1
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Bretter C, Unsworth KL, Robinson MA. The effect of non-verbal mimicry on evaluations in interactions with cognitively (dis)similar individuals. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1678-1693. [PMID: 37814381 PMCID: PMC11295398 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231208699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-verbal mimicry (i.e., being posturally similar by copying another person's body language) has been shown to increase evaluations of the mimicker. Concurrently, extensive research in social psychology has demonstrated a negative effect on interpersonal evaluations when one perceives others as cognitively dissimilar, often resulting in interpersonal conflicts. Across two experiments (Experiment 1: N = 159, Experiment 2: N = 144), we tested our hypotheses that mimicry, compared with no mimicry, will make mimickers come across as more likable and competent regardless of whether they were perceived as cognitively dissimilar or not (Experiment 1) and regardless of the extent to which they were perceived as cognitively dissimilar (Experiment 2). Broadly, we found support for our hypotheses, and via mediation sensitivity analyses, we found that the effect of mimicry, at least for likability, was mediated by participants' perceived personal similarity to the mimicker. Non-verbal mimicry may thus be one way of alleviating interpersonal conflicts via increasing perceptions of personal similarity regardless of initial cognitive dissimilarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark A Robinson
- Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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2
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Hua Y, Mi J. Will attitudes corrected by social norms have a more powerful impact on pro-environmental behavior? Evidence from a process model moderated by self-construal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118603. [PMID: 37473688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Residents' pro-environmental behaviors are considered important for reducing carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. However, optimizing the implementation of pro-environmental behavior need to be further studied. To this end, we placed residents' recycling behavior within a socialized situation. Explored the "Attitude-Behavior intention-Behavior" intermediary path regulated by self-construal, whether and how it can more effectively promote residents to transfer recycling behavior intention as recycling behavior after joining the influence of social norms. The results showed that after considering the influence of social norms, the transformation of residents' Habit adjustment recycling behavior (HAB) was significantly improved. Further, the masking effect of "Behavioral intention-Interpersonal facilitation recycling behavior (IFB)" in the mediation model was effectively reduced. HAB and IFB had stronger dependence on independent self-construal (IDSC) and interdependent self-construal (ITSC), respectively. In addition, when the self-construal level was low, the overall effect of the chain mediation model was stronger, highlighting the advantage of the role played by social norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Hua
- School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China; School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China.
| | - Jiaxin Mi
- School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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3
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Xu J, Guo X, Liu M, Xu H, Huang J. Self-construal priming modulates sonic seasoning. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1041202. [PMID: 37077846 PMCID: PMC10106597 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1041202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction“Sonic seasoning” is when music influences the real taste experiences of consumers. “Self-construal” is how individuals perceive, understand, and interpret themselves. Numerous studies have shown that independent and interdependent self-construal priming can affect a person's cognition and behavior; however, their moderating effect on the sonic seasoning effect remains unclear.MethodsThis experiment was a 2 (self-construal priming: independent self-construal or interdependent self-construal) × 2 (chocolate: milk chocolate or dark chocolate) × 2 (emotional music: positive emotional music or negative emotional music) mixed design, and explored the moderating role of self-construal priming and the effect of emotional music on taste by comparing participants' evaluations of chocolates while listening to positive or negative music after different levels of self-construal priming.ResultsAfter initiating independent self-construal, participants increased their ratings of milk chocolate sweetness when listening to music that elicited positive emotions, t(32) = 3.11, p = 0.004, Cohen's d = 0.54, 95% CI = [0.33, 1.61]. In contrast, interdependent self-construal priming led participants to perceive dark chocolate as sweeter when they heard positive music, t(29) = 3.63, p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.66, 95%CI = [0.44, 1.56].DiscussionThis study provides evidence for improving people's individual eating experience and enjoyment of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Xu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiyu Guo
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hui Xu
| | - Jianping Huang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianping Huang
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4
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Rivera M, Gore JS. The Role of Self-Construal in Child Rearing: A Relational-Physical Comparison. PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12646-022-00703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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5
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Roberts JW, Bennett SJ. Does the threat of COVID-19 modulate automatic imitation? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284936. [PMID: 37093873 PMCID: PMC10124885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The tendency to involuntarily imitate the actions of others (automatic imitation) can be modulated by social affiliative cues. Here, we explored whether the disruption to our social lives caused by the COVID-19 pandemic may subsequently influence automatic imitation. Three groups were initially presented a sentence comprehension task that featured either neutral (control), safe or unsafe primes to COVID-19 infection. They then completed an automatic imitation task, where a numeric cue was presented alongside apparent motion of an index or middle finger, which was either compatible or incompatible with the required response. Reaction times were longer for the incompatible compared to compatible trials, and thus demonstrated automatic imitation. However, there was no influence of the primes indicating that automatic imitation was unaffected by the risk of COVID-19. The potential theoretical explanations and practical implications of pathogen avoidance and social bonding incentives are discussed with reference to pandemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Roberts
- Brain & Behaviour Research Group, Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Bennett
- Brain & Behaviour Research Group, Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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6
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Abstract
The goal of this article is to discuss theoretical arguments concerning the idea that emotional mimicry is an intrinsic part of our social being and thus can be considered a social act. For this, we will first present the theoretical assumptions underlying the Emotional Mimicry as Social Regulator view. We then provide a brief overview of recent developments in emotional mimicry research and specifically discuss new developments regarding the role of emotional mimicry in actual interactions and relationships, and individual differences in emotional mimicry. We conclude with open questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Hess
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agneta Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Jiang M, Sui J. Bicultural Minds: A Cultural Priming Approach to the Self-Bias Effect. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12020045. [PMID: 35200296 PMCID: PMC8869382 DOI: 10.3390/bs12020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has discovered a robust bias towards the processing of self-relevant information in perceptual matching. Self-associated stimuli are processed faster and more accurately than other-associated stimuli. Priming of independent or interdependent self-construal can dynamically modulate self-biases in high-level cognitive tasks. This study explored whether priming of independent/interdependent mindsets can modulate the self-bias effect in perceptual matching. In two experiments, British participants performed a priming task (Experiment 1 using a word-search task—an implicit priming approach, Experiment 2 with a reflective thinking task—an explicit priming method) immediately followed by a perceptual matching task, where they first learned to associate geometric shapes with labels (e.g., circle is you, square is friend, triangle is stranger) and then made judgments on whether shape-label pairs displayed on-screen were the correct associations or not. The analysis in Experiment 1 revealed that priming the interdependent self-construal led to a reduced self-bias effect in perceptual matching in participants who had low bias compared to those with high bias in the neutral/non-priming condition. In contrast, priming the independent self-construal did not modulate the self-bias in perceptual matching. The effects were replicated in Experiment 2. The results indicate that the self is a dynamic concept that can modulate perceptual processing by accessing different cultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyin Jiang
- Academy of Arts and Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- The Future Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Jie Sui
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
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8
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Nagai M, Honma M, Kumada T, Osada Y. Spontaneous Interpersonal Coordination in Stepping and Autistic‐Like Traits. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Agata A, Ando K, Kasagi Y, Kugihara N. Seeking Harmony Rather Than Efficiency: The Effect of
Self‐Construal
on Social Compensation. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ako Agata
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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10
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Li Y, Zhao M. Underdog or Top Dog Brand Story? The Role of Self-Construal and Need of Uniqueness. Front Psychol 2021; 12:765802. [PMID: 34899511 PMCID: PMC8660670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.765802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of an effective brand story has become a key issue in marketing strategies. This study aims to explore what kinds of brand stories (underdog or top dog) individuals prefer from the perspective of the level of self-construal and the need for uniqueness. In this study, a questionnaire survey was used to collect data from China. One-way analysis of variance and bootstrapping via the Process plug-in were adopted to test the hypotheses. This study confirms that individuals with independent self-construal have a higher need for uniqueness and prefer underdog brand stories, while individuals with interdependent self-construal have a lower need for uniqueness and prefer the top dog brand story. This paper promotes theoretical research in the fields of self-construal, the need for uniqueness, and brand stories, and provides rich theoretical support for enterprises in designing and adjusting brand stories. Implications, limitations and future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Li
- School of Management, Suqian University, Suqian, China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, China
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11
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Scheidt CE, Pfänder S, Ballati A, Schmidt S, Lahmann C. Language and Movement Synchronization in Dyadic Psychotherapeutic Interaction - A Qualitative Review and a Proposal for a Classification. Front Psychol 2021; 12:696448. [PMID: 34744862 PMCID: PMC8569105 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.696448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In individual psychotherapy verbal communication and movement synchronization are closely interrelated. The microanalysis of timing, rhythm and gestalt of movement has established dynamic movement coordination as a systemic property of the dyadic interaction. Movement synchronization supports and enhances the unfolding of linguistic meaning. In order to substantiate the importance of the concept of synchrony for adult psychotherapy we review evidence from developmental psychology and discuss approaches to measure synchrony with particular reference to the naturalistic setting of dyadic psychotherapy. As the concept of synchrony is still ambiguous, and the respective interactional phenomena are ephemeral and fluid, in the current paper we suggest a set of five criteria for the description of synchronization in general terms and eight additional criteria which specifically enable the description of phenomena of movement synchronization. The five general dimensions are: (1) context, (2) modality, (3) resources, (4) entrainment, and (5) time-lag. The eight categories for the description of movement synchrony are: (1) spatial direction, (2) amplitude, (3) sinuosity, (4) duration, (5) event structure, (6) phase, (7) frequency, and (8) content. To understand the process of participatory sense-making and the emergence of meaning in psychotherapy, synchrony research has to cope with the multimodality of the embodied interaction. This requires an integrated perspective of movement and language. A system for the classification of synchrony phenomena may contribute to the linking of variations and patterns of movement with language and linguistic utterances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Eduard Scheidt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pfänder
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Romanisches Seminar, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arianna Ballati
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmidt
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claas Lahmann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Using true experiments to study culture: Manipulations, measurement issues, and the question of appropriate control groups. METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2021.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Westfal M, Crusius J, Genschow O. Imitation and interindividual differences: Belief in free will is not related to automatic imitation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 219:103374. [PMID: 34329885 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that individuals have the tendency to automatically imitate each other and that such imitative behavior is fostered by perceiving intentions in others' actions. That is, past research has shown that perceiving an action as internally driven enhances the shared representation of observed and executed actions increasing automatic imitation. An interpersonal factor that increases the perception that a behavior is internally driven is belief in free will. Consequently, we hypothesized that the more individuals believe in free will, the more they automatically imitate others. To test this prediction, we conducted two high-powered (total N = 642) and preregistered studies in which we assessed automatic imitation with the imitation-inhibition task. Contrary to our predictions, belief in free will did not correlate with automatic imitation. This finding contributes to current findings challenging the assumption that automatic imitation is modulated by interindividual differences. Further theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Westfal
- University of Cologne, Social Cognition Center Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931 Köln, Germany.
| | - Jan Crusius
- University of Cologne, Social Cognition Center Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931 Köln, Germany.
| | - Oliver Genschow
- University of Cologne, Social Cognition Center Cologne, Richard-Strauss-Str. 2, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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14
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Huang J, Wang C, Wan X. Self‐construal priming modulates the influence of receptacles on food perception. J SENS STUD 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Huang
- Department of Psychology Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Chujun Wang
- Department of Psychology Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Xiaoang Wan
- Department of Psychology Tsinghua University Beijing China
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15
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Khemka D, Ahmadilari N, Bird G, Catmur C. Imitation in one's own presence: No specific effect of self-focus on imitation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 212:103194. [PMID: 33137613 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that imitative responses may be modulated by top-down social factors such as self-focus. However, growing evidence suggests that such social factors may actually modulate domain-general processes such as spatially compatible responding, rather than specifically social processes such as imitation. In this study, we aimed to identify the cognitive processes being modulated under conditions of heightened or diminished self-focus. Participants performed a stimulus-response compatibility task which independently measures both spatial and imitative response tendencies, under two conditions: heightened self-focus, where the task was performed in the presence of two mirrors; and diminished self-focus, where the mirrors were covered. While participants were faster to respond to compatible trials than to incompatible trials, both imitatively and spatially, there was no significant modulation of either spatial or imitative compatibility by self-focus; although the magnitude of the modulation of spatial compatibility was numerically similar to the effect of self-focus on imitation found in previous studies. These results provide no evidence for an effect of self-focus on either social-specific, or domain-general, processes.
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16
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Van Der Zee S, Taylor P, Wong R, Dixon J, Menacere T. A liar and a copycat: nonverbal coordination increases with lie difficulty. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:200839. [PMID: 33614063 PMCID: PMC7890472 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the nonverbal correlates of deception tend to examine liars' behaviours as independent from the behaviour of the interviewer, ignoring joint action. To address this gap, experiment 1 examined the effect of telling a truth and easy, difficult and very difficult lies on nonverbal coordination. Nonverbal coordination was measured automatically by applying a dynamic time warping algorithm to motion-capture data. In experiment 2, interviewees also received instructions that influenced the attention they paid to either the nonverbal or verbal behaviour of the interviewer. Results from both experiments found that interviewer-interviewee nonverbal coordination increased with lie difficulty. This increase was not influenced by the degree to which interviewees paid attention to their nonverbal behaviour, nor by the degree of interviewer's suspicion. Our findings are consistent with the broader proposition that people rely on automated processes such as mimicry when under cognitive load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Van Der Zee
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Taylor
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
- University of Twente, Enschede, Overijssel, The Netherlands
| | | | - John Dixon
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
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17
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Kampis D, Southgate V. Altercentric Cognition: How Others Influence Our Cognitive Processing. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:945-959. [PMID: 32981846 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Humans are ultrasocial, yet, theories of cognition have often been occupied with the solitary mind. Over the past decade, an increasing volume of work has revealed how individual cognition is influenced by the presence of others. Not only do we rapidly identify others in our environment, but we also align our attention with their attention, which influences what we perceive, represent, and remember, even when our immediate goals do not involve coordination. Here, we refer to the human sensitivity to others and to the targets and content of their attention as 'altercentrism'; and aim to bring seemingly disparate findings together, suggesting that they are all reflections of the altercentric nature of human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kampis
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Victoria Southgate
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Hess U. Who to whom and why: The social nature of emotional mimicry. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13675. [PMID: 32915999 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this manuscript is to provide support for the notion that emotional mimicry is a social act. For this, I will provide a brief overview of recent developments in the domain of emotional mimicry research. I will present the mimicry in social context model of mimicry and evidence for four predictions that set this theory apart. Specifically, based on a review of the literature on emotional mimicry, I conclude that we do not mimic the specific muscle movements we observe, but rather we mimic what we infer from these movements. Furthermore, emotional mimicry only occurs when the expresser and observer share the intention to affiliate. Hence, we are less likely to mimic strangers and do not mimic people we do not like. Interactions in which affiliative mimicry occurs are perceived as more positive, but interactions in which mimicry is antagonistic as more negative. This supports the three social functions proposed here: Affiliation, Emotional understanding, and Social regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Hess
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Genschow O, Schuler J, Cracco E, Brass M, Wänke M. The Effect of Money Priming on Self-Focus in the Imitation-Inhibition Task. Exp Psychol 2020; 66:423-436. [PMID: 32054430 PMCID: PMC8210575 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The self-sufficiency hypothesis suggests that priming
individuals with money makes them focus more strongly on themselves than on
others. However, recently, research supporting this claim has been heavily
criticized and some attempts to replicate have failed. A reason for the
inconsistent findings in the field may lay in the common use of explicit
measures, because they tend to rely on one or just a few items and are thus
prone to demand effects and low reliability. In the present research, we
administered, in two experiments, the imitation-inhibition task – a
robust, unobtrusive, and reliable paradigm that is sensitive to self-other focus
on a trial-by-trial basis. A pilot study found an increased focus on the self as
compared to others when primed with money. Building on this finding, a
preregistered high-powered experiment replicated this effect, suggesting that
money primes may indeed increase a focus on the self. An additionally carried
out meta-analysis indicates that automatic imitation is modulated by self-other
focus and that money primes lead to a smaller focus on the self than
conventional methods. Overall, the found effects are rather small and several
limitations, such as order effects, call for a cautious interpretation of the
findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Genschow
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Schuler
- Fraunhofer Institute for System and Innovation Research, Germany
| | - Emiel Cracco
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Marcel Brass
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Michaela Wänke
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany
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20
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Zhu X, Xu M, Wang H, Gu R, Jin Z. The influence of self-construals on the ERP response to the rewards for self and friend. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 147:1-8. [PMID: 31697960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temporary self-construal (independent vs. interdependent) priming can modulate the neural response to the reward for an individual. Our previous event-related potential (ERP) studies have indicated that people experience the rewards for a friend less strongly than they experience the same amount rewards for themselves. However, an issue remaining unclear is whether the ERP responses to rewards for a friend vary according to the way in which the self is construed. In the present study, we manipulated participants' self-construal (independent vs. interdependent) and found that independent self-construal priming resulted in a greater feedback-related negativity (FRN) in response to outcome feedback for oneself than for a friend during a monetary gambling task. In contrast, interdependent self-construal priming resulted in a comparable FRN in response to outcome feedback for oneself and for a friend. The P3 amplitude was insensitive to the self-construal manipulation. Our findings suggest that interdependent priming may result in comparable motivation elicited by rewards for participants themselves and for their friends. This study provides novel evidence that the neural response to rewards for friend varies according to the way in which the self is construed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Zhu
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Min Xu
- School of Educational Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Institute of Cognition, Brain and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- International Joint Laboratory of Behavior and Cognitive Science, Zhengzhou Normal University, China.
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21
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Treger S, Schmitt DP. Independent, Autonomous, and Permissive: Examining the Links Between Self-Construal and Sexual Permissiveness. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2019; 56:705-717. [PMID: 29746189 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1465884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Much of the research on sexual attitudes has focused on biological sex as a predictor variable. This work has consistently demonstrated that men are more permissive in attitudes toward casual sex than are women. Less is known, however, about how other individual difference variables may shape sexual attitudes. In this research, we considered whether self-construal (whether one believes that others are or are not part of their self-concept) influences people's attitudes toward casual sex. Specifically, we posited that an independent self-construal is positively related to, and an interdependent self-construal is negatively related to, sexual permissiveness. Two cross-sectional studies (ns = 517 and 212) yielded support for these hypotheses. We further considered autonomy as a potential process variable. A mediation analysis revealed that self-construal was related to autonomy, which in turn positively predicted sexual attitudes and drove this association. We integrate these findings into the literature on sexual attitudes and discuss theoretical insights derived from our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David P Schmitt
- b Centre for Culture and Evolution, Division of Psychology , Brunel University London
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22
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Zhang Y, Hawk ST. Considering the Self in the Link Between Self-Esteem and Materialistic Values: The Moderating Role of Self-Construal. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1375. [PMID: 31293471 PMCID: PMC6604722 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies consistently show that materialism might be a strategy people use to cope with low self-esteem. This link might differ among people holding different definitions of the "self" in terms of their relationships with others, however. This research examined the link between self-esteem and materialistic values from the perspective of how people define the self, or their self-construal. In three studies, we explored the moderating role of self-construal in the link between Chinese participants' self-esteem and materialistic values. Through a self-report survey (Study 1, N = 422), experimental manipulation of self-construal (Study 2, N = 151), and experimental manipulation of both self-esteem and self-construal (Study 3, N = 123), results indicated that self-esteem and self-construal interacted in predicting materialistic values. Specifically, self-esteem negatively predicted materialistic values when interdependent self-construal was low, but not when it was high. We suggest that individuals' pursuit of materialism under conditions of low self-esteem might depend on how they define the "self."
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Educational Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Skyler T. Hawk
- School of Media and Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Wong SI. Influencing upward: subordinates’ responses to leaders’ (un)awareness of their empowerment expectations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09585192.2017.1299194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sut I. Wong
- Department of Communication and Culture, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
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24
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The influence of self-construals on the ERP response to the rewards for self and mother. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 18:366-374. [PMID: 29464554 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individual self-construal (independent vs. interdependent) could be temporarily modulated by the priming effect. Our previous studies have found that when Chinese participants gambled for mother and for self, outcome feedback evoked comparable neural responses between two conditions. However, it remains unclear if the response to rewards for mother and for self would differ after independence self-construal priming. In this study, we manipulated participants' self-construal (independent vs. interdependent) before a simple gambling task. The event-related potential (ERP) results reveal that when an interdependent self-construal was primed, the participants exhibited a comparable feedback-related negativity (FRN) elicited by outcome feedback for self and for mother. In contrast, independent self-construal priming resulted in a greater FRN elicited by outcome feedback for self than for mother. Meanwhile, the P3 component was insensitive to self-construal manipulation. These findings indicate the modulation effect of self-construal priming on the response to rewards for others.
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25
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Does Smokers’ Self-Construal Moderate the Effect of (Self-)persuasion on Smoking? HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2019. [DOI: 10.5334/hpb.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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26
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Giner Torréns M, Kärtner J. Affiliation motivates children’s prosocial behaviors: Relating helping and comforting to imitation. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joscha Kärtner
- Lab of Developmental Psychology University of Münster Münster Germany
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27
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Ruminative minds, wandering minds: Effects of rumination and mind wandering on lexical associations, pitch imitation and eye behaviour. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207578. [PMID: 30452479 PMCID: PMC6242373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that rumination is reflected in two behavioural signals that both play an important role in face-to-face interactions and provides evidence for the negative impact of rumination on social cognition. Sixty-one students were randomly assigned either to a condition in which rumination was induced or to a control condition. Their task was to play a speech-based word association game with an Embodied Conversational Agent during which their word associations, pitch imitation and eye movements were measured. Two questionnaires assessed their ruminative tendencies and mind wandering thoughts, respectively. Rumination predicted differences in task-related mind wandering, polarity of lexical associations, pitch imitation, and blinks while mind wandering predicted differences in saccades. This outcome may show that rumination has a negative impact on certain aspects of social interactions.
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Peker M, Booth RW, Eke A. Relationships among self-construal, gender, social dominance orientation, and interpersonal distance. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Jasini A, De Leersnyder J, Mesquita B. Feeling 'Right' When You Feel Accepted: Emotional Acculturation in Daily Life Interactions With Majority Members. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1093. [PMID: 30123147 PMCID: PMC6085598 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When immigrant minority individuals engage in frequent and positive social contact with majority culture members, their emotions become a better fit with the majority norm; the increased fit is called emotional acculturation. In the current research, we test the prediction that high-quality interactions with majority others, in which minorities feel accepted, increase the likelihood of emotional fit. We also explore whether this prediction holds true for both positive and negative interactions with majority. To test this prediction, we conducted a 7-day daily diary study with minority students in Belgian middle schools (N = 117). Each day, participants reported one positive and one negative interaction at school. They subsequently evaluated each interaction (e.g., felt accepted), assessed their relationship with the interaction partner (e.g., our relationship is important to me), and rated their emotions. Analyses focused on the interactions with Belgian majority interaction partners. Emotional acculturation was computed for positive and negative interactions separately, by calculating the fit between the emotional pattern of the minority student and the average emotional pattern of a sample of majority participants (N = 106) who also took part in the daily diary. As predicted, we found higher emotional fit in positive interactions when immigrant minorities felt accepted by the interaction partner. In contrast to this finding for positive interactions, emotional fit for negative interactions was higher when minorities felt excluded by the interaction partner. Further analyses on the negative interactions suggested that minority adolescents felt more negative autonomy-promoting emotions (e.g., anger and frustration) when they perceived being excluded. Given that Belgian majority youth feel more autonomy-promoting emotions generally, minorities' fit with majority patterns was higher. The results confirm our hypothesis that minorities' fit with majority emotions is contingent on the quality of their interactions with majority, even if in negative interactions, high-quality interactions produced less rather than more emotional fit. Our findings suggest that emotional acculturation is not just a 'skill' that minority individuals acquire, but also a response to the ways in which interactions with majority others develop. Inclusive interactions, especially when they are positive, appear to align immigrant minority individuals with the majority norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Jasini
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozefien De Leersnyder
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Programme Group of Social Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Batja Mesquita
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Hauschild S, Winter D, Thome J, Liebke L, Schmahl C, Bohus M, Lis S. Behavioural mimicry and loneliness in borderline personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 82:30-36. [PMID: 29407356 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interpersonal problems together with feelings of intense loneliness constitute a core symptom domain in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Mimicry is one social behaviour that serves the forming of social affiliation and building a sense of belonging. In the present study, we investigated whether behavioural mimicry is altered in BPD and whether it is linked to the patient's feeling of loneliness. METHODS Individuals with BPD (N = 26) and healthy participants (HC, N = 25) performed a finger tapping task with a congruent or incongruent finger movement displayed preceding the presentation of the task relevant stimulus. Additional trials showing an immobile hand were used as a control condition. Mimicry strength was estimated as response facilitation after congruent and response interference after incongruent cues. RESULTS Both HC and BPD patients showed facilitated responses after congruent finger movements. Only BPD patients exhibited interference by incongruent cues. The lonelier the BPD patients felt, the weaker was the interference of the incongruent cues. In contrast, interference increased with the level of loneliness in the HC group. CONCLUSIONS Behavioural mimicry was increased in BPD. However, this effect was less pronounced in those BPD patients who reported the highest levels of loneliness. Our findings emphasize that mimicry is a complex construct and only some of the involved processes are altered in BPD. Future studies must further disentangle the contribution of cognitive and social cognitive processes, address a potential causality in the link between loneliness and mimicry in BPD, and relate alterations of mimicry to interpersonal dysfunction during every-day life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hauschild
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorina Winter
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
| | - Janine Thome
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Liebke
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Bohus
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Health, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Lis
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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Roberts JW, Bennett SJ, Hayes SJ. Impression or expression? The influence of self-monitoring on the social modulation of motor contagion. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 71:850-858. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2017.1307430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Social primes (pro-social, anti-social) can modulate mimicry behaviour. To date, these social modulation effects have been explained by the primed incentive to affiliate with another (Social Top-Down Response Modulation; STORM) and the primed active-self-concept leading to behaviour that is either consistent or inconsistent with the primed-construct (Active-Self account). This study was designed to explore the explanatory power of each of these accounts and thereby gain a greater understanding of how social modulation unfolds. To do this, we assessed social modulation of motor contagion in individuals high or low in self-monitoring. It was reasoned that high self-monitors would modulate mimicry according to the primed social incentive, whereas low self-monitors would modulate according to the primed active-self-concept. Participants were primed with a pro-social and anti-social cue in the first-person and third-person perspective. Next, they completed an interpersonal observation–execution task featuring the simultaneous observation and execution of arm movements that were either congruent or incongruent to each other. Results showed increased incongruent movement deviation (motor contagion) for the anti-social compared to the pro-social prime in the high self-monitors only. Findings support the STORM account of mimicry by showing observers modulate behaviour based on the social incentive underpinning an interpersonal exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Roberts
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon J Bennett
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Spencer J Hayes
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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32
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Genschow O, Klomfar S, d’Haene I, Brass M. Mimicking and anticipating others' actions is linked to Social Information Processing. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193743. [PMID: 29590127 PMCID: PMC5873994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that individuals frequently imitate each other in social situations and that such mimicry fulfills an important social role in the sense that it functions as a social glue. With reference to the anticipated action effect, it has recently been demonstrated that individuals do not only imitate others, but also engage in anticipated action before the observed person starts engaging in that action. Interestingly, both phenomena (i.e., mimicry and anticipated action) rely on tracking others’ social behavior. Therefore, in the present research we investigated whether mimicry and anticipated action are related to social abilities as indicated by measures of social intelligence. The results demonstrate for the first time that mimicry as well as anticipated action is correlated with an important aspect of social intelligence—namely the ability to process social information. Theoretical implications and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Genschow
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sophie Klomfar
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ine d’Haene
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcel Brass
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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33
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Vogeley K. Two social brains: neural mechanisms of intersubjectivity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0245. [PMID: 28673921 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is the aim of this article to present an empirically justified hypothesis about the functional roles of the two social neural systems, namely the so-called 'mirror neuron system' (MNS) and the 'mentalizing system' (MENT, also 'theory of mind network' or 'social neural network'). Both systems are recruited during cognitive processes that are either related to interaction or communication with other conspecifics, thereby constituting intersubjectivity. The hypothesis is developed in the following steps: first, the fundamental distinction that we make between persons and things is introduced; second, communication is presented as the key process that allows us to interact with others; third, the capacity to 'mentalize' or to understand the inner experience of others is emphasized as the fundamental cognitive capacity required to establish successful communication. On this background, it is proposed that MNS serves comparably early stages of social information processing related to the 'detection' of spatial or bodily signals, whereas MENT is recruited during comparably late stages of social information processing related to the 'evaluation' of emotional and psychological states of others. This hypothesis of MNS as a social detection system and MENT as a social evaluation system is illustrated by findings in the field of psychopathology. Finally, new research questions that can be derived from this hypothesis are discussed.This article is part of the themed issue 'Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Vogeley
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Street 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany .,Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine-Cognitive Neuroscience (INM3), Research Center Juelich, Wilhelm-Johnen Strasse, 52428 Juelich, Germany
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Genschow O, van Den Bossche S, Cracco E, Bardi L, Rigoni D, Brass M. Mimicry and automatic imitation are not correlated. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183784. [PMID: 28877197 PMCID: PMC5587324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that individuals have a tendency to imitate each other. However, different psychological disciplines assess imitation in different manners. While social psychologists assess mimicry by means of action observation, cognitive psychologists assess automatic imitation with reaction time based measures on a trial-by-trial basis. Although these methods differ in crucial methodological aspects, both phenomena are assumed to rely on similar underlying mechanisms. This raises the fundamental question whether mimicry and automatic imitation are actually correlated. In the present research we assessed both phenomena and did not find a meaningful correlation. Moreover, personality traits such as empathy, autism traits, and traits related to self- versus other-focus did not correlate with mimicry or automatic imitation either. Theoretical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Genschow
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Emiel Cracco
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lara Bardi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Davide Rigoni
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcel Brass
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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35
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Individual differences in susceptibility to online influence: A theoretical review. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Yanagisawa K, Kashima ES, Moriya H, Masui K, Furutani K, Yoshida H, Ura M, Nomura M. Tolerating dissimilar other when primed with death: neural evidence of self-control engaged by interdependent people in Japan. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:910-917. [PMID: 28338741 PMCID: PMC5472115 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mortality salience (MS) has been shown to lead to derogation of others with dissimilar worldviews, yet recent research has shown that Asian-Americans who presumably adopt an interdependent self-construal (SC) tend to reveal greater tolerance after MS induction. In the present study, we demonstrated that Japanese individuals who are high on interdependent SC indeed show greater tolerance toward worldview-threatening other in the MS (vs control) condition, thus replicating the prior research. Extending this research, we also found that interdependent people's tolerance toward worldview-threatening other was mediated by increased activity in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in the MS condition. These data suggested that when exposed to death-related stimuli, highly interdependent individuals may spontaneously activate their neural self-control system which may serve to increase tolerance toward others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emiko S Kashima
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Hiroki Moriya
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keita Masui
- Department of Psychology, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaichiro Furutani
- Department of Management Information, Hokkai Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Social and Clinical Psychology, Hijiyama University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ura
- Department of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michio Nomura
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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37
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Zhu X, Wu H, Yang S, Gu R. The influence of self-construal type on outcome evaluation: Evidence from event-related potentials. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 112:64-69. [PMID: 28017638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a close relationship between the self and reward networks. One of our previous studies has found that outcome evaluation (including the processing of reward and punishment) is modulated by self-reflection. A question remaining unclear is how different types of self-construal influence outcome evaluation. Self-construal refers to the way in which people perceive themselves to be linked (or not) with other people. Two subtypes of self-construal have been identified: independent self and interdependent self. In the present study, 27 normal adults read essays that contained independent or interdependent pronouns (i.e., I or we) and then performed a gambling task while brain event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The ERP analysis focused on the feedback-related negativity (FRN) and the P3 component. Outcome feedback evoked a larger FRN in the independent self-priming condition than in the interdependent self-priming condition. In contrast, the P3 amplitude was insensitive to self-construal manipulation. The present findings suggest that different types of transient self-construal manifest differently in outcome evaluation processes, supporting the existence of a close link between the self and reward networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Zhu
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Haiyan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.
| | - Suyong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.
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Niedenthal PM, Barsalou LW, Winkielman P, Krauth-Gruber S, Ric F. Embodiment in Attitudes, Social Perception, and Emotion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 9:184-211. [PMID: 16083360 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Findings in the social psychology literatures on attitudes, social perception, and emotion demonstrate that social information processing involves embodiment, where embodiment refers both to actual bodily states and to simulations of experience in the brain's modality-specific systems for perception, action, and introspection. We show that embodiment underlies social information processing when the perceiver interacts with actual social objects (online cognition) and when the perceiver represents social objects in their absence (offline cognition). Although many empirical demonstrations of social embodiment exist, no particularly compelling account of them has been offered. We propose that theories of embodied cognition, such as the Perceptual Symbol Systems (PSS) account (Barsalou, 1999), explain and integrate these findings, and that they also suggest exciting new directions for research. We compare the PSS account to a variety of related proposals and show how it addresses criticisms that have previously posed problems for the general embodiment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Niedenthal
- Laboratory in Social and Cognitive Psychology, CNRS and University of Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Stel M, van Dijk E, van Baaren RB. When and Why Mimicry is Facilitated and Attenuated. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Zhang Y, Feick L, Price LJ. The Impact of Self-Construal on Aesthetic Preference for Angular Versus Rounded Shapes. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 32:794-805. [PMID: 16648204 DOI: 10.1177/0146167206286626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, the authors examine the role of self-construal in aesthetic preference for angular versus rounded shapes. Previous research found an independent self-construal is associated with a confrontation approach to conflict resolution, whereas an interdependent self-construal is associated with compromise. Furthermore, the literature in empirical aesthetics suggests that angular shapes tend to generate confrontational associations, and rounded shapes tend to generate compromise associations. Accordingly, the authors propose individuals with independent self-construals should perceive angular shapes as more attractive, whereas individuals with interdependent self-construals should find rounded shapes more attractive. The authors argue this effect of self-construal should be more pronounced when people expect that their shape preferences will be evaluated by others because culturally consistent responses will be more accessible in this situation. These hypotheses were largely confirmed in a field study that classified logos from a variety of countries and two experiments in which self-construal was experimentally primed.
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Yuki M, Maddux WW, Brewer MB, Takemura K. Cross-Cultural Differences in Relationship- and Group-Based Trust. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 31:48-62. [PMID: 15574661 DOI: 10.1177/0146167204271305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments explored differences in depersonalized trust (trust toward a relatively unknown target person) across cultures. Based on a recent theoretical framework that postulates predominantly different bases for group behaviors in Western cultures versus Eastern cultures, it was predicted that Americans would tend to trust people primarily based on whether they shared category memberships; however, trust for Japanese was expected to be based on the likelihood of sharing direct or indirect interpersonal links. Results supported these predictions. In both Study 1 (questionnaire study) and Study 2 (online money allocation game), Americans trusted ingroup members more than outgroup members; however, the existence of a potential indirect relationship link increased trust for outgroup members more for Japanese than for Americans. Implications for understanding group processes across cultures are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yuki
- Department of Behavioral Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W7 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan.
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42
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Attempt to validate the Self-Construal Scale in French: Systematic approach and model limitation. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Hale J, Hamilton AFDC. Cognitive mechanisms for responding to mimicry from others. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:106-23. [PMID: 26877104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Compared to our understanding of neurocognitive processes involved producing mimicry, the downstream consequences of being mimicked are less clear. A wide variety of positive consequences of mimicry, such as liking and helping, have been reported in behavioural research. However, an in-depth review suggests the link from mimicry to liking and other positive outcomes may be fragile. Positive responses to mimicry can break down due to individual factors and social situations where mimicry may be unexpected. It remains unclear how the complex behavioural effects of mimicry relate to neural systems which respond to being mimicked. Mimicry activates regions associated with mirror properties, self-other processing and reward. In this review, we outline three potential models linking these regions with cognitive consequences of being mimicked. The models suggest that positive downstream consequences of mimicry may depend upon self-other overlap, detection of contingency or low prediction error. Finally, we highlight limitations with traditional research designs and suggest alternative methods for achieving highly ecological validity and experimental control. We also highlight unanswered questions which may guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Hale
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK.
| | - Antonia F de C Hamilton
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK.
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Male and Female Differences in Nonconscious Mimicry: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS 2015. [DOI: 10.5334/jeps.de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Cao L, Gross J. Cultural Differences in Perceiving Sounds Generated by Others: Self Matters. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1865. [PMID: 26696931 PMCID: PMC4667006 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory consequences resulting from own movements receive different neural processing compared to externally generated sensory consequences (e.g., by a computer), leading to sensory attenuation, i.e., a reduction in perceived intensity or brain evoked responses. However, discrepant findings exist from different cultural regions about whether sensory attenuation is also present for sensory consequences generated by others. In this study, we performed a cross culture (between Chinese and British) comparison on the processing of sensory consequences (perceived loudness) from self and others compared to an external source in the auditory domain. We found a cultural difference in processing sensory consequences generated by others, with only Chinese and not British showing the sensory attenuation effect. Sensory attenuation in this case was correlated with independent self-construal scores. The sensory attenuation effect for self-generated sensory consequences was not replicated. However, a correlation with delusional ideation was observed for British. These findings are discussed with respects to mechanisms of sensory attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Cao
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - Joachim Gross
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
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Hirata E, Kühnen U, Hermans RCJ, Lippke S. Modelling of food intake in Brazil and Germany: Examining the effects of self-construals. Eat Behav 2015; 19:127-32. [PMID: 26348265 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current research focused on the influence of informational eating norms on people's food intake, and examined whether this influence was moderated by participants' self-construal levels. In two experiments, a two (intake norm manipulation: low vs. high) by two (self-construal manipulation: interdependent versus independent) between-participant factorial design was used. The studies were conducted in Brazil (Experiment 1) and in Germany (Experiment 2) as participants' self-construal levels differ between these countries. In Experiment 1, results indicated that participants exposed to a high-intake norm ate more than participants exposed to a low-intake norm. However, self-construal was not found to moderate the influence of food intake norms on participants' intake. In Experiment 2, replicating the results of Experiment 1, exposure to a high-intake norm increased participants' food intake, but self-construals again did not moderate modelling effects on food intake. Although differences in individuals' self-construal were found between both countries, they did not affect the magnitude of modelling effects on eating. Our studies provide evidence for cross-cultural similarity in the extent to which Brazilian and German female young adults are vulnerable to modelling effects on food intake, independent on their self-construal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hirata
- Jacobs University Bremen & Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSS), Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Kühnen
- Jacobs University Bremen & Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSS), Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Roel C J Hermans
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia Lippke
- Jacobs University Bremen & Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSS), Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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47
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Sevincer AT, Kitayama S, Varnum MEW. Cosmopolitan cities: the frontier in the twenty-first century? Front Psychol 2015; 6:1459. [PMID: 26528195 PMCID: PMC4604263 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People with independent (vs. interdependent) social orientation place greater priority on personal success, autonomy, and novel experiences over maintaining ties to their communities of origin. Accordingly, an independent orientation should be linked to a motivational proclivity to move to places that offer economic opportunities, freedom, and diversity. Such places are cities that can be called “cosmopolitan.” In support of this hypothesis, Study 1 found that independently oriented young adults showed a preference to move to cosmopolitan rather than noncosmopolitan cities. Study 2 used a priming manipulation and demonstrated a causal impact of independence on residential preferences for cosmopolitan cities. Study 3 established ecological validity by showing that students who actually moved to a cosmopolitan city were more independent than those who either moved to a noncosmopolitan city or never moved. Taken together, the findings illuminate the role of cosmopolitan settlement in the contemporary cultural change toward independence and have implications for urban development and economic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Timur Sevincer
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shinobu Kitayama
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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48
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Wang G, Seibert SE. The impact of leader emotion display frequency on follower performance: Leader surface acting and mean emotion display as boundary conditions. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wisse B, Sleebos E. When Change Causes Stress: Effects of Self-construal and Change Consequences. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 31:249-264. [PMID: 27226696 PMCID: PMC4856724 DOI: 10.1007/s10869-015-9411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Organizational change can be a major stress factor for employees. We investigate if stress responses can be explained by the extent to which there is a match between employee self-construal (in personal or collective terms) and change consequences (i.e., does the change particularly have consequences for the individual or for the group). We further investigate if the interactive effect of self-construal and change consequences on stress will be mediated by feelings of uncertainty. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Data were obtained in three studies. Study 1, a laboratory study, focused on physiological stress. Study 2, a business scenario, focused on anticipated stress. Study 3, a cross-sectional survey, focused on perceived stress. Studies 2 and 3 also included measures of uncertainty in order to test its mediating qualities. FINDINGS Change is more likely to lead to stress when the change has consequences for matters that are central to employees' sense of self, and particularly so when the personal self is salient. This effect is mediated by feelings of uncertainty. IMPLICATIONS Understanding why some people experience stress during change, while others do so to a lesser extent, may be essential for improving change management practices. It may help to prevent change processes being unnecessarily stressful for employees. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This is one of the first studies to show that different kinds of change may be leading to uncertainty or stress, depending on employees' level of self-construal. The multi-method approach boosts the confidence in our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Wisse
- />Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ed Sleebos
- />Department of Organization Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Roberts JW, Bennett SJ, Hayes SJ. Top-down social modulation of interpersonal observation-execution. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 80:487-95. [PMID: 25894232 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclical upper limb movement can involuntarily deviate from its primary movement axis when the performer concurrently observes incongruent biological motion (i.e. interpersonal observation-execution). The current study examined the social modulation of such involuntary motor interference using a protocol that reflected everyday social interactions encountered in a naturalistic social setting. Eighteen participants executed cyclical horizontal arm movements during the observation of horizontal (congruent) or curvilinear (incongruent) biological motion. Both prior to, and during the interpersonal observation-execution task, participants also received a series of social words designed to prime a pro-social or anti-social attitude. The results showed greater orthogonal movement deviation, and thus interference, for the curvilinear compared to horizontal stimuli. Importantly, and opposite to most of the previous findings from work on automatic imitation and mimicry, there was a greater interference effect for the anti-social compared to pro-social prime condition. These findings demonstrate the importance of interpreting the context of social primes, and strongly support predictions of a comparison between the prime construct and the self-concept/-schema and the top-down response modulation of social incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Roberts
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
| | - Simon J Bennett
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Spencer J Hayes
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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