1
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Ju I, Chavda BP, Song H. Media Influence on Bystander Intervention for Health Protective Norms: The Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction Perspective. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 29:347-356. [PMID: 38745474 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2024.2352535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Drawing upon the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction (IM) and the Bystander Intervention Model, this study investigates the impact of media health information on individuals' intentions to address violations of health norms, specifically noncompliance with mask-wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our survey results (n=1,426) indicate a positive correlation between seeking health information from the media and the intention to confront norm violators regarding mask-wearing. This correlation is mediated through three intermediary pathways: attitudes, normative beliefs, and perceived behavioral control. These discoveries address a previously unexplored area concerning pro-social health behaviors, bystander intervention, and contribute to the field of health communication by linking them to research on media influences. Combining media and peer interventions could lead to more effective health outcomes. The discussion covers both theoretical and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilwoo Ju
- Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Bhakti Pankaj Chavda
- Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hwanseok Song
- Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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2
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Zhao H, Xu Y, Li L, Liu J, Cui F. The neural mechanisms of identifiable victim effect in prosocial decision-making. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26609. [PMID: 38339893 PMCID: PMC10836171 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon known as the "identifiable victim effect" describes how individuals tend to offer more assistance to victims they can identify with than to those who are vague or abstract. The neural underpinnings of this effect, however, remain elusive. Our study utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging to delve into how the "identifiable victim effect" influences prosocial decision-making, considering different types of helping costs, across two distinct tasks. Participants were instructed to decide whether to help a victim with personal information shown (i.e., the identifiable victim) and an unidentifiable one by costing their money (task 1) or physical effort (task 2). Behaviorally, we observed a pronounced preference in both tasks for aiding identifiable victims over anonymous ones, highlighting a robust "identifiable victim effect." On a neural level, this effect was associated with heightened activity in brain areas like the bilateral temporoparietal junction (TPJ) when participants confronted anonymous victims, potentially indicating a more intensive mentalizing process for less concrete victims. Additionally, we noted that the TPJ's influence on value judgment processes is mediated through its functional connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex. These insights contribute significantly to our understanding of the psychological and neural dynamics underlying the identifiable victim effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zhao
- School of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Yashi Xu
- School of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Lening Li
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina
| | - Jie Liu
- School of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
| | - Fang Cui
- School of PsychologyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
- Center for Brain Disorders and Cognitive NeuroscienceShenzhen UniversityShenzhenChina
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3
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Even-Tov O, Huang K, Trueman B, Bogard JE, Goldstein NJ. Sharing names and information: Incidental similarities between CEOs and analysts can lead to favoritism in information disclosure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2311250120. [PMID: 38015838 PMCID: PMC10710062 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311250120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
When two people coincidentally have something in common (such as a name or birthday), they tend to like each other more and are thus more likely to offer help and comply with requests. This dynamic can have important legal and ethical consequences whenever these incidental similarities give rise to unfair favoritism. Using a large-scale, longitudinal natural experiment, covering nearly 200,000 annual earnings forecasts over more than 25 y, we show that when a CEO and a securities analyst share a first name, the analyst's financial forecast is more accurate. We offer evidence that name matching improves forecast accuracy due to CEOs privately sharing pertinent information with name-matched analysts. Additionally, we show that this effect is especially pronounced among CEO-analyst pairs who share an uncommon first name. Our research thus demonstrates how incidental similarities can give way to special treatment. Whereas most investigations of the effects of similarity consider only one-shot interactions, we use a longitudinal dataset to show that the effect of name matching diminishes over time with more interactions between CEOs and analysts. We also point to the findings of an experiment suggesting that favoritism born of sharing a name may evade straightforward regulation in part due to people's perception that name similarity would exert little influence on them. Taken together, our work offers insight into when private disclosures are likely to be made. Our results suggest that the effectiveness of regulatory policies can be significantly impacted by psychological factors shaping the context in which they are implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Even-Tov
- Department of Accounting, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Kanyuan Huang
- Department of Accounting, School of Management and Economics, Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen518172, China
| | - Brett Trueman
- Department of Accounting, Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Jonathan E. Bogard
- Department of Organizational Behavior, Olin Business School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO63130
| | - Noah J. Goldstein
- Department of Management and Organizations, Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
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4
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Kirby JN, Kirkland K, Wilks M, Green M, Tanjitpiyanond P, Chowdhury N, Nielsen M. Testing the bounds of compassion in young children. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221448. [PMID: 36816845 PMCID: PMC9929501 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research shows that, under the right circumstances, children are highly prosocial. Extending an already published paradigm, we aimed here to determine what factors might facilitate and inhibit compassionate behaviour. Across five experiments (N = 285), we provide new insight into the bounds of 4- to 5-year-old children's compassionate behaviour. In the first three experiments, we varied cost of compassion by changing the reward (Study 1), using explicit instructions (Study 2) and ownership (Study 3). In the final two experiments, we varied the target of the compassionate behaviour, examining adults compared with puppet targets (Study 4), and whether the target was an in-group member (Study 5). We found strong evidence that cost reduces compassionate responding. By contrast, the recipient of compassion did not appear to influence responding: children were equally likely to help a human adult and a puppet, and an in-group member and neutral agent. These findings demonstrate that for young children, personal cost appears to be a greater inhibitor to compassionate responding than who compassion is directed toward.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N. Kirby
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kelly Kirkland
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matti Wilks
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
| | - Mitchell Green
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Nafisa Chowdhury
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark Nielsen
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, 2006, SouthAfrica
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5
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Beveridge ‘AJ, Höllerer MA. Theorizing Organizational Benevolence. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2022.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We extend research on stakeholder orientation by introducing and conceptualizing “organizational benevolence”—a notion that refers to a firm’s inclination to pursue the welfare of an external stakeholder group as an end in itself manifested in a behavioral tendency in which benefiting the “other” is the ultimate goal of action. Employing a microfoundational approach, we propose a theoretical framework and a process model that explain how firms develop such a posture and how it eventually can become an enduring feature of these organizations. We build our framework on the core notion of collective commitment to the well-being of an external constituency by elaborating on the processes through which such collective commitment is mobilized, translated into collective intention, and stabilized in a behavioral tendency. Our article develops several propositions highlighting the crucial roles that emotionality and rhetoric play in these processes, alongside an enabling sociocognitive infrastructure. Overall, our work goes substantially beyond current theorizing and provides a detailed account for why some firms not founded with a prosocial mission nonetheless act consistently to benefit an external constituency in the absence of instrumental reasons to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus A. Höllerer
- UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Kucerova B, Levit-Binnun N, Gordon I, Golland Y. From Oxytocin to Compassion: The Saliency of Distress. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020183. [PMID: 36829462 PMCID: PMC9953150 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Compassion is a warm response of care and concern for those who are suffering, which drives individuals to devote their resources for the sake of others. A prominent neuroevolutionary framework grounds compassion in the neurobiology of the mammalian caregiving system. Accordingly, it has been suggested that the oxytocinergic system, which plays a central role in parental caregiving and bonding, provides the neurobiological foundation for compassion towards strangers. Yet, the specific role of oxytocin in compassion is far from clear. The current paper aims to target this gap and offer a theoretical framework that integrates the state-of-the-art literature on oxytocin with research on compassion. We suggest that oxytocin mediates compassion by enhancing the saliency of cues of pain and distress and discuss the plausible underlying neurobiological substrates. We further demonstrate how the proposed framework can account for individual differences in compassion, focusing on the effects of attachment on caregiving and support. The proposed framework integrates the current scientific understanding of oxytocin function with compassion-related processes. It thus highlights the largely ignored attentional processes in compassion and taps into the vast variability of responses in social contexts involving pain and suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kucerova
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nava Levit-Binnun
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
| | - Ilanit Gordon
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yulia Golland
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Reichman University, Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Correspondence:
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7
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Addiss DG, Richards A, Adiabu S, Horwath E, Leruth S, Graham AL, Buesseler H. Epidemiology of compassion: A literature review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:992705. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychology and neuroscience have contributed significantly to advances in understanding compassion. In contrast, little attention has been given to the epidemiology of compassion. The human experience of compassion is heterogeneous with respect to time, place, and person. Therefore, compassion has an epidemiology, although little is known about the factors that account for spatial or temporal clustering of compassion or how these factors might be harnessed to promote and realize a more compassionate world. We reviewed the scientific literature to describe what is known about “risk factors” for compassion towards others. Studies were included if they used quantitative methods, treated compassion as an outcome, and used measures of compassion that included elements of empathy and action to alleviate suffering. Eighty-two studies met the inclusion criteria; 89 potential risk factors were tested 418 times for association with compassion. Significant associations with compassion were found for individual demographic factors (e.g., gender, religious faith); personal characteristics (e.g., emotional intelligence, perspective-taking, secure attachment); personal experience (e.g., previous adversity); behaviors (e.g., church attendance); circumstantial factors during the compassion encounter (e.g., perceptions of suffering severity, relational proximity of the compassion-giver and -receiver, emotional state of the compassion-giver); and organizational features. Few studies explored the capacity to receive, rather than give, compassion. Definitions and measures of compassion varied widely across disciplines; 87% of studies used self-report measures and 39% used a cross-sectional design. Ten randomized clinical trials documented the effectiveness of compassion training. From an epidemiologic perspective, most studies treated compassion as an individual host factor rather than as transmissible or influenced by time or the environment. The causal pathways leading from suffering to a compassionate response appear to be non-linear and complex. A variety of factors (acting as effect modifiers) appear to be permissive of—or essential for—the arising of compassion in certain settings or specific populations. Future epidemiologic research on compassion should take into account contextual and environmental factors and should elucidate compassion-related dynamics within organizations and human systems. Such research should be informed by a range of epidemiologic tools and methods, as well as insights from other scientific disciplines and spiritual and religious traditions.
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8
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Colman RD, Vione KC, Kotera Y. Psychological risk factors for depression in the UK general population: derailment, self-criticism and self-reassurance. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2022.2110214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory D. Colman
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Katia C. Vione
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Kotera
- Institute of Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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9
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Kong S. Examining the Effect of Self-Determined Appeal Organ Donation Messages and Respective Underlying Mechanism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10619. [PMID: 36078336 PMCID: PMC9518106 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined how intrinsic motivation and its respective underlying mechanism influence people's attitude and intentions of organ donation. The findings revealed the importance of meeting people's customized psychological needs. For the general population, especially non-organ donors, autonomous appeal message will be more effective in promoting their intention of becoming an organ donor. For registered organ donors, competence-based organ donation messages are more effective in increasing their promotion and seeking behavior of organ donation. This study also discovered underlying mechanisms of intrinsic motivation, such as self-integrity, pride, and sympathy. Pairing underlying mechanism with competence-based messages can maximize the message impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Kong
- Department of Communication and Media, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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10
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Relationship between Personal Values and Intentions to Purchase Plant-Based Meat Alternatives: Application of the Dual Concern Theory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148673. [PMID: 35886523 PMCID: PMC9325036 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examines consumers' intentions to purchase plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA), which have been created to protect animal rights, the global environment, and consumers' health. Data from 319 Korean consumers were analyzed to establish a causal relationship among personal values (egoistic, biospheric, and social-altruistic), the dual concern theory (anticipated positive effect and empathetic concern), and PBMA purchase intentions. Multigroup analysis was performed for all paths according to generation, divided into Generation MZ and the older generation; "MZ" is a compound term referring to millennials and Generation Z, who have grown up in a digital environment; this collective generation comprises individuals born after 1980. Our analysis revealed that, among personal values, biospheric and social-altruistic values had positive effects on both anticipated positive effect and empathetic concern. In turn, these aspects positively influenced PBMA purchase intentions. Particularly, anticipated positive effect had a strong influence. Finally, a moderating effect was confirmed for two paths, and only Generation MZ demonstrated the enhancing influence of biospheric value on both anticipated positive effect and empathetic concern. This study has several implications and contributes to the sustainable growth and development of PBMA and the overall food service industry.
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11
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Li W, Yang D, Sun Y. Analysis of text factors impacting donation behavior in public welfare crowdfunding projects. HUMAN SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/hsm-220024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The textual description of a public service crowdfunding project is an important factor influencing the audience’s donation behavior, but the existing studies on the textual characteristics of the project are rather scattered. OBJECTIVE: This paper attempts to systematically sort out the characteristics of project texts along the lines of linguistic and non-linguistic factors, clarifying the relationship between the characteristics of project texts, project sources, and social donation behavior. METHODS: Based on Aristotle’s persuasion theory, language factors are measured from three dimensions of appeal to personality, appeal to logic, and appeal to emotion, while other text features unrelated to persuasive language are classified as non-language factors. When discussing the influence path of linguistic and non-linguistic factors on donation behavior, this paper controls the project type to test the moderating role played by the identity characteristics of crowdfunding initiators. RESULTS: The results show that the use of personality-based language (third-person words), logic-based language (money words and quantitative words), and emotion-based language (tone of voice and negative emotions) all have a significant positive effect on the audience’s donation behavior, while the use of second-person words in personality-based language has a negative effect on donation behavior; the identity of the project initiator (project origin) plays a complex and diverse moderating role in the influence of project text features on donation behavior. CONCLUSION: There are obvious differences in the description of different text strategies adopted by the project initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Economics and Management, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongshan Yang
- School of Economics and Management, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- School of Economics and Management, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China
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12
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When Self-Humanization Leads to Algorithm Aversion. BUSINESS & INFORMATION SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12599-022-00754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDecision support systems are increasingly being adopted by various digital platforms. However, prior research has shown that certain contexts can induce algorithm aversion, leading people to reject their decision support. This paper investigates how and why the context in which users are making decisions (for-profit versus prosocial microlending decisions) affects their degree of algorithm aversion and ultimately their preference for more human-like (versus computer-like) decision support systems. The study proposes that contexts vary in their affordances for self-humanization. Specifically, people perceive prosocial decisions as more relevant to self-humanization than for-profit contexts, and, in consequence, they ascribe more importance to empathy and autonomy while making decisions in prosocial contexts. This increased importance of empathy and autonomy leads to a higher degree of algorithm aversion. At the same time, it also leads to a stronger preference for human-like decision support, which could therefore serve as a remedy for an algorithm aversion induced by the need for self-humanization. The results from an online experiment support the theorizing. The paper discusses both theoretical and design implications, especially for the potential of anthropomorphized conversational agents on platforms for prosocial decision-making.
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13
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Zheng J, Ma L, Zhang W. Promotion of cooperative lane changes by use of emotional vehicle-to-vehicle communication. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 102:103742. [PMID: 35298922 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This driving simulator study aimed to encourage cooperative lane changes through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication and explore whether emotional or rational communication content is better in promoting cooperative lane change. A total of 960 lane-changing datapoints from 30 participants in a driving simulation environment were collected. The participants' behavior, driving-related data, and emotional responses were recorded and analyzed. The results revealed that the trigger time to collision (TTC) between the lane changer and the following vehicle in the target lane and communication types were all important factors influencing the willingness of drivers to cooperate. V2V communication could significantly increase the willingness of the driver in the following vehicle to cooperate compared to the traditional method in which desire to change lanes is conveyed with only turn lights. The effect of different communication contents on willingness to cooperate did not vary significantly; however, emotional communication was superior to rational communication in some cases. This indicates that changing lanes owing to an emergency was more likely to be successful. The results of this study can provide a reference for V2V communication design for a safer and more comfortable driving experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Zheng
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Lieberman A, Schroeder J, Amir O. A voice inside my head: The psychological and behavioral consequences of auditory technologies. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2022.104133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Allison TH, Anglin AH, Davis BC, Oo P, Seyb SK, Short JC, Wolfe MT. Standing out in a crowd of victim entrepreneurs: How entrepreneurs’ language-based cues of personality traits affect public support. JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00472778.2022.2056606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Allison
- Department of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Texas Christian University, USA
| | - Aaron H. Anglin
- Department of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Texas Christian University, USA
| | - Blakley C. Davis
- Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
| | - Pyayt Oo
- Department of Management, University of Texas at Arlington, USA
| | - Stella K. Seyb
- Department of Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, University of Oklahoma, USA
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16
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Abstract
In the face of crises-wars, pandemics, and natural disasters-both increased selfishness and increased generosity may emerge. In this paper, we study the relationship between the presence of COVID-19 threat and generosity using a four-year longitudinal dataset (N = 696,942) capturing real donations made before and during the pandemic, as well as allocations from a 6-month dictator game study (N = 1003 participants) during the early months of the pandemic. Consistent with the notion of "catastrophe compassion" and contrary to some prior research showing a tendency toward self-interested behavior under threat, individuals across both datasets exhibited greater financial generosity when their county experienced COVID-19 threat. While we find that the presence of threat impacted individual giving, behavior was not sensitive to threat level. Our findings have significant societal implications and advance our understanding of economic and psychological theories of social preferences under threat.
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17
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Thinking, good and bad? Deliberative thinking and the singularity effect
in charitable giving. JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500009001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Can deliberation increase charitable giving when giving is impulsive
(i.e., a one-time small gift in response to an immediate appeal)? We conduct
two studies in Israel and Sweden to compare two forms of deliberation,
unguided and guided, in their ability to decrease the singularity effect
(i.e., giving more to one than many victims), often evident in impulsive
giving. Under unguided deliberation, participants were instructed to simply
think hard before making a donation decision whereas participants in the
guided deliberation condition were asked to think how much different
prespecified decision attributes should influence their decision. We find
that both types of deliberation reduce the singularity effect, as people no
longer value the single victim higher than the group of victims.
Importantly, this is driven by donations being decreased under deliberation
only to the single victim, but not the group of victims. Thus, deliberation
affects donations negatively by overshadowing the affective response,
especially in situations in which affect is greatest (i.e., to a single
victim). Last, the results show that neither type of deliberation
significantly reversed the singularity effect, as people did not help the
group significantly more than the single victim. This means that deliberate
thinking decreased the overall willingness to help, leading to a lower
overall valuation of people in need.
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18
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Jin F, Zheng Z, Wu B. God Helps Those Who Help Themselves: How Recipients' Efforts Perception Affects Donation. Front Psychol 2021; 12:695332. [PMID: 34690860 PMCID: PMC8527168 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This research examines how recipients’ efforts to get out of the plight affect the empathy they evoke and the subsequent help they receive from donors. Through three experiments, we find that the higher the efforts made by the recipients to get out of the plight, the stronger the donors’ willingness to donate. This effect is moderated by the need severity of the recipients. The more serious the plight is, the stronger the impact of the degree of efforts on the willingness to donate. This research makes theoretical contributions to charitable giving and provides implications for non-profit organizations on describing recipients’ efforts to get out of their plight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Department of Marketing and E-Commerce, Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyu Zheng
- Department of Marketing and E-Commerce, Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Banggang Wu
- Department of Marketing and E-Commerce, Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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19
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Cutler J, Nitschke JP, Lamm C, Lockwood PL. Older adults across the globe exhibit increased prosocial behavior but also greater in-group preferences. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:880-888. [PMID: 37118329 PMCID: PMC10154238 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Population aging is a global phenomenon with substantial implications across society1,2. Prosocial behaviors-actions that benefit others-promote mental and physical health across the lifespan3,4 and can save lives during the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined whether age predicts prosociality in a preregistered global study (46,576 people aged 18-99 across 67 countries) using two acutely relevant measures: distancing during COVID-19 and willingness to donate to hypothetical charities. Age positively predicted prosociality on both measures, with increased distancing and donations among older adults. However, older adults were more in-group focused than younger adults in choosing who to help, making larger donations to national over international charities and reporting increased in-group preferences. In-group preferences helped explain greater national over international donations. Results were robust to several control analyses and internal replication. Our findings have vital implications for predicting the social and economic impacts of aging populations, increasing compliance with public health measures and encouraging charitable donations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Cutler
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jonas P Nitschke
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia L Lockwood
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Christ Church, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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20
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Kong S, Lee YH. How Perceived Similarity Moderates Sympathy and Pride Appeal in Organ Donation Messages. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:2105-2111. [PMID: 34420779 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ transplantation is the only medical procedure that can save a person who is suffering from organ failure. However, the shortage of transplantable organs remains a universal problem. Although more than 90% of the America population supports the concept of organ donation, less than half are registered as donors. METHODS An online experiment (N = 224) was conducted to examine how perceived similarity moderates pride and sympathy appeal messages for organ donation. Participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Emotional appeal messages were respectively manipulated through emphasizing patient's suffering (sympathy) and organ donor's achievements (pride). A pretest was also performed on Amazon Mechanical Turk to ensure the effectiveness of emotional appeal message. Perceived similarity was achieved by presenting a picture of either a male or female individual with a neutral emotion to participants. RESULTS The study showed that perceived similarity was a positive predictor of intentions to become an organ donor. Furthermore, perceived similarity can moderate the effects of both sympathy and pride appeal messages on attitudes and intentions of organ donation. CONCLUSIONS This study found that perceived similarity could change people's behavioral intentions to become organ donors. Therefore, this study can inform potential strategies to persuade people to become organ donors through emphasizing perceived similarity and using emotional appeals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Kong
- Department of Communication & Media, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University at Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas.
| | - Yu-Hao Lee
- Department of Media Production, Management, and Technology, College of Journalism and Communications, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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21
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Bielby P. Beyond Surviving to Thriving: The Case for a ‘Compassion towards Thriving’ Approach in Public Mental Health Ethics. Public Health Ethics 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this article, I argue for a novel understanding of compassion—what I call a ‘compassion towards thriving’ approach—to inform public mental health ethics. The argument is developed through two main parts. In the first part, I develop an account of compassion towards thriving that builds upon Martha Nussbaum’s philosophical work on compassion. This account expands the ambit of compassion from a focus on the alleviation of existing suffering to the prevention of potential future suffering through the facilitation of personal growth based on a ‘psychosocial’ understanding of mental health. In the second part of the article, I discuss the aims of public mental health and examine compassion towards thriving’s normative synergies with existing approaches in public health ethics. I explain how compassion towards thriving supports a vision of public health ethics which is concerned with solidarity, social justice and flourishing. I then apply this compassion towards thriving approach to evaluate the ‘Every Mind Matters’ public mental health campaign in England, highlighting its affinities with the ethos of the campaign. I also identify and explain two ways in which the application of a compassion towards thriving approach could enhance its delivery.
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22
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Crimston CR, Blessing S, Gilbert P, Kirby JN. Fear leads to suffering: Fears of compassion predict restriction of the moral boundary. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 61:345-365. [PMID: 34279046 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Empirical investigations into the psychological drivers of more or less expansive moral thinking are lacking from the psychological literature. One potential driver that warrants deeper investigation is compassion - a prosocial motivation to both identity and alleviate suffering. The current research examined the extent to which compassion, and fears of compassion, act as a driver and inhibitor, respectively, of a morally expansive mindset. We tested these associations across three studies (N = 749) and found robust support for our predictions. Specifically, stronger compassion to others, and greater fears of extending compassion to others, were linked to enhanced and reduced moral expansiveness, respectively. Moreover, over and above empathy and mindfulness, fears of compassion and compassion uniquely predicted moral expansiveness. Finally, compassion was found to consistently mediate the relationship between fears of compassion to others and moral expansiveness. Our findings further our understanding of the psychological factors that may drive and restrict morally expansive mindsets and hold implications for the broader domains of moral decision-making and prosocial motivation as well as the application of practices that are designed to facilitate a compassionate mindset (e.g., Compassionate Mind Training).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James N Kirby
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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23
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Leung ANM. To Help or Not to Help: Intervening in Cyberbullying Among Chinese Cyber-Bystanders. Front Psychol 2021; 12:483250. [PMID: 34335343 PMCID: PMC8316681 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.483250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyberbullying has become a serious concern among Internet users worldwide. However, relatively little is known about individuals who witness cyberbullying and how they behave. A bystander is someone who sees bullying or other forms of aggressive or violent behavior that targets someone else and who may choose to respond by either being part of the problem (a hurtful bystander), or part of the solution (a helpful bystander). Few studies examined the phenomena of cyber-bystanders in Chinese populations. Guided by the five-step bystander theoretical model and the theory of planned behavior, this study, addressed this gap to understand how the characteristics of cyber-bystanders explained their intervention in cyberbullying in a Chinese population. This study tested two preregistered hypotheses: (1) controlling for age and gender, awareness of cyberbullying, attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control to intervene; plus past experience with cyberbullying (measured as past experience in cyberbullying perpetration and victimization), felt responsibility, and self-efficacy to intervene with regard to cyberbullying would explain the intention of cyber-bystanders to intervene in cyberbullying, and (2) the intention of cyber-bystanders to intervene cyberbullying would positively explain their intervening behavior. A total of 581 college students with experience of witnessing cyberbullying were included in the analysis. Applying structural equation modeling with observed variables, a path analysis model was built to test the hypotheses; this study also conducted exploratory analyses by including direct paths from the characteristics of cyber-bystanders to explain intervening behavior. Results found that only awareness of cyberbullying, a subjective norm, and self-efficacy to intervene positively explained intention to intervene cyberbullying; therefore, hypothesis 1 was partly supported. Also, intention to intervene cyberbullying positively explained intervening behavior; therefore, hypothesis 2 was supported. For the exploratory analysis, intention to intervene partially mediated the relation between a subjective norm to intervene and intervening behavior; and intention to intervene also partially mediated the relation between self-efficacy to intervene and intervening behavior. In addition, past experience in cyberbullying victimization also positively and directly predicted intervening behavior. Findings provided a foundation for designing future intervention programs to mobilize cyber-bystanders to become “upstanders.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Nga Man Leung
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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24
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Poonamallee L, Joy S. Rousing Collective Compassion at Societal Level: Lessons from Newspaper Reports on Asian Tsunami in India. IIM KOZHIKODE SOCIETY & MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/22779752211010554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Compassion involves feeling others’ pain, being moved by it, and acting in a manner that eases the suffering. Originally conceptualized as an individual-level phenomenon, organization scholars extend the concept to the organizational level as ‘collective compassion’ and call for expanding it to societal levels. We note that the dynamics of rousing collective compassion, however, may be different in organizational as opposed to societal contexts: the observers and the sufferers are in personal or close contact in the former context, whereas mass media is often the bridge connecting both in the latter. In this paper, we seek to deepen the understanding of the dynamics of rousing collective compassion at the societal level, by delineating the elements in media reports that can feed into compassion rousing processes. Based on a thematic analysis of newspaper reports from India on the first seven days after the Asian Tsunami, we identify four groups of elements—‘attention drawing elements’, ‘cognitive framing elements’, ‘affective arousal elements’ and ‘behaviour modelling elements’—which can respectively influence each of the four individual compassion subprocesses, namely noticing, appraising, feeling and acting. We offer a conceptual model to comprehensively represent collective compassion rousing at societal level, integrating our findings with prior research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simy Joy
- Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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25
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Wong RYM, Cheung CMK, Xiao B, Thatcher JB. Standing Up or Standing By: Understanding Bystanders’ Proactive Reporting Responses to Social Media Harassment. INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1287/isre.2020.0983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Social media harassment, a cyberbullying behavior, poses a serious threat to users and platform owners of social media. In this paper, we contextualize the bystander intervention framework and reporting literature to social media in order to understand why bystanders report social media harassment. Our contextualized intervention framework focuses on three sociotechnical aspects—the online social environment, characteristics of the technology platform, and their interplay—that explain bystander reporting on social media platforms. We tested the model using data gathered from active Facebook users. Our findings direct practitioners’ attention to the role of the platform in encouraging bystanders to help stop social media harassment. For policy makers, our findings direct attention to supporting programs that encourage social media users to feel responsible for reporting harassment and making transparent the outcomes of reporting social media harassment using anonymous reporting tools. For platform owners, our findings direct attention to investing in tools that enable anonymous reporting, to fostering a climate that encourages reporting, and to ensuring that all users understand that reporting social media harassment results in swift, effective responses from platform owners. Taken together, we believe our research offer insight into how to build safer and secure social media platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Yee Man Wong
- Department of Information Systems and Operations Management, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christy M. K. Cheung
- Department of Finance and Decision Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Xiao
- Shidler College of Business, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
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26
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Ashar YK, Andrews-Hanna JR, Halifax J, Dimidjian S, Wager TD. Effects of Compassion Training on Brain Responses to Suffering other. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:1036-1047. [PMID: 33948660 PMCID: PMC8483284 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Compassion meditation (CM) is a promising intervention for enhancing compassion, although its active ingredients and neurobiological mechanisms are not well-understood. To investigate these, we conducted a three-armed placebo-controlled randomized trial (N = 57) with longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We compared a 4-week CM program delivered by smartphone application with (i) a placebo condition, presented to participants as the compassion-enhancing hormone oxytocin, and (ii) a condition designed to control for increased familiarity with suffering others, an element of CM which may promote compassion. At pre- and post-intervention, participants listened to compassion-eliciting narratives describing suffering others during fMRI. CM increased brain responses to suffering others in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) relative to the familiarity condition, p < 0.05 family-wise error rate corrected. Among CM participants, individual differences in increased mOFC responses positively correlated with increased compassion-related feelings and attributions, r = 0.50, p = 0.04. Relative to placebo, the CM group exhibited a similar increase in mOFC activity at an uncorrected threshold of P < 0.001 and 10 contiguous voxels. We conclude that the mOFC, a region closely related to affiliative affect and motivation, is an important brain mechanism of CM. Effects of CM on mOFC function are not explained by familiarity effects and are partly explained by placebo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoni K Ashar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience., University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Joan Halifax
- Upaya Institute and Zen Center. Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Sona Dimidjian
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.,University of Colorado Boulder, Renee Crown Wellness Institute. Boulder, CO USA
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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27
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Caviola L, Schubert S, Greene JD. The Psychology of (In)Effective Altruism. Trends Cogn Sci 2021; 25:596-607. [PMID: 33962844 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The most effective charities are hundreds of times more effective than typical charities, yet few donors prioritize effectiveness. Why is that? How might we increase the effectiveness of charitable giving? We review the motivational and epistemic causes of (in)effective giving. Many donors view charitable giving as a matter of personal preference, which favors decisions based on emotional appeal rather than effectiveness. In addition, while many donors are motivated to give effectively, they often have misconceptions and cognitive biases that reduce effective giving. Nearly all research on charitable giving interventions focuses on increasing donation amounts. However, to increase societal benefit, donation effectiveness is likely to be more important. This underscores the need for research on strategies to encourage effective giving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius Caviola
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Stefan Schubert
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joshua D Greene
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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28
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Motsenok M, Kogut T, Ritov I. Perceived Physical Vulnerability Promotes Prosocial Behavior. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:254-267. [PMID: 33829911 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211005879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our research examines the association between perceived physical vulnerability and prosocial behavior. Studies 1 to 4 establish a positive association between individuals' vulnerability and their prosociality. To increase generality, these studies looked at different behaviors (volunteering vs. monetary donations), various physical harms (e.g., war vs. illness), and different samples (students vs. MTurk workers). Study 4 also provides initial evidence of a partial mediating effect of closeness on the observed association. In Study 5, perceived vulnerability is experimentally manipulated, demonstrating a causal link between vulnerability and willingness to donate. Study 6 further demonstrates that closeness partially mediates the association between vulnerability and donation, while ruling out an alternative explanation of the effect-such as that vulnerable people donate in expectation of future reciprocity. Together, our research demonstrates a consistent positive association between perceived physical vulnerability and prosociality. This effect appears small when considering daily threats and stronger when vulnerability becomes more salient.
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29
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Albarracin D, Jung H. A research agenda for the post-COVID-19 world: Theory and research in social psychology. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 24:10-17. [PMID: 33821136 PMCID: PMC8014688 DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Albarracin
- Department of Psychology and Gies College of BusinessUniversity of Illinois at Urbana ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
| | - Haesung Jung
- Department of Psychology and Gies College of BusinessUniversity of Illinois at Urbana ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
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30
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Speaking my truth: Why personal experiences can bridge divides but mislead. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100280118. [PMID: 33547255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100280118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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31
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Gilbert P. Creating a Compassionate World: Addressing the Conflicts Between Sharing and Caring Versus Controlling and Holding Evolved Strategies. Front Psychol 2021; 11:582090. [PMID: 33643109 PMCID: PMC7902494 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.582090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, various spiritual traditions and social activists have appealed to humans to adopt compassionate ways of living to address the suffering of life. Yet, along with our potential for compassion and self-sacrifice, the last few thousand years of wars, slavery, tortures, and holocausts have shown humans can be extraordinarily selfish, callous, vicious, and cruel. While there has been considerable engagement with these issues, particularly in the area of moral psychology and ethics, this paper explores an evolutionary analysis relating to evolved resource-regulation strategies that can be called "care and share" versus "control and hold." Control and hold are typical of primates that operate through intimidatory social hierarchies. Care and share are less common in non-human primates, but evolved radically in humans during our hunter-gatherer stage when our ancestors lived in relatively interdependent, small, mobile groups. In these groups, individualistic, self-focus, and self-promoting control and hold strategies (trying to secure and accumulate more than others) were shunned and shamed. These caring and sharing hunter-gatherer lifestyles also created the social contexts for the evolution of new forms of childcare and complex human competencies for language, reasoning, planning, empathy, and self-awareness. As a result of our new 'intelligence', our ancestors developed agriculture that reduced mobility, increased group size, resource availability and storage, and resource competition. These re-introduced competing for, rather than sharing of, resources and advantaged those who now pursue (often aggressively) control and hold strategies. Many of our most typical forms of oppressive and anti-compassionate behavior are the result of these strategies. Rather than (just) thinking about individuals competing with one another, we can also consider these different resource regulation strategies as competing within populations shaping psychophysiological patterns; both wealth and poverty change the brain. One of the challenges to creating a more compassionate society is to find ways to create the social and economic conditions that regulate control and hold strategies and promote care and share. No easy task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gilbert
- Centre for Compassion Research and Training, College of Health and Social Care Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
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32
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Disparate impact pandemic framing decreases public concern for health consequences. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243599. [PMID: 33338035 PMCID: PMC7748138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the new coronavirus (COVID-19) is disproportionately affecting the elderly, those with underlying medical conditions, and the poor. What is the effect of informing the public about these inequalities on people’s perceptions of threat and their sensitivity to the outbreak’s human toll? This study answers this question using a novel survey experiment and finds that emphasis on the unequal aspect of the pandemic, especially as it relates to the elderly and those with medical conditions, could be causing the public to become less concerned about the outbreak and its human toll. Discussion situates this finding in the literature on scientific communication and persuasion and explains why language that emphasizes the impact of the virus on all of us—rather than singling out certain groups—could be more effective in increasing caution among the general public and make them take the situation more seriously.
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33
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Gilbert P. Compassion: From Its Evolution to a Psychotherapy. Front Psychol 2020; 11:586161. [PMID: 33362650 PMCID: PMC7762265 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept, benefits and recommendations for the cultivation of compassion have been recognized in the contemplative traditions for thousands of years. In the last 30 years or so, the study of compassion has revealed it to have major physiological and psychological effects influencing well-being, addressing mental health difficulties, and promoting prosocial behavior. This paper outlines an evolution informed biopsychosocial, multicomponent model to caring behavior and its derivative "compassion" that underpins newer approaches to psychotherapy. The paper explores the origins of caring motives and the nature and biopsychosocial functions of caring-attachment behavior. These include providing a secure base (sources of protection, validation, encouragement and guidance) and safe haven (source of soothing and comfort) for offspring along with physiological regulating functions, which are also central for compassion focused therapy. Second, it suggests that it is the way recent human cognitive competencies give rise to different types of "mind awareness" and "knowing intentionality" that transform basic caring motives into potentials for compassion. While we can care for our gardens and treasured objects, the concept of compassion is only used for sentient beings who can "suffer." As psychotherapy addresses mental suffering, cultivating the motives and competencies of compassion to self and others can be a central focus for psychotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gilbert
- Centre for Compassion Research and Training, College of Health and Social Care Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
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34
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Luo C, Li Y, Chen A, Tang Y. What triggers online help-seeking retransmission during the COVID-19 period? Empirical evidence from Chinese social media. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241465. [PMID: 33141860 PMCID: PMC7608884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The past nine months witnessed COVID-19's fast-spreading at the global level. Limited by medical resources shortage and uneven facilities distribution, online help-seeking becomes an essential approach to cope with public health emergencies for many ordinaries. This study explores the driving forces behind the retransmission of online help-seeking posts. We built an analytical framework that emphasized content characteristics, including information completeness, proximity, support seeking type, disease severity, and emotion of help-seeking messages. A quantitative content analysis was conducted with a probability sample consisting of 727 posts. The results illustrate the importance of individual information completeness, high proximity, instrumental support seeking. This study also demonstrates slight inconformity with the severity principle but stresses the power of anger in help-seeking messages dissemination. As one of the first online help-seeking diffusion analyses in the COVID-19 period, our research provides a reference for constructing compelling and effective help-seeking posts during a particular period. It also reveals further possibilities for harnessing social media's power to promote reciprocal and cooperative actions as a response to this deepening global concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- School of Journalism and Communication, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Yuru Li
- Centre for Media, Communication & Information Research, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anfan Chen
- School of Humanity and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yulong Tang
- Institute of Communication Studies, Communication University of China, Beijing, China
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35
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Cesario B. Attitudes about victims of workplace sexual harassment based on sex. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2020.100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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Vlaanderen A, Bevelander KE, Kleemans M. Empowering digital citizenship: An anti-cyberbullying intervention to increase children's intentions to intervene on behalf of the victim. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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A conflict of values: When perceived compassion decreases trust. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Kossowska M, Szumowska E, Szwed P, Czernatowicz-Kukuczka A, Kruglanski AW. Helping when the desire is low: Expectancy as a booster. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2020; 44:819-831. [PMID: 32921845 PMCID: PMC7472690 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One might assume that the desire to help (here described as Want) is the essential driver of helping declarations and/or behaviors. However, even if desire to help (Want) is low, intention to help may still occur if the expectancy regarding the perceived effectiveness of helping is high. We tested these predictions in a set of three experimental studies. In all three, we measured the desire to help (Want) and the Expectancy that the aid would be impactful for the victim; in addition, we manipulated Expectancy in Study 3. In Studies 1 and 3, we measured the participants’ declaration to help while in Study 2, their helping behavior was examined. In all three studies, we used variations of the same story about a victim. The results supported our hypothesis. Thus, the studies help to tease apart the determinants of helping under conditions of lowered desire to do so, an issue of great importance in public policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kossowska
- Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Szumowska
- Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Szwed
- Faculty of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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39
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Sommers‐Spijkerman M, Elfrink TR, Drossaert CHC, Schreurs KMG, Bohlmeijer ET. Exploring compassionate attributes and skills among individuals participating in compassion-focused therapy for enhancing well-being. Psychol Psychother 2020; 93:555-571. [PMID: 31119822 PMCID: PMC7496193 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The conceptual approach of compassion underlying compassion-focused therapy (CFT) is based on theoretical rather than empirical grounds. The aim of the present study was to seek empirical support for components of compassion as outlined in the theoretical model underpinning CFT, and to explore which components, if any, matter most for improving well-being. DESIGN A sequential exploratory mixed methods design was employed. METHODS Alongside a randomized controlled trial (RCT), we systematically examined 625 emails sent by 87 RCT participants to five counsellors during the course of a well-being enhancing CFT self-help intervention, to identify theoretically based compassionate attributes and skills. Next, in a quantitative analysis, we compared participants who did and did not show clinically relevant improvement on well-being with regard to the occurrence of compassionate attributes and skills. RESULTS Although the theoretical model of compassion integral to CFT was largely supported by the emails, it was slightly simplified so as to better fit the data. The adjusted model comprises five compassionate attributes (i.e., care for well-being, sensitivity, empathy, distress tolerance, and common humanity) and four compassionate skills (i.e., compassionate attention, reasoning, behaviour, and feeling/sensation). Three illustrative cases are presented to contribute to a better understanding of fundamental components of compassion. Quantitative analyses indicate that participants showing clinically relevant improvement on well-being expressed significantly more compassionate feeling/sensation compared to those who did not. CONCLUSIONS We found preliminary evidence for the conceptualization of compassion underlying CFT. Compassionate feeling/sensation bears particular interest when well-being is the intended outcome of CFT. PRACTITIONER POINTS Individuals participating in compassion-focused therapy for enhancing well-being experience a wide range of compassionate attributes and skills. Compassion-focused therapy may instigate well-being if a client is able to experience compassionate feeling/sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Sommers‐Spijkerman
- Centre for eHealth and Well‐being ResearchDepartment of Psychology, Health and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Teuntje R. Elfrink
- Centre for eHealth and Well‐being ResearchDepartment of Psychology, Health and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Constance H. C. Drossaert
- Centre for eHealth and Well‐being ResearchDepartment of Psychology, Health and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Karlein M. G. Schreurs
- Centre for eHealth and Well‐being ResearchDepartment of Psychology, Health and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands,Roessingh Research and DevelopmentEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Ernst T. Bohlmeijer
- Centre for eHealth and Well‐being ResearchDepartment of Psychology, Health and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands,Optentia Research Focus AreaNorth‐West University (VTC)VanderbijlparkSouth Africa
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40
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Picó A, Gračanin A, Gadea M, Boeren A, Aliño M, Vingerhoets A. How Visible Tears Affect Observers’ Judgements and Behavioral Intentions: Sincerity, Remorse, and Punishment. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-019-00328-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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McAuliffe WHB, Carter EC, Berhane J, Snihur AC, McCullough ME. Is Empathy the Default Response to Suffering? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of Perspective Taking’s Effect on Empathic Concern. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2019; 24:141-162. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868319887599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a series of meta-analytic tests on experiments in which participants read perspective-taking instructions—that is, written instructions to imagine a distressed persons’ point of view (“imagine-self” and “imagine-other” instructions), or to inhibit such actions (“remain-objective” instructions)—and afterwards reported how much empathic concern they experienced upon learning about the distressed person. If people spontaneously empathize with others, then participants who receive remain-objective instructions should report less empathic concern than do participants in a “no-instructions” control condition; if people can deliberately increase how much empathic concern they experience, then imagine-self and imagine-other instructions should increase empathic concern relative to not receiving any instructions. Random-effects models revealed that remain-objective instructions reduced empathic concern, but “imagine” instructions did not significantly increase it. The results were robust to most corrections for bias. Our conclusions were not qualified by the study characteristics we examined, but most relevant moderators have not yet been thoroughly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Berhane
- University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - Alexander C. Snihur
- University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
- Florida International University, Miami, USA
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42
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Kunst MJJ, Schiltkamp SAC. Sympathy for the applicant: investigating its role in decisions about state compensation for violent crime victimization. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2019; 27:26-43. [PMID: 32284778 PMCID: PMC7144196 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2019.1664278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the Netherlands, as in many other Western countries, state compensation for violent crime victimization is only to be granted if the applicant provides a plausible victimization story and did not contribute to the crime. However, due to the discretion left to those who decide upon requests for state compensation, decisions about state compensation may be subject to the influence of legally irrelevant factors. This study investigated the potential influence of one such legally irrelevant factor: feelings of sympathy for the applicant. Forty-seven lawyers who work for the Dutch Violent Offences Compensation Fund (VOCF) were presented five vignettes about a fictitious act of violent crime and asked to rate their feelings of sympathy for the victims and to indicate how they would decide about the victims' requests for state compensation. Results indicate that feelings of sympathy may indeed play a role in the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. J. J. Kunst
- Faculty of Law, Institute for Criminal Law & Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S. A. C. Schiltkamp
- Faculty of Law, Institute for Criminal Law & Criminology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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43
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McCabe C, Round J. Hard choices: Reflections from the tomb of the unknown patient. Healthc Manage Forum 2019; 32:288-292. [PMID: 31505957 DOI: 10.1177/0840470419871319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Health Technology Assessment (HTA) has always sought to incorporate the evidence of all patients affected in the decision-making process. While health system budgets could increase to cover costs of new technologies, the relevant patients are those benefitting from access to the technology being appraised. More recently, with health system budgets effectively fixed, costs of new technologies are covered by displacing other, currently funded care. This reallocation means the patients affected by the decision include those whose healthcare is displaced. These patients are typically unidentified, however, and so HTA in this instance involves choosing between identified and unidentified patients. We argue that HTA should take account of identifiability bias in this decision-making, to avoid promoting inequitable and inefficient access to healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCabe
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff Round
- Institute of Health Economics, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Safra Z, Ma S, Melkonyan T. Is Allocation Affected by the Perception of Others' Irresponsible Behavior and by Ambiguity? RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:2182-2196. [PMID: 31033003 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The article examines how the perception of others' irresponsible behavior and ambiguity regarding probabilities affect allocation among potential beneficiaries. To elicit these views, we conducted a survey where the participants were first asked to make an allocation of a fixed sum of money between a hereditary cancer, where chance plays a central role, and a lifestyle-related cancer, where individual lifestyle decisions are more important. Our estimation results show that a substantial share of the respondents allocate significantly more to the hereditary cancer. This may indicate that these respondents care about others' irresponsible behavior. Then, we elicited perceptions of cancer hazards in the form of imprecise probabilities and examined the interplay between allocating behavior and risk perceptions. Finally, we investigated the effects of various socioeconomic characteristics, and of awareness of highly publicized cancer cases, on respondents' allocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Safra
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sinong Ma
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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45
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Moore AK, Munguia Gomez DM, Levine EE. Everyday dilemmas: New directions on the judgment and resolution of benevolence–integrity dilemmas. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma E. Levine
- The University of Chicago Booth School of Business United States
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46
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Gilbert P, Basran J. The Evolution of Prosocial and Antisocial Competitive Behavior and the Emergence of Prosocial and Antisocial Leadership Styles. Front Psychol 2019; 10:610. [PMID: 31293464 PMCID: PMC6603082 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary analysis focuses on how genes build organisms with different strategies for engaging and solving life's challenges of survival and reproduction. One of those challenges is competing with conspecifics for limited resources including reproductive opportunities. This article suggests that there is now good evidence for considering two dimensions of social competition. The first, has been labeled as antisocial strategies, to the extent that they tend to be self-focused, threat sensitive and aggressive, and use tactics of bulling, threatening, and intimidating subordinates, or even injuring/killing competitors. Such strategies can inhibit care and affiliative social interactions and motivation. The social signals emitted stimulate threat processing in recipients and can create stressed and highly stratified groups with a range of detrimental psychological and physiological effects. Second, in contrast, prosocial strategies seek to create relaxed and secure social interactions that enable sharing, cooperative, mutually supportive and beneficial relationships. The friendly and low/no threat social signals emitted in friendly cooperative and affiliative relationships stimulate physiological systems (e.g., oxytocin, the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic system) that downregulates threat processing, enhances the immune system, and facilitates frontal cortical processes and general wellbeing. This article reviews the literature pertaining to the evidence for these two dimensions of social engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gilbert
- Centre for Compassion Research and Training, College of Health and Social Care Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
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47
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Maaravi Y, Idan O, Hochman G. And sympathy is what we need my friend-Polite requests improve negotiation results. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212306. [PMID: 30865655 PMCID: PMC6415778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The wording negotiators use shapes the emotions of their counterparts. These emotions, in turn, influence their counterparts' economic decisions. Building on this rationale, we examined how the language used during negotiation affects discount rate and willingness to engage in future deals. In three studies, participants assumed the role of retailers. Alleged counterparts (actually a computerized program) asked for a discount under three conditions: request, want, and demand. Results show that less extreme language (request/want) resulted in better outcomes than demanding a discount. Moreover, while the language used by the customer had an effect on experienced emotions, the positive emotions (sympathy and empathy) participants felt toward the customer mediated the relationship between the linguistic cue and the negotiation outcome. Our results inform both psycholinguistic research and negotiation research by demonstrating the causal role of linguistic cues in activating concept-knowledge relevant to different emotional experiences, and point to the down-the-line impact on shaping negotiation preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Maaravi
- The Adelson School of Entrepreneurship, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| | - Orly Idan
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
| | - Guy Hochman
- Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Kirby JN, Day J, Sagar V. The 'Flow' of compassion: A meta-analysis of the fears of compassion scales and psychological functioning. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 70:26-39. [PMID: 30884253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This meta-analysis examined the associations between the fears of compassion and mental health. We extracted 19 studies reporting 154 effect sizes (Pearson's r) from 22 independent samples published during the last seven years, with data from 4723 participants. All studies used the Fears of Compassion Scales (FCS), which includes three subscales; fears of compassion for self, for others, and receiving from others. Specific mental health outcomes included: depression; anxiety; distress; and well-being, as well as the psychological vulnerability factors of self-criticism and shame. The overall association between the three FCS subscales and mental health difficulties was .49, .30 and .48 for fears of self-compassion, fears of compassion for others, and fears of compassion from others, respectively. Across mental health domains and vulnerability factors, pooled effect sizes ranged between r = .13 and .55 (in absolute value), with the strongest associations found between the mental health variables of shame, self-criticism, and depression, and the FCS subscales of fears of self-compassion and fears of receiving compassion. Moderator analyses were also conducted, including, age, gender, publication status, and sample (clinical vs. non-clinical). Overall, clinical populations demonstrated significantly stronger associations between mental health difficulties and fears of self-compassion, relative to non-clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Kirby
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jamin Day
- Family Action Centre, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - Vinita Sagar
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia
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49
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Lönnqvist JE, Walkowitz G. Experimentally Induced Empathy Has No Impact on Generosity in a Monetarily Incentivized Dictator Game. Front Psychol 2019; 10:337. [PMID: 30881325 PMCID: PMC6405521 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a monetarily incentivized Dictator Game, we expected Dictators' empathy toward the Recipients to cause more pro-social allocations. Empathy was experimentally induced via a commonly used perspective taking task. Dictators (N = 474) were instructed to split an endowment of 10€ between themselves and an unknown Recipient. They could split the money 8/2 (8€ for Dictator, 2€ for Recipient) or 5/5 (5€ each). Although the empathy manipulation successfully increased Dictators' feelings of empathy toward the Recipients, Dictators' decisions on how to split the money were not affected. We had ample statistical power (above 0.99) to detect a typical social psychology effect (corresponding to r around 0.20). Other possible determinants of generosity in the Dictator Game should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Erik Lönnqvist
- Swedish School of Social Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gari Walkowitz
- TUM School of Governance, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center Digitization Bavaria, Munich, Germany
- Higher School of Economics, National Research University, Moscow, Russia
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50
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Butts MM, Lunt DC, Freling TL, Gabriel AS. Helping one or helping many? A theoretical integration and meta-analytic review of the compassion fade literature. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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