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Krasnova H, Veltri NF, Eling N, Buxmann P. Why men and women continue to use social networking sites: The role of gender differences. JOURNAL OF STRATEGIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsis.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Konrad AM, Corrigall E, Lieb P, Ritchie JE. Sex Differences in Job Attribute Preferences among Managers and Business Students. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1059601100252002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analysis of 31 studies examined whether women and men in management and business schools differ in their job attribute preferences. Findings indicated no significant sex differences for 9 of the 21 job attribute preferences studied. The 12 significant sex differences indicated that men considered earnings and responsibility to be more important than women did, whereas women considered prestige, challenge, task significance, variety, growth, job security, good coworkers, a good supervisor, and the physical work environment to be more important than men did. The significant sex differences were small, nine of them having a magnitude of .10 standard deviation units or less. Students showed larger sex differences than managers did, and changes over time showed that women increased their ratings of the importance of four job attributes relative to men. The findings imply that sex differences in job attribute preferences are not an important determinant of women’s lower status in management.
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Lins-Dyer MT, Nucci L. The impact of social class and social cognitive domain on northeastern Brazilian mothers' and daughters' conceptions of parental control. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0165025407073577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of social class was explored on Brazilian mothers' and daughters' conceptions of who should, and who actually would control decisions regarding the daughters' actions. Participants were 126 middle class and 126 lower class girls aged 11–16 years, and their mothers. No social class differences were found in daughters' judgments about who should control decisions. Lower class daughters perceived mothers as exerting greater actual control than did middle class daughters. Lower class mothers claimed higher control over prudential and conventional matters than did middle class mothers. Findings that daughters and mothers in both social classes viewed personal matters as under the daughters' control challenged the notion that interdependence is fostered by the mother–daughter relationship and are consistent with more recent views that an individualism–collectivism dichotomy should not be used to characterize cultures.
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Russo NF, Vaz K. Addressing Diversity in the Decade of Behavior: Focus on Women of Color. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-6402.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Decade of Behavior provides an opportunity to reflect on the need for psychologists to develop a “diversity mindfulness” in their education, training, and research activities, a need that has never been more urgent. In this article, we focus on the lives of women of color to illustrate diversity-mindful feminist principles that may inform research and program development related to other aspects of diversity. We discuss perspectives and priorities of women of color in psychology. We consider why implementing feminist psychology's inclusive vision for research is a continuing struggle, particularly with regard to research on poor women, and identify some contributions and priorities of feminist research on women of color that relate to Decade goals of achieving a “safer, better educated, healthier, more democratic and more prosperous nation” (White, Travis, & Russo, 2001, p. 267). Understanding and incorporating perspectives of women of color in Decade activities is essential if researchers are to generate new knowledge “to prepare the world for facing emerging problems in the 21st century” (Decade of Behavior website: http://www.decadeofbehavior.org ).
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Abstract
To examine cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder (SAD), we reviewed the literature on the prevalence rates, expressions, and treatments of social anxiety/SAD as they relate to culture, race, and ethnicity. We further reviewed factors that contribute to the differences in social anxiety/SAD between different cultures, including individualism/collectivism, perception of social norms, self-construal, gender roles, and gender role identification. Our review suggests that the prevalence and expression of social anxiety/SAD depends on the particular culture. Asian cultures typically show the lowest rates, whereas Russian and US samples show the highest rates, of SAD. Taijin kyofusho is discussed as a possible culture-specific expression of social anxiety, although the empirical evidence concerning the validity of this syndrome has been mixed. It is concluded that the individual's social concerns need to be examined in the context of the person's cultural, racial, and ethnic background in order to adequately assess the degree and expression of social anxiety and SAD. This has direct relevance for the upcoming DSM-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Hofmann
- epartment of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Fiori KL, Consedine NS, Magai C. Late Life Attachment in Context: Patterns of Relating Among Men and Women from Seven Ethnic Groups. J Cross Cult Gerontol 2008; 24:121-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10823-008-9078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ting SMR. Comparing the Chinese Career Key and the Self-Directed Search With High School Girls in Hong Kong. JOURNAL OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/0894845307307474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A career interest inventory, the Chinese Career Key (CCK) adapted from the Career Key based on Holland's theory of vocational choice, was studied. The purpose of the study was to further examine the psychometric qualities and user satisfaction of the CCK by comparing it to the Self-Directed Search. Students at a girls' public high school ( N = 130) in Hong Kong participated in the study. The research findings provided further evidence of validity, reliability, and user satisfaction among students in Hong Kong. Cultural differences, limitations, and implications for future studies and counseling practice are discussed.
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Korbel CD, Wiebe DJ, Berg CA, Palmer DL. Gender Differences in Adherence to Type 1 Diabetes Management Across Adolescence: The Mediating Role of Depression. CHILDRENS HEALTH CARE 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/02739610701316936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Guimond S, Chatard A, Martinot D, Crisp RJ, Redersdorff S. Social comparison, self-stereotyping, and gender differences in self-construals. J Pers Soc Psychol 2006; 90:221-42. [PMID: 16536648 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Four studies examined gender differences in self-construals and the role of social comparison in generating these differences. Consistent with previous research, Study 1 (N=461) showed that women define themselves as higher in relational interdependence than men, and men define themselves as higher in independence/agency than women. Study 2 (N=301) showed that within-gender social comparison decreases gender differences in self-construals relative to a control condition, whereas between-genders comparison increases gender differences on both relational interdependence and independence/agency. Studies 3 (N=169) and 4 (N=278) confirmed these findings and showed that changing self-construal changes gender differences in social dominance orientation. Across the 4 studies, strong evidence for the role of in-group stereotyping as mediator of the effect of gender on self-construal was observed on the relational dimension but not on the agentic dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Guimond
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universite Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Rose AJ, Rudolph KD. A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychol Bull 2006. [PMID: 16435959 DOI: 10.1037/0033‐2909.132.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Theory and research on sex differences in adjustment focus largely on parental, societal, and biological influences. However, it also is important to consider how peers contribute to girls' and boys' development. This article provides a critical review of sex differences in several peer relationship processes, including behavioral and social-cognitive styles, stress and coping, and relationship provisions. The authors present a speculative peer-socialization model based on this review in which the implications of these sex differences for girls' and boys' emotional and behavioral development are considered. Central to this model is the idea that sex-linked relationship processes have costs and benefits for girls' and boys' adjustment. Finally, the authors present recent research testing certain model components and propose approaches for testing understudied aspects of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Rose
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri--Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Rose AJ, Rudolph KD. A review of sex differences in peer relationship processes: potential trade-offs for the emotional and behavioral development of girls and boys. Psychol Bull 2006; 132:98-131. [PMID: 16435959 PMCID: PMC3160171 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1186] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Theory and research on sex differences in adjustment focus largely on parental, societal, and biological influences. However, it also is important to consider how peers contribute to girls' and boys' development. This article provides a critical review of sex differences in several peer relationship processes, including behavioral and social-cognitive styles, stress and coping, and relationship provisions. The authors present a speculative peer-socialization model based on this review in which the implications of these sex differences for girls' and boys' emotional and behavioral development are considered. Central to this model is the idea that sex-linked relationship processes have costs and benefits for girls' and boys' adjustment. Finally, the authors present recent research testing certain model components and propose approaches for testing understudied aspects of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Rose
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri--Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Berenson KR, Crawford TN, Cohen P, Brook J. Implications of Identification with Parents and Parents' Acceptance for Adolescent and Young Adult Self-esteem. SELF AND IDENTITY 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/13576500444000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Musher-Eizenman DR, Boxer P, Danner S, Dubow EF, Goldstein SE, Heretick DM. Social-cognitive mediators of the relation of environmental and emotion regulation factors to children's aggression. Aggress Behav 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ab.20078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Personen berücksichtigen in ihrer Selbstdefinition entweder stärker ihre Verbundenheit zu anderen Menschen (interdependente Selbstkonstruktion) oder aber ihre einzigartigen Eigenschaften, die sie unabhängig von anderen Menschen auszeichnen (independente Selbstkonstruktion). Es liegen bereits verschiedene Fragebogeninstrumente zur Erfassung individueller Selbstkonstruktionen vor. Sie erfassen aber ausschließlich die sozialen und autonomen Inhalte, die in independenten bzw. interdependenten Selbstkonstruktionen dominieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird postuliert, dass sich beide Arten von Selbstkonstruktionen darüber hinausgehend im Grad der Kontextabhängigkeit der enkodierten Informationen unterscheiden. Zur Erfassung des individuellen Grades der Kontextabhängigkeit wird die Dortmunder Kontextabhängigkeits-Skala (DKS) entwickelt. Die DKS wird durch Überprüfung von Korrelationen zu Skalen, die die unterschiedlichen Inhalte independenter und interdependenter Selbstkonstruktionen erfassen, sowie durch eine experimentelle und eine quasiexperimentelle Studie validiert.
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Neff KD, Turiel E, Anshel D. Reasoning about interpersonal responsibility when making judgments about scenarios depicting close personal relationships. Psychol Rep 2002; 90:723-42. [PMID: 12090500 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.2002.90.3.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the moral reasoning of 36 young adults (M age = 20.8 yr., evenly divided by sex) about situations involving close interpersonal relationships: best friends, spouses, and parents or children. Participants were presented stories in which personal needs and desires were in conflict with interpersonal concerns. When asked how the conflicts should be resolved, the large majority of participants judged that personal desires should be subordinated to interpersonal concerns, justifying their judgments with reference to concern for others, relationship maintenance, or relationship responsibilities. No sex differences in judgments or justifications were found. In addition, most judged that the act of meeting another's needs in a close relationship was an obligatory responsibility and that such responsibilities generalized to people living in other societies. Thus, participants considered interpersonal responsibilities to be moral obligations that apply across cultural boundaries and did not consider them to be matters of personal choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin D Neff
- University of Texas at Austin, Department of Educational Psychology, 78712, USA.
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Dijkstra P, Buunk BP. Sex differences in the jealousy-evoking effect of rival characteristics. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Konrad AM, Ritchie JE, Lieb P, Corrigall E. Sex differences and similarities in job attribute preferences: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull 2000; 126:593-641. [PMID: 10900998 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.4.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many researchers have studied sex differences in job attribute preferences. The authors meta-analyzed 242 samples collected from 321,672 men and boys and 316,842 women and girls in the United States between 1970 and 1998. Findings indicated significant (p < .05) sex differences on 33 of 40 job attribute preferences examined. The effect sizes were small. Of the 33 significant differences, 26 had average effect sizes of magnitude .20 or less. The directions of the differences were generally consistent with gender roles and stereotypes. Many job attributes became relatively more important to women and girls in the 1980s and 1990s compared with the 1970s, indicating that women's aspirations to obtain job attributes rose as gender barriers to opportunity declined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Konrad
- Department of Human Resource Administration, Fox School of Business and Management, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122-6083, USA.
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Own versus Other Standpoints in Self-Regulation: Developmental Antecedents and Functional Consequences. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.3.3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An inner audience is an internal representation of others' values, goals, and standards for the self (other standpoint on self). It contrasts with an internal representation of one's own values, goals, and standards for the self (own standpoint on self). Using self-discrepancy theory ( E. T. Higgins, 1987) as a framework to integrate diverse psychological perspectives on this classic distinction, the authors consider the role of own versus other standpoints in self-regulation. They describe developmental shifts and socialization effects on the self-regulatory strength of own and other standpoints. Evidence that individual differences and sex differences in own versus other standpoints for self-regulation relate to different affective and interpersonal vulnerabilities is reviewed. The concepts of identification and introjection are empirically distinguished in a novel way, and therapeutic implications are discussed.
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