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Krupa M, Boominathan P, Sebastian S, Raman PV. Joint Engagement in Mother-Child Dyads of Autistic and Non-Autistic Children Among Asian Indian Tamil Speaking Families. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06062-y. [PMID: 37642866 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study profiled various levels of engagement and related communication behaviours among 50 Asian Indian Tamil autistic children (AUT) and their mothers. The interaction was compared with two groups of mother-child dyads of non-autistic (NA) children, 50 in each group, matched for chronological age (CA), and for language level (LL). Results indicated that despite mother's efforts to engage with their children, autistic children were often 'engaged with objects' or remained 'unengaged' due to children's preference for solitary play, while NA children were often engaged in 'co-ordinated' and 'people engagement'. Across the three groups, mothers predominantly took the lead and dominated the interaction, irrespective of children's language levels. These initiations by the mothers were often to provide instructions and to ask 'What' questions. Autistic children initiated communication predominantly to ask for an object and responded often in the form of negations and protests with limited verbal output or non-verbally. Most of the communication behaviours of both children and mothers in AUT group was quantitatively and qualitatively different when compared to those in both the NA groups, indicating unique nature of interactions despite matching for CA or LL. The observations from the study highlights the need for considering adult's contingent behaviours also, while assessing communication skills of autistic children in order to provide effective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Krupa
- Department of Speech Language Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Prakash Boominathan
- Department of Speech Language Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Faculty of Audiology and Speech Language Pathology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swapna Sebastian
- Audiology & Speech Language Pathology Services, Department of ENT, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Padmasani Venkat Raman
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Steenhoff T, Tharner A, Vaever MS. Internalizing and externalizing problems in preschool children: The role of mothers' and fathers' observed parenting behavior in a well-resourced sample. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:374-385. [PMID: 33719054 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Empirical evidence links sensitive parenting behavior to positive developmental trajectories in children, whereas parental intrusiveness, in contrast, has been found to increase the risk of socio-emotional problems in children of various ages. However, most studies investigating the effect of parenting behavior have been conducted with mothers. Thus, little is yet known about fathers' role in child development and if mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors are linked to child socio-emotional outcomes in similar or different ways. To date, findings are ambiguous, and this is why more studies are needed. The present study examined associations between mothers' and fathers' observed sensitivity and intrusiveness and children's internalizing and externalizing problems as reported by parents and by children themselves. The sample compromised 52 mothers, 41 fathers and their preschool children. Results from hierarchical regression analyses showed a negative association between fathers' intrusiveness, at low levels, and children's internalizing problems. This result was unexpected. However, in line with this finding, a number of recent studies suggest that when fathers challenge and push their children's limits, it buffers against emotional problems such as anxiety. The present study highlights the importance of a continuous investigation into fathers' potentially unique contribution to children's socio-emotional development. No other associations were identified between mothers' and fathers' parenting behaviors and children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Most likely, because this study was conducted with a low-risk sample, where children were in general well-functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Steenhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tharner
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mette S Vaever
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wertz J, Belsky J, Moffitt TE, Belsky DW, Harrington H, Avinun R, Poulton R, Ramrakha S, Caspi A. Genetics of nurture: A test of the hypothesis that parents' genetics predict their observed caregiving. Dev Psychol 2019; 55:1461-1472. [PMID: 30920238 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies have documented that parenting behavior is partly heritable, but it is unclear how parents' genetics shape their caregiving. Using tools of molecular genetics, the present study investigated this process by testing hypotheses about associations between a genome-wide polygenic score for educational attainment and parental caregiving in 702 members of the Dunedin Study, a population-representative birth cohort. Data have been prospectively collected from when Study members were born through to midlife, and include assessments of the caregiving they provided once they became parents. Results showed that parents' polygenic scores predicted warm, sensitive, and stimulating caregiving, both in personal interactions with their young children (as captured on video) and through the home environments they created for their families (as observed by home visitors). The magnitude of this effect was small. Polygenic-score associations were independent of well-established predictors of parenting, such as parents' own childhood experiences of parenting and the age at which they became parents. Polygenic-score associations were mediated by parents' early-emerging cognitive abilities and self-control skills. Findings have implications for theory and research about genetic influences on caregiving and child development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Wertz
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Jay Belsky
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis
| | | | | | | | - Reut Avinun
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, University of Otago
| | - Sandhya Ramrakha
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, University of Otago
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University
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Finger B, Jobin A, Bernstein VJ, Hans S. Parenting contributors to early emerging problem behaviour in children of mothers in methadone maintenance treatment. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent Finger
- Psychology; Montana State University Billings; Billings Montana USA
| | - Allison Jobin
- Department of Psychiatry; University of California at San Diego; San Diego California USA
| | | | - Sydney Hans
- School of Social Services Administration; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois USA
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Smaling HJA, Huijbregts SCJ, van der Heijden KB, Hay DF, van Goozen SHM, Swaab H. Prenatal Reflective Functioning and Development of Aggression in Infancy: the Roles of Maternal Intrusiveness and Sensitivity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:237-248. [PMID: 27344154 PMCID: PMC5241342 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-016-0177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal reflective functioning (RF) has been associated with quality of parent-child interactions and child development. This study investigated whether prenatal RF predicted the development of infant physical aggression and whether maternal sensitivity and/or intrusiveness mediated or moderated this association. The sample consisted of 96 first-time mothers (M = 22.57 years, SD = 2.13) and their infants (54 % male). Prenatal RF was measured with an interview, maternal behavior was observed during free play at 6 months post-partum, and infant physical aggression was assessed at 6, 12, and 20 months using maternal reports. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that relatively poor prenatal RF was related to relatively high infant physical aggression. These associations were moderated by maternal intrusiveness, with significant differences in physical aggression between RF-groups reportedly only in the absence of intrusiveness. Generally, mothers reported an increase in physical aggression between 6 and 12 months, except when they had both low RF-skills and were relatively less sensitive. It is concluded that prenatal RF is associated with (development of) infant physical aggression, and may be targeted in intervention programs aimed at reducing early physical aggression. Less adequate parenting, however, may counteract the beneficial effects of good RF, or obscure insight into children's behavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J A Smaling
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - S C J Huijbregts
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K B van der Heijden
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D F Hay
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S H M van Goozen
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - H Swaab
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Bradley RH. Constructing and Adapting Causal and Formative Measures of Family Settings: The HOME Inventory as Illustration. JOURNAL OF FAMILY THEORY & REVIEW 2015; 7:381-414. [PMID: 26997978 PMCID: PMC4795993 DOI: 10.1111/jftr.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Measures of the home environment are frequently used in studies of children's development. This review provides information on indices composed of causal and formative indicators (the kind of indicators often used to capture salient aspects of family environments) and to suggest approaches that may be useful in constructing such measures for diverse populations. The HOME Inventory is used to illustrate challenges scholars face in determining what to include in useful measures of family settings. To that end, a cross-cultural review of research on relations among HOME, family context, and child outcomes is presented. The end of the review offers a plan for how best to further research on relations between the home environment and child development for diverse populations.
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Bradley RH, Corwyn R. From parent to child to parent…: paths in and out of problem behavior. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 41:515-29. [PMID: 23135289 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-012-9692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study used data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development to examine relations between parenting, self-control and externalizing behavior from early childhood to mid-adolescence (N = 956; 49.9 % male). Results indicated that maternal sensitivity, parental harshness and productive activity are related to externalizing problems but that patterns of relations change from early childhood to middle childhood to adolescence, with evidence suggesting that externalizing behavior influences parenting more than the reverse from middle childhood onward. Self-control measured during early adolescence partially mediated relations between maternal sensitivity and adolescent-reported externalizing behavior. Parental monitoring during adolescence was also related to externalizing behavior at age 15. Monitoring partially mediated the relation between externalizing behavior in early adolescence and externalizing at age 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Bradley
- Family & Human Dynamics Research Institute, Arizona State University, 951 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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Malatras JW, Israel AC. The Influence of Family Stability on Self-Control and Adjustment. J Clin Psychol 2012; 69:661-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Foley M. A comparison of family adversity and family dysfunction in families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and families of children without ADHD. J SPEC PEDIATR NURS 2011; 16:39-49. [PMID: 21294834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-6155.2010.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the presence of family adversity and family dysfunction in 32 families who had children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with 23 families with similar sociodemographic characteristics whose children did not have ADHD. DESIGN AND METHODS A descriptive comparative design was used to investigate family adversity and family dysfunction. RESULTS Families of children with ADHD had significantly higher levels of family dysfunction than families whose children did not have ADHD. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Earlier identification and intervention with families of children who have ADHD may result in healthier family and child outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Foley
- Seton Hall University, College of Nursing, South Orange, New Jersey, USA.
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Buckner JC, Mezzacappa E, Beardslee WR. Self-regulation and its relations to adaptive functioning in low income youths. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2009; 79:19-30. [PMID: 19290722 DOI: 10.1037/a0014796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Most studies of self-regulation involving children have linked it to specific outcomes within a single domain of adaptive functioning. The authors examined the association of self-regulation with a range of indices of adaptive functioning among 155 youth ages 8-18 years from families with very low income. Controlling for other explanatory variables, self-regulation was strongly associated with various outcome measures in the areas of mental health, behavior, academic achievement, and social competence. The authors also contrasted youths relatively high and low in self-regulation (the top and bottom quartiles). Youths with good self-regulation had much better indices of adaptive functioning across measures of social competence, academic achievement, grades, problem behaviors, and depression and anxiety than their counterparts with more diminished self-regulatory capacities. In addition, youths with better self-regulation skills stated more adaptive responses both in terms of how they coped with past stressful live events and how they would deal with hypothetical stressors. This study indicates that self-regulation is robustly associated with a range of important indices of adaptive functioning across many domains. Findings are discussed in light of their implications for theory and intervention for children of diverse economic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Buckner
- Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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Akai CE, Guttentag CL, Baggett KM, Noria CCW. Enhancing parenting practices of at-risk mothers. J Prim Prev 2008; 29:223-42. [PMID: 18543105 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-008-0134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve early parenting by increasing understanding of infant developmental needs and promoting maternal responsiveness as indicated by increased positive behavior support for infants and decreased psychological control. At-risk mothers were randomly assigned to control or treatment conditions, the latter consisting of training in parental responsiveness, developmental knowledge, and loving touch. Following the intervention, treatment mothers reduced their controlling tendencies; they were less rigid, less intrusive, and more flexible than control mothers. Treatment mothers provided more parental support indicated by higher quality verbalizations, more demonstrative teaching, and lower role-reversal tendencies. Editors' Strategic Implications: Further replication will be necessary, but the results for the "My Baby and Me" program are promising. The authors provide crucial information for parent educators about the pairing of basic knowledge transfer with the active engagement of parents with their infants in practicing new parenting skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Akai
- Department of Human Development Connecticut College, Connecticut College, Box 5303 270 Mohegan Ave, New London, CT, 06320, USA.
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Bradley RH, Corwyn RF. Infant temperament, parenting, and externalizing behavior in first grade: a test of the differential susceptibility hypothesis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008; 49:124-31. [PMID: 18211274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines the differential susceptibility hypothesis as it pertains to relations between infant temperament, parenting, and behavior problems in first grade. METHOD Data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care were used in a series of hierarchical regression analyses focused on interactions between three aspects of parenting (harshness, sensitivity, productive activity) and temperament as they affect teacher-reported externalizing behavior in first grade. Step #1 included family income-to-needs, maternal education, gender, life events, and amount of child care as control variables, plus infant temperament and the three parenting variables. Step #2 included a single interaction term, the interaction between one of the key parenting variables and child temperament. RESULTS Results showed stronger relations between maternal sensitivity and behavior problems for children with difficult temperaments. Likewise, relations between opportunities for productivity and behavior problems were stronger for children with difficult temperaments. Trends were in the same direction for harsh parenting but did not quite reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Having access to experiences that promote coping and build self-regulatory capacities seems particularly valuable for children with difficult temperaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Bradley
- Center for Applied Studies in Education, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Ave., Little Rock, AR 72204, USA.
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Burchinal M, Vernon-Feagans L, Cox M. Cumulative Social Risk, Parenting, and Infant Development in Rural Low-Income Communities. PARENTING, SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2008; 8:41-69. [PMID: 19920877 PMCID: PMC2777722 DOI: 10.1080/15295190701830672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The extent to which the severity of exposure to social risk is related to parenting and cognitive development in the first 15 months of an infant's life was studied in a representative diverse sample of families in two rural poor regions in the United States. DESIGN: One thousand two hundred ninety-two families were followed for the first 15 months of the infant's life. RESULTS: Evidence supported a pathway from risk severity through maternal sensitivity and warmth, language and learning activities, and maternal language to child outcomes, with the language and learning activities providing the most consistent independent prediction. Race, age, and geographic isolation moderated the associations between risk and different aspects of parenting. Both level and change in maternal engagement, maternal language input, and overall learning environment were related to early cognitive development. Cumulative risk measured as the mean of risk variables was a stronger predictor of parenting and infant development than when measured as the count of risk factors. CONCLUSION: Severity of risk exposure is negatively related to parenting and to child development for infants as young as 15 months of age. This study provides evidence supporting a pathway from risk severity through parenting to child outcomes and suggests that both initial parenting skills and change in parenting skills during infancy predict infants' cognitive skills.
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Kemppinen K, Ebeling H, Raita‐Hasu J, Toivonen‐Falck A, Paavola L, Moilanen I, Kumpulainen K. Early maternal sensitivity and child behaviour at toddler age: Does low maternal sensitivity hinder identification of behavioural problems? J Reprod Infant Psychol 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/02646830701692044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Five-year-old Costa Rican children, who had either chronic, severe iron deficiency or good iron status in infancy, were observed with their mothers during a structured interaction task in a laboratory setting and everyday interactions in their home. Child affect and behavior as well as the quality of mother-child interaction of the formerly chronic iron-deficient children (n = 40) were compared to those with good iron status in infancy (n = 102). Children who had chronic iron deficiency in infancy were more likely to display lower levels of physical activity, positive affect, and verbalization during the structured task at 5 years, despite iron therapy that corrected their iron deficiency anemia in infancy. Mother-child reciprocity during the structured task (e.g., eye contact, shared positive affect, turn taking) was more likely to be lower in the chronic iron deficiency group compared to the good iron group. Mothers of children in the chronic iron deficiency group showed less responsivity in both settings. These results show that children with chronic, severe iron deficiency in infancy continue at behavioral disadvantage relative to their peers at school entry. Sustained differences in mother-child interaction might contribute to the long-lasting behavioral and developmental alterations reported in children with chronic, severe iron deficiency in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Corapci
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0406, USA
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