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Ancuta DL, Alexandru DM, Crivineanu M, Coman C. Induction of Periodontitis Using Bacterial Strains Isolated from the Human Oral Microbiome in an Experimental Rat Model. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2098. [PMID: 37626595 PMCID: PMC10452127 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is that condition resulting in the destruction of periodontal tissues, bone resorption, and tooth loss, the etiology of which is linked to immunological and microbiological factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential trigger of periodontal disease in a rat model using bacterial species incriminated in the pathology of human periodontitis and to establish their optimal concentrations capable of reproducing the disease, with the idea of subsequently developing innovative treatments for the condition. In this study, we included 15 male Wistar rats, aged 20 weeks, which we divided into three groups. In each group, we applied ligatures with gingival retraction wire on the maxillary incisors. The ligature and the gingival sac were contaminated by oral gavage with a mixture of fresh cultures of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n) and Streptococcus oralis (S.o) in concentrations of 108, 109, and 1010 CFU/mL each for 5 days a week for 4 weeks. During the clinical monitoring period of 28 days, overlapped with the period of oral contamination, we followed the expression of clinical signs specific to periodontitis. We also monitored the evolution of body weight and took weekly samples from the oral cavity for the microbiological identification of the tested bacteria and blood samples for hematological examination. At the end of the study, the animals were euthanized, and the ligated incisors were taken for histopathological analysis. The characteristic symptomatology of periodontal disease was expressed from the first week of the study and was maintained until the end, and we were able to identify the bacteria during each examination. Hematologically, the number of neutrophils decreased dramatically (p < 0.0001) in the case of the 109 group, unlike the other groups, as did the number of lymphocytes. Histopathologically, we identified neutrophilic infiltrate in all groups, as well as the presence of coccobacilli, periodontal tissue hyperplasia, and periodontal lysis. In the 109 group, we also observed pulpal tissue with necrotic bone fragments and pyogranulomatous inflammatory reaction. By corroborating the data, we can conclude that for the development of periodontal disease using A.a, F.n, and S.o, a concentration of 109 or 1010 CFU/mL is required, which must necessarily contaminate a ligature thread applied to the level of the rat's dental pack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Larisa Ancuta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 050097 Bucharest, Romania; (D.M.A.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
- Cantacuzino National Medical Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Diana Mihaela Alexandru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 050097 Bucharest, Romania; (D.M.A.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Maria Crivineanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 050097 Bucharest, Romania; (D.M.A.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Cristin Coman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 050097 Bucharest, Romania; (D.M.A.); (M.C.); (C.C.)
- Cantacuzino National Medical Military Institute for Research and Development, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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Kim DY, Lee JK, Pang EK, Choi SH, Lee JB. Unique inverse association between allergic rhinitis and periodontitis: a nationwide population-based study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7444. [PMID: 37156820 PMCID: PMC10167224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in fine dust levels in the atmosphere has been associated with a growth in the incidence of environmental diseases, including allergic rhinitis (AR). Nasal obstruction caused by AR can impact the conditions in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to determine the association between AR and periodontitis in the Republic of Korea. This study was based on data from the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-1, 2016), which was conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study included 6129 adults older than 19 years. Sociodemographic information and medical variables including history of treatment of periodontitis (HTP) reflecting diagnosis of periodontitis and diagnosis of diseases such as AR were extracted from the data. HTP and AR were reported for 22.81 ± 0.84% (weighted percentage ± standard error) and 15.32 ± 0.63% of the studied population, respectively. A diagnosis of AR was reported for 11.07 ± 1.28% of those with HTP and for 17.55 ± 1.84% of those without HTP. From these, it was inferred that the prevalence of HTP was 1.536-fold higher in the non-AR group than in their counterparts with AR. Significant association was found between AR and HTP among those aged ≤ 64 years and the odds ratio (OR) of AR group for HTP was 0.62 (95% confidence interval:0.44-0.87; P = 0.0057). From this result, it can be inferred that patients diagnosed AR have lower risk of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yeob Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute of Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Lee
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University College of Dentistry, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Pang
- Department of Periodontology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Department of Periodontology, Research Institute of Periodontal Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Bin Lee
- Department of Periodontology and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University College of Dentistry, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25457, Republic of Korea.
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Rapone B, Ferrara E, Qorri E, Dipalma G, Mancini A, Corsalini M, Fabbro MD, Scarano A, Tartaglia GM, Inchingolo F. The Impact of Periodontal Inflammation on Endothelial Function Assessed by Circulating Levels of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine: A Single-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144173. [PMID: 35887937 PMCID: PMC9316194 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endothelial dysfunction is one of the early pathogenic events of the atherosclerotic process. Severe periodontitis is considered to be an independent contributing risk factor for the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction. High blood concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an L-arginine analogue that inhibits nitric oxide (NO) formation, has emerged as one of the most powerful independent risk predictors of cardiovascular disease. Abrogation of periodontal inflammation might have clinical relevance, affecting the ADMA. Insufficient clinical evidence exists for drawing clear conclusions regarding the long-term effects of periodontal disease on endothelial function, and even less evidence is available specifically on ADMA concentrations and their relationship with periodontitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of intensive periodontal treatment in modulating the endothelial function via the assessment of plasma ADMA concentration in patients diagnosed severe periodontitis. Methods: This was a 6-month randomized controlled trial, including 140 patients between 41 and 63 years old who were diagnosed with severe periodontitis, free from cardiovascular disease (CVD), and had traditional cardiovascular risk factors. All patients underwent a complete medical and clinical periodontal examination, a laboratory analysis of ADMA, and an ultrasound assessment of FMD of the right brachial artery. After the screening, they were randomly assigned to receive either intensive periodontal treatment (test group, n = 70) or community-based periodontal care (control group, n = 70). A full examination was carried out at baseline, 3 and 6 months after the periodontal treatment. Results: A total of 236 individuals diagnosed with periodontitis were screened. One hundred forty participants were enrolled. No statistically significant difference was observed over the time in ADMA concentration after the intensive periodontal treatment within the test group. No differences were revealed between the groups in the ADMA concentration at baseline and during follow-up. Conclusions: Intensive periodontal treatment does not affect the plasma levels of ADMA in patients without any risk for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Rapone
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.M.); (M.C.); (F.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3477619817
| | - Elisabetta Ferrara
- Complex Operative Unit of Odontostomatology, Hospital S.S. Annunziata, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Erda Qorri
- Dean Faculty of Medical Sciences, Albanian University, Bulevardi Zogu I, 1001 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.M.); (M.C.); (F.I.)
| | - Antonio Mancini
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.M.); (M.C.); (F.I.)
| | - Massimo Corsalini
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.M.); (M.C.); (F.I.)
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.D.F.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Antonio Scarano
- Department of Oral Science, Nano and Biotechnology and CeSi-Met University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Martino Tartaglia
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy; (M.D.F.); (G.M.T.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.D.); (A.M.); (M.C.); (F.I.)
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Sravya MVN, Koduganti RR, Panthula VR, Surya PJ, Gireddy H, Dasari R, Ambati M. Efficacy of an herbal antioxidant as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy on procalcitonin levels in smokers with chronic periodontitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2019; 23:430-435. [PMID: 31543616 PMCID: PMC6737852 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_742_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Smokers are at a higher risk of contracting periodontitis. This association is established and reported in many studies. Periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease, wherein smoking is an environmental factor which aggravates the damage caused to the tissues. Procalcitonin (ProCT) is a well-known marker for inflammatory and other infectious diseases and has been assessed in this study. It has been observed that the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is exaggerated in smokers. Antioxidants are administered to combat the harmful effects caused by the ROS, and Oxitard™ is a powerful herbal antioxidant that can counteract the action of free radicals. AIMS As smokers are more prone to tissue injury due to excessive release of ROS, this study aimed to understand the benefits of systemic administration of Oxitard after scaling and root planing (SRP) on serum ProCT levels in smokers with chronic periodontitis (CP). SETTINGS AND DESIGN This was a randomized interventional study, wherein forty patients participated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty smokers with CP aged, between 35 and 60 years, were equally divided into Group A (SRP + Oxitard) and Group B (SRP only), selected from an outpatient ward of a referral care hospital in Hyderabad. A written informed consent was obtained from all the patients, and the study was approved by the institutional ethical committee (DN0026-15). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Data were analyzed by GraphPad Prism software version 6.01 (GraphPad software incorporation, California, USA). Comparison within the groups was made by paired t-test and between the groups by unpaired t-test. P < 0.05 was considered of statistical significance. RESULTS Intragroup assessment showed an improvement in all the variables from baseline to 3 months, which was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). A comparison between the groups, however, yielded better results in Group A (Oxitard + SRP) over Group B. CONCLUSIONS Oxitard administered systemically for 3 months after SRP was beneficial in improving both clinical and biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. N Sravya
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Mahavidhyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rekha Rani Koduganti
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Mahavidhyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Veerendranath Reddy Panthula
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Mahavidhyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prasanna Jammula Surya
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Mahavidhyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Himabindu Gireddy
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Mahavidhyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rajashree Dasari
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Mahavidhyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manasa Ambati
- Department of Periodontics, Panineeya Mahavidhyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Junmahasathien T, Panraksa P, Protiarn P, Hormdee D, Noisombut R, Kantrong N, Jantrawut P. Preparation and Evaluation of Metronidazole-Loaded Pectin Films for Potentially Targeting a Microbial Infection Associated with Periodontal Disease. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1021. [PMID: 30960947 PMCID: PMC6403832 DOI: 10.3390/polym10091021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop the metronidazole loaded high and low methoxyl pectin films (HM-G-MZ and LM-G-MZ) for the treatment of periodontal disease. The films were prepared by pectin 3% w/v, glycerin 40% w/v, and metronidazole 5% w/v. The developed films were characterized by scanning electron microscope and evaluated for thickness, weight variation, and elasticity. The developed films showing optimal mechanical properties were selected to evaluate radial swelling properties, in vitro release of metronidazole and the antimicrobial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans by the disc diffusion method. The results demonstrated that LM-MZ and HM-G-MZ films were colorless and yellowish color, respectively, with the film thickness around 0.36⁻0.38 mm. Furthermore, both films exhibited good elasticity with low puncture strength (1.63 ± 0.37 and 0.84 ± 0.03 N/mm², respectively) and also showed slight increase in radial swelling, so that they could be easily inserted and fitted into the periodontal pocket during a clinical use. However, HM-G-MZ showed a decrease in radial swelling after 1 h due to the film erosion. The in vitro release study of LM-G-MZ showed a burst release that was initially followed by a slow release rate profile, capable to maintain the therapeutic level in periodontal pocket for seven days, whereas HM-G-MZ showed an immediate release profile. The cumulative percentage of metronidazole release from HM-G-MZ was less than LM-G-MZ during the first 5 min as metronidazole was in a crystalline form inside HM-G-MZ film. For antimicrobial activity test, both films showed the inhibitory effect against P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans, and there was no difference in the inhibition zone between LM-G-MZ and HM-G-MZ. The present study showed, for the first time, that low methoxyl pectin film containing glycerin and metronidazole could be potentially considered as a promising clinical tool for the drug delivery via intra-periodontal pocket to target an oral disease that is associated with polymicrobial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taepin Junmahasathien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Pattaraporn Panraksa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Paytaai Protiarn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Doosadee Hormdee
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Rajda Noisombut
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Nutthapong Kantrong
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Pensak Jantrawut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Rzeznik M, Triba MN, Levy P, Jungo S, Botosoa E, Duchemann B, Le Moyec L, Bernaudin JF, Savarin P, Guez D. Identification of a discriminative metabolomic fingerprint of potential clinical relevance in saliva of patients with periodontitis using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182767. [PMID: 28837579 PMCID: PMC5570357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is characterized by the loss of the supporting tissues of the teeth in an inflammatory-infectious context. The diagnosis relies on clinical and X-ray examination. Unfortunately, clinical signs of tissue destruction occur late in the disease progression. Therefore, it is mandatory to identify reliable biomarkers to facilitate a better and earlier management of this disease. To this end, saliva represents a promising fluid for identification of biomarkers as metabolomic fingerprints. The present study used high-resolution 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to identify the metabolic signature of active periodontitis. The metabolome of stimulated saliva of 26 patients with generalized periodontitis (18 chronic and 8 aggressive) was compared to that of 25 healthy controls. Principal Components Analysis (PCA), performed with clinical variables, indicated that the patient population was homogeneous, demonstrating a strong correlation between the clinical and the radiological variables used to assess the loss of periodontal tissues and criteria of active disease. Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure (OPLS) analysis showed that patients with periodontitis can be discriminated from controls on the basis of metabolite concentrations in saliva with satisfactory explained variance (R2X = 0.81 and R2Y = 0.61) and predictability (Q2Y = 0.49, CV-AUROC = 0.94). Interestingly, this discrimination was irrespective of the type of generalized periodontitis, i.e. chronic or aggressive. Among the main discriminating metabolites were short chain fatty acids as butyrate, observed in higher concentrations, and lactate, γ-amino-butyrate, methanol, and threonine observed in lower concentrations in periodontitis. The association of lactate, GABA, and butyrate to generate an aggregated variable reached the best positive predictive value for diagnosis of periodontitis. In conclusion, this pilot study showed that 1H-NMR spectroscopy analysis of saliva could differentiate patients with periodontitis from controls. Therefore, this simple, robust, non-invasive method, may offer a significant help for early diagnosis and follow-up of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rzeznik
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France.,APHP, Department of Periodontology, Bretonneau Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Nawfal Triba
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France
| | - Pierre Levy
- APHP, Department of Public Health, Tenon Hospital, Paris, France.,UMR-S1136 (EPAR team), INSERM UPMC, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Jungo
- APHP, Department of Periodontology, Bretonneau Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Eliot Botosoa
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France
| | - Boris Duchemann
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France.,APHP, Department of Pneumology, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | | | - Jean-François Bernaudin
- APHP, Department of Pneumology, Avicenne Hospital, Bobigny, France.,UPMC Paris 6, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA2363, Bobigny, France
| | - Philippe Savarin
- Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CSPBAT, UMR 7244, CNRS, Bobigny, France
| | - Dominique Guez
- APHP, Department of Periodontology, Bretonneau Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
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Ebersole JL, Dawson D, Emecen-Huja P, Nagarajan R, Howard K, Grady ME, Thompson K, Peyyala R, Al-Attar A, Lethbridge K, Kirakodu S, Gonzalez OA. The periodontal war: microbes and immunity. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:52-115. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pasini M, Giuca G, Gatto R, Giuca M. Indagine sullo status parodontale di pazienti depressi in terapia con antidepressivi triciclici. DENTAL CADMOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-8524(16)30007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Miguel Carreira L, Daniela D, Pedro A. Serum Ionized Calcium Quantification for Staging Canine Periodontal Disease: A Preliminary Study. Top Companion Anim Med 2015; 30:48-50. [PMID: 26359723 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases (PD) are infectious, inflammatory, progressive diseases of the oral cavity affecting people and dogs. PD takes 2 forms: gingivitis and periodontitis. Diagnosing or staging PD can be achieved only with dental x-rays and periodontal probing, both of which require the use of general anesthesia in dogs. This study aimed to determine whether serum ionized calcium ([iCa(2+)]) levels can be useful in preliminary PD staging in dogs. A sample of 40 dogs (n = 40) was divided into 4 groups (n = 10 each) based on the following PD stages: G1 (gingivitis), G2 (initial periodontitis), G3 (moderate periodontitis), and G4 (severe periodontitis). The groups were then subjected to [iCa(2+)] quantification. Statistically significant differences were observed between PD stages and [iCa(2+)] for all stages except G3 and G4. Therefore, this parameter can be used as an additional tool to establish and monitor preliminary PD status.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Miguel Carreira
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre (CMVAA), Rua Dª. Francisca da Azambuja Nº 9 - 9A, Barreiro, Portugal; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinic, Surgery, University of Lisbon (FMV/ULisboa), Av. da, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Polo Universitário Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), FMV/ULisboa, Av. da, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Polo Universitário Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal; School of Dental Medicine, Superior Institute of Health Sciences Egas Moniz, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Dias Daniela
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre (CMVAA), Rua Dª. Francisca da Azambuja Nº 9 - 9A, Barreiro, Portugal
| | - Azevedo Pedro
- Anjos of Assis Veterinary Medicine Centre (CMVAA), Rua Dª. Francisca da Azambuja Nº 9 - 9A, Barreiro, Portugal
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Madeira MFM, Queiroz-Junior CM, Costa GM, Santos PC, Silveira EM, Garlet GP, Cisalpino PS, Teixeira MM, Silva TA, Souza DDG. MIF induces osteoclast differentiation and contributes to progression of periodontal disease in mice. Microbes Infect 2011; 14:198-206. [PMID: 22016007 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory and alveolar bone destructive disease triggered by microorganisms from the oral biofilm. Oral inoculation of mice with the periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) induces marked alveolar bone loss and local production of inflammatory mediators, including Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF). The role of MIF for alveolar bone resorption during PD is not known. In the present study, experimental PD was induced in BALB/c wild-type mice (WT) and MIF knockout mice (MIF⁻/⁻) through oral inoculation of Aa. Despite enhanced number of bacteria, MIF⁻/⁻ mice had reduced infiltration of TRAP-positive cells and reduced alveolar bone loss. This was associated with decreased neutrophil accumulation and increased levels of IL-10 in periodontal tissues. TNF-α production was similar in both groups. In vitro, LPS from Aa enhanced osteoclastic activity in a MIF-dependent manner. In conclusion, MIF has role in controlling bacterial growth in the context of PD but contributes more significantly to the progression of bone loss during PD by directly affecting differentiation and activity of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Fernandes Moreira Madeira
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Koh EM, Kim J, Kim TG, Moon JH, Oh JH, Lee JY, Jang YS. Cloning and characterization of heavy and light chain genes encoding the FimA-specific monoclonal antibodies that inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis adhesion. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 55:199-210. [PMID: 21223367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
FimA of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen in periodontitis, is known to be closely related to the virulence of these bacteria and has been suggested as a candidate for development of a vaccine against periodontal disease. In order to develop a passive immunization method for inhibiting the establishment of periodontal disease, B hybridoma clones 123-123-10 and 256-265-9, which produce monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) specific to purified fimbriae, were established. Both mAbs reacted with the conformational epitopes displayed by partially dissociated oligomers of FimA, but not with the 43 kDa FimA monomer. Gene sequence analyses of full-length cDNAs encoding heavy and light chain immunoglobulins enabled classification of the genes of mAb 123-123-10 as members of the mVh II (A) and mVκ I subgroups, and those of mAb 256-265-9 as members of the mVh III (D) and mVκ I subgroups. More importantly, 50 ng/mL of antibodies purified from the culture supernatant of antibody gene-transfected CHO cells inhibited, by approximately 50%, binding of P. gingivalis to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite bead surfaces. It is expected that these mAbs could be used as a basis for passive immunization against P. gingivalis-mediated periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Koh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Badran Z, Demoersman J, Struillou X, Boutigny H, Weiss P, Soueidan A. Laser-induced fluorescence for subgingival calculus detection: scientific rational and clinical application in periodontology. Photomed Laser Surg 2011; 29:593-6. [PMID: 21495861 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2010.2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the data available on the laser-induced calculus fluorescence phenomenon and the calculus detection devices as well as to determine the clinical relevance of using commercialized calculus detection devices in periodontal treatment. METHODS In vitro or in vivo English publications found on Medline. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo studies showed that the devices on the market had a satisfactory detection capacity. Very few studies demonstrated that the erbium:yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Er:YAG) laser debridement, when performed with automatic calculus detection, could lead to improvements at the clinical level, and the outcome was similar to that obtained with conventional treatments. CONCLUSIONS Although preliminary data were encouraging, there was a lack of scientific data concerning the calculus detection devices. Therefore, future studies are crucial for determining the clinical relevance of such equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahi Badran
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Nantes, France
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14
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Repeke CE, Trombone APF, Ferreira SB, Cardoso CR, Silveira EM, Martins W, Trevilatto PC, Silva JS, Campanelli AP, Garlet GP. Strong and persistent microbial and inflammatory stimuli overcome the genetic predisposition to higher matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression: a mechanistic explanation for the lack of association of MMP1-1607 single-nucleotide polymorphism genotypes with MMP-1 expression in chronic periodontitis lesions. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:726-38. [PMID: 19659894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01447.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our objective was to evaluate the association between the MMP1-1607 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), periodontopathogens and inflammatory cytokines with matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) mRNA levels in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study investigated the influence of genetic (MMP1-1607 SNP), microbial (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) and inflammatory [tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)] factors on the determination of MMP-1 mRNA levels in periodontal tissues of non-smoker chronic periodontitis (CP, N=178) and control (C, N=190) groups. The effects of single and repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and inflammatory cytokine stimulation of macrophages with distinct MMP1-1607 SNP genotypes were also investigated. RESULTS In healthy tissues, the MMP1-1607 2G allele was associated with higher MMP-1 levels while in CP MMP-1 levels were associated with the presence and load of periodontopathogens, and also with TNF-alpha and IL-1beta expression irrespective of the MMP1-1607 genotype. In vitro data demonstrate that in 2G macrophages low- and intermediate-dose LPS and TNF-alpha+IL-1beta stimulation was associated with increased MMP-1 expression, while strong and repeated stimulation resulted in higher MMP-1 levels irrespective of the MMP1-1607 genotype. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate a limited role for MMP1-1607 SNP in periodontitis, where the extensive chronic antigenic challenge exposure overcomes the genetic control and plays a major role in the determination of MMP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Repeke
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry of Bauru, São Paulo University - FOB/USP, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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15
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Taechowisan T, Sitthipanya A, Wanbanjob A, Tantiwachwuttikul P. Streptomycessp. ST8 extracts attenuate growth, acid production, adhesion, biofilm formation, and water-insoluble glucan synthesis of Streptococcus mutans. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600802575844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asawin Wanbanjob
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
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16
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Cappelli D, Steffen MJ, Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Periodontitis in pregnancy: clinical and serum antibody observations from a baboon model of ligature-induced disease. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1154-65. [PMID: 19563297 PMCID: PMC4096487 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic oral infections that elicit host responses leading to periodontal disease are linked with various sequelae of systemic diseases. This report provides seminal information on the clinical and adaptive immunologic characteristics of a baboon model of ligature-induced periodontitis during pregnancy. METHODS Female Papio anubis were evaluated for periodontal health at baseline. Ligatures were tied around selected teeth to initiate oral inflammation and periodontitis. Then the animals were bred. At midpregnancy ( approximately 90 days), a clinical evaluation was performed, and additional ligatures were tied on teeth in the contralateral quadrants to maintain progressing periodontitis throughout pregnancy. A final clinical evaluation was done for all experimental teeth after delivery, and ligatures were removed. Serum was collected at all sampling intervals for the determination of antibody levels to a group of 20 oral bacteria. Unligated animals served as controls. RESULTS At baseline, 16% of animals exhibited minimal plaque and gingival inflammation without periodontal disease. The remaining baboons demonstrated varying levels of inflammation/bleeding, and approximately 20% of the population had periodontal pocketing (>3 mm). Ligated animals expressed increased levels of inflammation and increased probing depths and clinical attachment loss (AL) and could be stratified into multiple subsets postligation based upon changes in clinical parameters at midpregnancy and at delivery. Baboons were categorized into disease susceptibility groups (periodontal disease susceptibility 1 through 4) that described the extent/severity of induced disease during pregnancy. Control animals showed minimal periodontal changes during gestation. Significant differences in serum antibody to multiple oral bacteria were found in animals presenting with periodontitis at baseline and during the 6 months of ligature-induced disease. A significant correlation to antibody to P. gingivalis, which was sustained throughout ligation and pregnancy, was observed with disease presentation. CONCLUSIONS The clinical presentation at baseline, reflecting the natural history of oral disease in these animals, suggests individual variation that is reflected in the characteristics of the adaptive immune responses to oral bacteria. The variability in the response to ligation with resulting periodontal disease provides a model to document prospectively the relationship between oral and systemic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cappelli
- Dental School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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17
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Abstract
The innate host response system is comprised of various mechanisms for orchestrating host response to microbial infection of the oral cavity. The heterogeneity of the oral cavity and the associated microenvironments that are produced give rise to different chemistries that affect the innate defense system. One focus of this review is on how these spatial differences influence the two major defensive peroxidases of the oral cavity, salivary peroxidase (SPO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). With hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) as an oxidant, the defensive peroxidases use inorganic ions to produce antimicrobials that are generally more effective than H(2)O(2) itself. The concentrations of the inorganic substrates are different in saliva vs. gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Thus, in the supragingival regime, SPO and MPO work in unison for the exclusive production of hypothiocyanite (OSCN(-), a reactive inorganic species), which constantly bathes nascent plaques. In contrast, MPO is introduced to the GCF during inflammatory response, and in that environment it is capable of producing hypochlorite (OCl(-)), a chemically more powerful oxidant that is implicated in host tissue damage. A second focus of this review is on inter-person variation that may contribute to different peroxidase function. Many of these differences are attributed to dietary or smoking practices that alter the concentrations of relevant inorganic species in the oral cavity (e.g.: fluoride, F(-); cyanide, CN(-); cyanate, OCN(-); thiocyanate, SCN(-); and nitrate, NO(3)(-)). Because of the complexity of the host and microflora biology and the associated chemistry, it is difficult to establish the significance of the human peroxidase systems during the pathogenesis of oral diseases. The problem is particularly complex with respect to the gingival sulcus and periodontal pockets (where the very different defensive stratagems of GCF and saliva co-mingle). Despite this complexity, intriguing in vitro and in vivo studies are reviewed here that reveal the interplay between peroxidase function and associated inorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Ashby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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18
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Trombone APF, Ferreira SB, Raimundo FM, de Moura KCR, Avila-Campos MJ, Silva JS, Campanelli AP, De Franco M, Garlet GP. Experimental periodontitis in mice selected for maximal or minimal inflammatory reactions: increased inflammatory immune responsiveness drives increased alveolar bone loss without enhancing the control of periodontal infection. J Periodontal Res 2008; 44:443-51. [PMID: 18973535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Inflammatory immune reactions that occur in response to periodontopathogens are thought to protect the host against infection, but may trigger periodontal destruction. However, the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying host susceptibility to periodontal infection and to periodontitis development have still not been established in detail. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, we examined the mechanisms that modulate the outcome of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease in mice mouse strains selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) inflammatory reactions. RESULTS Our results showed that AIRmax mice developed a more severe periodontitis than AIRmin mice in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans infection, and this periodontitis was characterized by increased alveolar bone loss and inflammatory cell migration to periodontal tissues. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays demonstrated that the levels of the cytokines interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-17 were higher in AIRmax mice, as were the levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-13 and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) mRNA levels. However, the more intense inflammatory immune reaction raised by the AIRmax strain, in spite of the higher levels of antimicrobial mediators myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase, did not enhance the protective immunity to A. actinomycetemcomitans infection, because both AIRmax and AIRmin strains presented similar bacterial loads in periodontal tissues. In addition, the AIRmax strain presented a trend towards higher levels of serum C-reactive protein during the course of disease. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the intensity of the inflammatory immune reaction is associated with the severity of experimental periodontitis, but not with the control of A. actinomycetemcomitans periodontal infection, suggesting that the occurrence of hyperinflammatory genotypes may not be an evolutionary advantage in the complex host-pathogen interaction observed in periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P F Trombone
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, FMRP/USP, SP, Brazil
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Ebersole JL, Steffen MJ, Reynolds MA, Branch-Mays GL, Dawson DR, Novak KF, Gunsolley JC, Mattison JA, Ingram DK, Novak MJ. Differential gender effects of a reduced-calorie diet on systemic inflammatory and immune parameters in nonhuman primates. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:500-7. [PMID: 18565132 PMCID: PMC2574803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Dietary manipulation, including caloric restriction, has been shown to impact host response capabilities significantly, particularly in association with aging. This investigation compared systemic inflammatory and immune-response molecules in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). MATERIAL AND METHODS Monkeys on continuous long-term calorie-restricted diets and a matched group of animals on a control ad libitum diet, were examined for systemic response profiles including the effects of both gender and aging. RESULTS The results demonstrated that haptoglobin and alpha1-antiglycoprotein levels were elevated in the serum of male monkeys. Serum IgG responses to Campylobacter rectus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were significantly elevated in female monkeys. While only the antibody to Fusobacterium nucleatum was significantly affected by the calorie-restricted diet in female monkeys, antibody levels to Prevotella intermedia, C. rectus and Treponema denticola demonstrated a similar trend. CONCLUSION In this investigation, only certain serum antibody levels were influenced by the age of male animals, which was seemingly related to increasing clinical disease in this gender. More generally, analytes were modulated by gender and/or diet in this oral model system of mucosal microbial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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The essential role of IFN-γ in the control of lethal Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection in mice. Microbes Infect 2008; 10:489-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Most infections of the oral cavity, including the major dental diseases caries and periodontitis, are opportunistic in nature. They are caused or maintained by microorganisms of the resident or transient flora normally present in low numbers and not pathogenic, but in certain circumstances develop infections. Mucosal infections have some degree of specificity [e.g. Candida spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and enterics] and a microbiological test can be interpreted accurately for clinical diagnosis and choice of treatment. Subepithelial or deep infections, however, include a number of species from the resident flora, mainly anaerobes whose role in the infections is difficult to interpret. However, microbiological tests and the presence of certain bacterial species could be used for treatment control, risk-evaluation and even for patient motivation in the prevention of these diseases. Microbiological diagnosis can be used in general practice for several purposes and in various situations that can be of great value for the dental patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Dahlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Brook I, Lewis MAO, Sándor GKB, Jeffcoat M, Samaranayake LP, Vera Rojas J. Clindamycin in dentistry: More than just effective prophylaxis for endocarditis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 100:550-8. [PMID: 16243239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2005.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Clindamycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with activity against aerobic, anaerobic, and beta-lactamase-producing pathogens. This antibiotic has been used for many years as prophylactic treatment during dental procedures to prevent endocarditis. However, the spectrum and susceptibility of the bacteria species involved in dental infections indicate that clindamycin would also be an effective treatment option for these conditions. In addition to its antiinfective properties, clindamycin has high oral absorption, significant tissue penetration, including penetration into bone, and stimulatory effects on the host immune system. This review discusses the microbiologic and clinical evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of clindamycin for the successful management of dental infections.
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Johansson A, Johansson I, Eriksson M, Ahrén AM, Hallmans G, Stegmayr B. Systemic antibodies to the leukotoxin of the oral pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans correlate negatively with stroke in women. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 20:226-32. [PMID: 16123541 DOI: 10.1159/000087703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic infections and associated inflammatory markers are suggested risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and stroke. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1beta is suggested to play a role in the regulation of local inflammatory responses in both CVD and periodontitis. The leukotoxin from the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has recently been shown to cause abundant secretion of IL-1beta from macrophages. The aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence of systemic antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin in stroke cases (n = 273) and matched controls (n = 546) in an incident case-control study nested within the Northern Sweden MONICA and Vasterbotten Intervention cohorts. METHODS Antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin were analyzed in a bioassay with HL-60 cells (leukocytes), purified A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin, and plasma. Plasma samples which inhibited lactate dehydrogenase release from leukotoxin-lysed cells by > or =50% were classified as antibody positive. RESULTS Antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin were detected in 18.8% of the women and 15.2% of the men. Women with those antibodies had a significantly decreased risk for stroke (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.13-0.59), but not men (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.52-1.51). CONCLUSION The immunoreactivity to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin correlates negatively with a future stroke in woman, but not in men. Further studies are needed to explain the underlying mechanisms, as well as the biological relevance of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Johansson A, Buhlin K, Koski R, Gustafsson A. The immunoreactivity of systemic antibodies to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in adult periodontitis. Eur J Oral Sci 2005; 113:197-202. [PMID: 15953243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2005.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis secrete several potent virulence factors and are known to be two of the major periodontal pathogens. In the present case-control study, the systemic immunoreactivity to A. actinomycetemcomitans exotoxins, cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) and leukotoxin was analyzed in adult subjects with periodontitis and in periodontally healthy controls. Furthermore, systemic immunoreactivity to P. gingivalis was analyzed in these subjects. Reactivity to the A. actinomycetemcomitans toxins was determined in bioassays that quantified neutralizing antibodies, and P. gingivalis antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed a significantly enhanced immunoreactivity to P. gingivalis in the subjects with periodontitis, while the reactivity to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin showed no significant difference between patients and controls. However, combined immunoreactivity to leukotoxin and Cdt was more prevalent in the subjects with periodontitis than in the controls. In addition, immunoreactivity to leukotoxin correlated to periodontitis in men but not in women. In conclusion, data from the present study indicate that immunoreactivity to P. gingivalis is frequent in adult periodontitis, while the role of A. actinomycetemcomitans seems to be more complex and depends on gender of the infected subject as well as the virulence of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology/Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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