzal H. The diagnostic accuracy of laser Doppler flowmetry in assessing pulp blood flow in permanent teeth: A systematic review. Dent Traumatol 2018; 34:311-319. [DOI: 10.1111/edt.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nahar Ghouth
- School of Dentistry; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
- College of Dentistry; Taibah University; Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Saudi Arabia
| | - Monty S. Duggal
- Discipline of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry; National University Health System; Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Hani Nazzal
- School of Dentistry; University of Leeds; Leeds UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Estrela C, Serpa GC, Alencar AHG, Bruno KF, Barletta FB, Felippe WT, Estrela CRA, Souza JB. Oxygen Saturation in the Dental Pulp of Maxillary Premolars in Different Age Groups - Part 1. Braz Dent J 2018; 28:573-577. [PMID: 29215681 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201701660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine oxygen saturation levels in the dental pulp of maxillary premolars in different age groups. A total of 120 human maxillary premolars with normal dental pulps were selected covering the following age groups: 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39 and 40-44 years (n=24 each group). Oxygen saturation was assessed using pulse oximetry. Analysis of variance was used to assess differences in oxygen saturation levels and Tukey's test was used to identify the age groups that differed from each other. Significance was set at 0.05. Mean oxygen saturation of 120 premolars was 86.20% considering all age groups. Significantly reduced levels were found in the oldest group compared to the other groups: 40 to 44 years - 80.00% vs. 89.71, 87.67, 88.71, and 84.80% for age groups 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39 years, respectively. The mean oxygen saturation levels were similar between 20 and 39 years of age (86.20%) in the whole sample, but reduced significantly in the 40-44-year age group, suggesting that older patients present lower oxygen saturation results even in the absence of pulp tissue injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Estrela
- Dental School, UFGO - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Giuliano C Serpa
- Dental School, UFGO - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Kely F Bruno
- Dental School, UFGO - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Wilson T Felippe
- Dental School, UFSC - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - João B Souza
- Dental School, UFGO - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kijsamanmith K, Vongsavan N, Matthews B. Pulpal blood flow recorded from exposed dentine with a laser Doppler flow meter using red or infrared light. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 87:163-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
12
|
Ersahan S, Sabuncuoglu FA. Effect of age on pulpal blood flow in human teeth during orthodontic movement. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:446-452. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyda Ersahan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Medipol University
| | - Fidan A. Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Orthodontics, Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, Health Sciences University
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ganbold K, Kakino S, Ikeda H, Miyashin M. Human pulpal blood flow in different root formation stages measured with transmitted-light plethysmography. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 83:327-333. [PMID: 28886584 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the pulp vitality after traumatic injury, dentists often use pulp sensitivity tests, which can be ambiguous in young permanent teeth with incomplete root formation. Transmitted-light plethysmography (TLP) is a non-invasive objective method that uses a 525-nm LED to detect blood volume change in the pulp. The present study aimed (1) to investigate pulpal blood flow with TLP and optical characteristics in healthy permanent maxillary incisors in different root formation stages, and (2) to assess the influences of body growth of the children and tooth color on the TLP amplitude. DESIGN Seventy-eight fully erupted maxillary central incisors were divided into four groups, according to the root formation stages. Group 1: root with wide-open apex, Group 2: root completed in length with open apex, Group 3: root with half-closed apex, Group 4: root with complete formation. The TLP amplitude, optical density, electric pulp testing, and cervical tooth color measurements of each group were compared using a one-way analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni method. The correlation between the weights/heights of children and TLP amplitudes was analyzed using Pearson coefficient. RESULTS The TLP amplitude was significantly higher in Group 3 than in the other groups. The amplitude was correlated with the weights/heights of children, but not with the tooth color. Optical density and electric sensitivity increased with tooth maturation. CONCLUSION The amplitude of TLP and optical density may be affected by growth and development in children and indicate changes in the vascular dynamics of the pulp and hard tissue maturation during root formation stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khongorzul Ganbold
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Satoko Kakino
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
| | - Hideharu Ikeda
- Department of Pulp Biology, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Michiyo Miyashin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim D, Park SH. Effects of age, sex, and blood pressure on the blood flow velocity in dental pulp measured by Doppler ultrasound technique. Microcirculation 2016; 23:523-529. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dohyun Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center; Yonsei University College of Dentistry; Seoul Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Park
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center; Yonsei University College of Dentistry; Seoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of maxillary canine retraction on pulpal blood flow (PBF) in humans as recorded by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). METHODS Maxillary canines of 24 participants were divided into two groups (n = 12 each). Teeth in the study group underwent maxillary canine retraction using mini-implants as anchorage for approximately 4 months, with 100 g of force applied via coil springs. Subjects in the control group received no orthodontic treatment. LDF measurements were recorded at baseline (T0); during retraction, at 24 hours (T1), 3 days (T2), 7 days (T3) and 1 month (T4); and at the end of retraction (T5) in the study group and at similar time-points in control subjects. Data were analyzed using the Friedman, Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney U tests, with the significance level set at 0.05. RESULTS No significant changes in PBF perfusion units (PU) were observed in the control group over the course of the study. However, PBF in the study group increased significantly from T0 (3.6 ± 0.2 PU) to T1 (3.7 ± 0.2 PU, p < 0.001) and decreased severely from T1 to T2 (3.3 ± 0.1, p < 0.001). PBF in the study group was still significantly lower at T3 (3.4 ± 0.1 PU, p < 0.001) in comparison to T0; however, at T4 and T5, PBF was found to have returned to pre-retraction levels. CONCLUSION The fact that PBF values returned to initial levels within one month of the initiation of retraction despite short-term, hyperaemic, regressive changes demonstrates that the changes observed in PBF during canine retraction are reversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fidan Alakus Sabuncuoglu
- a Department of Orthodontics, Center for Dental Sciences , Gulhane School of Medicine, Ankara , Turkey
| | - Seyda Ersahan
- b Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry , Bezmialem Vakıf University , Istanbul , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ersahan S, Sabuncuoglu FA. Authors' response. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2015; 148:891-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Ovadia-Blechman Z, Avrahami I, Weizman-Shammai E, Sharir T, Eldar M, Chouraqui P. Peripheral microcirculatory hemodynamic changes in patients with myocardial ischemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 74:83-8. [PMID: 26349967 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with coronary heart disease demonstrate changes in skin microcirculation and a decrease in cutaneous blood mass. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of diagnosing myocardial ischemia based on peripheral microcirculatory variables. METHODS The skin microcirculatory measurements were monitored using an LPT system comprising a Laser Doppler Flowmeter (LDF), a photoplethysmograph (PPG) and a transcutaneous oxygen tension device (tc-PO2). Concurrently, heart rate and blood pressure were monitored. Measurements were performed before and after exercise stress test. Subjects were divided into ischemic (20) and nonischemic (27) patients based on myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). RESULTS The results indicate differences in LPT variables between ischemic and nonischemic patients following exercise, while no differences in the central variable values were observed between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral microcirculatory variables may be useful for non-invasive assessment of myocardial ischemia. The system has clinical potential for sensitive and noninvasive monitoring of vital variables during medical procedures in clinics, as well as in home care for patients who suffer from ischemic cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zehava Ovadia-Blechman
- Department of Medical Engineering, Afeka Tel Aviv Academic College of Engineering, 218 Bney-Efraim Rd., Tel Aviv, Israel; Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
| | - Idit Avrahami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ariel University, Israel
| | - Einat Weizman-Shammai
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tali Sharir
- Nuclear Cardiology Unit, Assuta Medical Centers, Israel
| | - Michael Eldar
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Pierre Chouraqui
- Nuclear Medicine Institute, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, affiliated to the Rappaport Medical School, The Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Effect of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) on pulpal blood flow after orthodontic treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:373-9. [PMID: 26179985 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of non-invasive extracorporeal shockwaves on pulpal blood flow in orthodontic patients who have undergone active treatment was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy-two adult patients were enrolled in the clinical trial and allocated by block randomization to a treatment or a placebo group at a 1:1 ratio. The patients were required to be otherwise healthy. Blinding was performed for the subjects and the outcome assessor. The region of interest was the mandibular incisors and canines, which were vital, unrestored, and had experienced no trauma. The active treatment group received a single shockwave treatment with 1000 impulses at 0.19-0.23 mJ/mm(2) while the placebo group was treated with a deactivated shockwave applicator but acoustic sham. Pulpal blood flow was evaluated four times over a period of 6 months starting from the day of bracket removal, using a laser Doppler device. RESULTS Thirty patients were evaluated in each group. Orthodontic patients who have undergone active treatment tend to have high levels of pulpal blood flow which decrease over a period of 6 months. Pulpal blood flow did not differ significantly over 6 months between the placebo and treatment group. Shockwave treatment was associated with no significant effect in respect of tooth type, age, sex, or mean blood pressure, and had no unintended pernicious effects. CONCLUSIONS Extracorporeal shockwaves had no statistically significant effect on pulpal blood flow. Multiple applications of ESWT in a pathological setup may be needed in future studies to demonstrate significant differences. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The absence of any adverse effects justifies further principal investigations of the use of shockwave treatment in the oral cavity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Runnacles P, Arrais CAG, Pochapski MT, dos Santos FA, Coelho U, Gomes JC, De Goes MF, Gomes OMM, Rueggeberg FA. In vivo temperature rise in anesthetized human pulp during exposure to a polywave LED light curing unit. Dent Mater 2015; 31:505-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Sabuncuoglu FA, Ersahan S. Changes in maxillary incisor dental pulp blood flow during intrusion by mini-implants. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:489-96. [PMID: 24438561 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.867362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this clinical study was to identify changes in pulpal blood flow (PBF) in human central incisors resulting from short- and long-term intrusive orthodontic forces from mini-implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 40 sound upper central and lateral incisors in 20 patients scheduled for intrusion for orthodontic reasons were divided into two groups. From each group, 20 teeth were subjected to intrusive force from mini-implants (Group 1 = Light Force: 40 g; Group 2 = Heavy Force: 120 g), whereas the remaining 20 contralateral teeth were not subjected to forces from mini-implants and served as controls. Laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) measurements were recorded at baseline and at 3 days and 3 weeks following intrusion. RESULTS PBF decreased significantly at 3 days (Light Force Group: 7.72 ± 0.50; Heavy Force Group: 7.72 ± 0.52) and then increased towards baseline at 3 weeks (Light Force Group: 10.37 ± 0.58; Heavy Force Group: 10.31 ± 0.45) following intrusion. CONCLUSIONS In other words, despite slight regressive changes in pulpal tissue in the short-term, PBF improved after 3 weeks following intrusion by mini-implants, indicating that the changes observed in PBF is reversible, even following radical incisor intrusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fidan Alakus Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Orthodontics, Center for Dental Sciences, Maresal Cakmak Hospital , Erzurum , Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Changes in Dental Pulp Blood Flow of Different Maxillary Tooth Types After Le Fort I Osteotomy. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 25:e420-4. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
22
|
Chandler NP, Pitt Ford TR, Monteith BD. Laser light passage through restored and carious posterior teeth. J Oral Rehabil 2014; 41:630-4. [PMID: 24750450 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) has been used to investigate pulpal blood flow as a means of pulp vitality testing. Transmission of laser light from the tooth surface to the pulp space may be influenced by caries and restorations. One hundred and twenty-two first and second molars that had caries into dentine, restorations or significant loss of coronal tissue were sectioned in half axio-bucco-lingually. The two sections were illuminated with a laser from their buccal and lingual aspects 2 mm coronal to the amelocemental junction. Light reaching the pulp space was recorded. Buccal and lingual illumination sites were equally effective for 67 teeth (55%). Buccal sites alone were effective for 35 teeth (29%), despite over one-third of these surfaces being restored or featuring enamel or dentine caries. A lingual position alone was effective for 20 teeth (16%). Caries affected light transmission, but for over half the teeth, the pulp could be illuminated from all four probe positions. No effect was found when the influence of mesial and distal restorations on transmission into the corresponding tooth section was examined. The pulp spaces of most (84%) restored, and carious posterior teeth could be illuminated by laser light from their buccal aspect and these teeth could potentially be vitality tested using LDF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N P Chandler
- The Sir John Walsh Research Institute, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Improvement of the detection of human pulpal blood flow using a laser Doppler flowmeter modified for low flow velocity. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 59:199-206. [PMID: 24370192 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human pulpal blood flow (PBF) signals as measured by laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) decrease with age. Although this decrease is considered to be due in part to slow blood flow, information regarding this velocity in humans has been lacking. The aims of the present study were to estimate the blood flow velocity in human dental pulp and to evaluate the validity of LDF modified for the measurement of slow blood flow. DESIGN Mean blood flow velocities at the upper central incisor, gingiva, fingertip and forearm of 28 volunteers (mean age: 38.6 years old) were estimated using LDF with a frequency analyser. Blood flow signals at these measurement areas were recorded using two different LDFs: (a) one with a standard blood flow range; and (b) one modified for low blood flow velocity. RESULTS The frequency range of the Doppler shift measured at the teeth with an opaque rubber dam was the narrowest (median: 4.3kHz) among all of the measurement areas. The estimated mean blood flow velocity was the slowest at the teeth with a dam (median: 0.18mm/s). LDF for low blood flow velocity detected larger and clearer pulsatile blood flow signals from the teeth with dams than did standard LDF. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that the velocity of PBF in humans is very low and that LDF modified for the measurement of slow blood flow is appropriate for PBF measurement in humans.
Collapse
|
24
|
Orekhova LY, Barmasheva AA. Doppler flowmetry as a tool of predictive, preventive and personalised dentistry. EPMA J 2013; 4:21. [PMID: 23981527 PMCID: PMC3846663 DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-4-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal lesions are considered a major problem in the global burden of oral diseases due to their high frequency and negative impact on quality of life. Periodontal inflammation is accomplished by a breakdown of microcirculatory function. Early detection of gingival microvessel dysfunction helps diagnose and prevent the progression of initial periodontal pathology. Doppler flowmetry is a useful tool in the diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis and management of periodontal patients which allows access not only of gingival blood flow but also of pulpal microcirculation. Doppler flowmeters might help to realise the ultimate target of predictive, preventive and personalised periodontology tailored with respect to the particular patient. This article highlights the main working principles of laser Doppler flowmeters and the ultrasonic Doppler flowmeters. The advances in blood flow measurement by ultrasonic flowmetry are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Yu Orekhova
- Therapeutic Dentistry Department, I,P, Pavlov Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 6/8 Lev Tolstoy Street, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dzeletovic B, Grga D, Krsljak E, Stratimirovic D, Brkovic B, Stojic D. Dental pulp blood flow and its oscillations in women with different estrogen status. J Endod 2012; 38:1187-91. [PMID: 22892733 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin microcirculation is significantly affected by serum estrogen levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of estrogen serum level changes associated with the menstrual cycle and postmenopause on dental pulp blood flow (PBF) as well as its dynamics. METHODS Young women at the menstrual phase (low serum estrogen levels) and in the mid-cycle phase of the menstrual cycle (high serum estrogen levels) and postmenopausal women were enrolled in the study. PBF and its oscillations were measured by laser Doppler flowmetry and analyzed by using wavelet transform. Serum levels of estradiol-17β were measured by immunoassay. RESULTS PBFs of young women in the menstrual phase and postmenopausal women were mutually similar and significantly lower than those of young women in the mid-cycle period. With respect to the mid-cycle phase, relative amplitude and power were significantly increased in the interval 0.0095-0.02 Hz and decreased in the intervals 0.02-0.06 and 0.06-0.2 Hz in the menstrual phase. A significant decrease in 0.0095-0.02 Hz and increase in 0.02-0.06, 0.06-0.2, 0.2-0.6, and 0.6-1.6 Hz intervals were observed in postmenopause. CONCLUSIONS The study has shown that the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle and postmenopause have similar PBF decrease, but PBF oscillations are differently affected in the mid-cycle phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Dzeletovic
- Department of Restorative Odontology and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chandler NP, Pitt Ford TR, Monteith BD. Effect of restorations on pulpal blood flow in molars measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Int Endod J 2010; 43:41-6. [PMID: 19891719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2009.01630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N P Chandler
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Dental pulp testing is a useful and essential diagnostic aid in endodontics. Pulp sensibility tests include thermal and electric tests, which extrapolate pulp health from sensory response. Whilst pulp sensibility tests are the most commonly used in clinical practice, they are not without limitations and shortcomings. Pulp vitality tests attempt to examine the presence of pulp blood flow, as this is viewed as a better measure of true health than sensibility. Laser Doppler flowmetry and pulse oximetry are examples of vitality tests. Whilst the prospect is promising, there are still many practical issues that need to be addressed before vitality tests can replace sensibility tests as the standard clinical pulp diagnostic test. With all pulp tests, the results need to be carefully interpreted and closely scrutinised as false results can lead to misdiagnosis which can then lead to incorrect, inappropriate, or unnecessary treatment.
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Age-related changes of pulpal blood flow in primary teeth measured by laser Doppler blood flowmetry. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0917-2394(07)70091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
30
|
Goodis HE. Endodontics and pulp biology: the impact clinically. AUST ENDOD J 2005; 31:5-8. [PMID: 15881726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2005.tb00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Endodontists in clinical practice are uniquely situated to lead the effort of transferring translational laboratory and clinical research to their practices. This paper reviews the investigations presently being conducted around the world. The work presented is an overview of the progress being made to ensure retention of teeth with various forms of pulpal and periradicular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold E Goodis
- University of California, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Otis LL, Piao D, Gibson CW, Zhu Q. Quantifying labial blood flow using optical Doppler tomography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 98:189-94. [PMID: 15316546 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Changes in the oral microvasculature occur in a variety of diseases. Optical Doppler tomography (ODT) combines laser Doppler flowmetry with optical coherence tomography (OCT) to produce high-resolution tomographic images of biological tissues that also detect the velocity and direction of blood flow. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of ODT to image labial blood flow. A prototype ODT imaging system was constructed that characterized and measured labial blood flow in healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prototype ODT instrument was constructed using a diode light source with a central wavelength of 1300 nanometers, a 40-nanometer spectral width and 2.4 microwatts output power. To verify the accuracy of the system, the flow rates of a phantom material (Intralipid) pumped through a capillary tube at various speeds was measured. To evaluate the clinical feasibility of the ODT prototye, the mucosal aspect of the upper and lower lips at the midline was imaged in 9 healthy volunteers. The sample arm of the instrument consisted of a fiberoptic probe with a 2-mm in diameter polished glass lens attached to the end. The probe was placed approximately 3 mm from the mucosal surface of the lip and oriented perpendicular to the surface. A motorized translation stage moved the fiber in a superior to inferior direction while the subject's head was stabilized by placing the chin into a chin rest. Imaging time for a 12-mm x 2.5-mm scan was approximately 64 seconds. RESULTS The phantom experiments revealed that accuracy of this novel ODT prototype to measure flow was within 5%. In vivo labial blood flow velocity ranged from 11.8 to 43.1 mm/second in the upper lip and 8.2 to 53.2 mm/second in the lower lip. There were no statistically significant differences between flow rates in the upper and lower lips. OCT images and Doppler velocity signals were successfully integrated producing in vivo images of labial blood in all of the subjects (15 images). The resulting cross-sectional images revealed microscopic details of labial structures and, to the best of our knowledge, are the first ODT images of the labial microvasculature. CONCLUSIONS The results of this in vivo study prove the feasibility of ODT to quantify labial blood flow and produce high spatial resolution images specifically localizing vessels anatomically. ODT provides both flow speed and flow direction information. ODT is noninvasive and offers the advantages of high volumetric flow sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Otis
- Department of Oral Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6030, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Abstract
AIM To: (i) study coronal pulp dimensions in human first molar teeth; (ii) investigate the effects of restorations on pulp size; (iii) determine differences in dimensions between teeth of Mongoloid patients and teeth of other ethnic groups; and (iv) record the presence of pulp stones. METHODOLOGY Bitewing radiographs of 121 subjects (mean age, 20.9 years) were taken under standardized conditions. The films were digitally scanned and nine measurements were made from the image of each first molar. The data were analysed in terms of presence or absence of restorations and in terms of racial group. Differences were examined using Student's t-test, Pearson correlations and Levene's test. RESULTS A total of 445 teeth were analysed. Large crowns were correlated to large pulps. Teeth restored with occlusal and proximal restorations had significantly smaller pulps (P = 0.044 and 0.004, respectively), but no difference was found in pulp area in the clinical crown between the restoration types. Mongoloid crowns were shorter and more bulbous. Pulp areas of maxillary molars and pulp widths at the cervix of mandibular molars were significantly larger in Mongoloids. The pulp area in the clinical crown correlated to pulp horn height for Mongoloids and others and for maxillary and mandibular teeth. No differences were found between the heights of pulp horns in the Mongoloid and other teeth. Four of the pulp measurements demonstrated sexual dimorphism. Stones were present in almost 10% of the subjects, representing 4% of the tooth pulps examined. CONCLUSION Even teeth with shallow occlusal restorations had reduced pulp spaces. There were significant differences in pulp and crown dimensions between the teeth of Mongoloid patients and those of other patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N P Chandler
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|