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Belkacemi L, Sun Y, Darmani NA. Evidence for Bell-Shaped Dose-Response Emetic Effects of Temsirolimus and Analogs: The Broad-Spectrum Antiemetic Efficacy of a Large Dose of Temsirolimus Against Diverse Emetogens in the Least Shrew ( Cryptotis parva). Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:848673. [PMID: 35444553 PMCID: PMC9014009 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.848673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temsirolimus is a prodrug form of sirolimus (rapamycin). With its analogs (everolimus, ridaforolimus, and rapamycin), it forms a group of anticancer agents that block the activity of one of the two mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes, mTORC1. We investigated the emetic potential of varying doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) of temsirolimus in the least shrew. Temsirolimus caused a bell-shaped and dose-dependent increase in both the mean vomit frequency and the number of shrews vomiting with maximal efficacy at 10 mg/kg (p < 0.05 and p < 0.02, respectively). Its larger doses (20 or 40 mg/kg) had no significant emetic effect. We also evaluated the emetic potential of its analogs (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), all of which exhibited a similar emetic profile. Our observational studies indicated that temsirolimus can reduce the shrew motor activity at 40 mg/kg, and subsequently, we examined the motor effects of its lower doses. At 10 and 20 mg/kg, it did not affect the spontaneous locomotor activity (distance moved) but attenuated the mean rearing frequency in a U-shaped manner at 10 mg/kg (p < 0.05). We then determined the broad-spectrum antiemetic potential of a 20 mg/kg (i.p.) dose of temsirolimus against diverse emetogens, including selective and nonselective agonists of 1) dopaminergic D2/3 receptors (apomorphine and quinpirole); 2) serotonergic 5-HT3 receptors [5-HT (serotonin) and 2-methyl-5-HT]; 3) cholinergic M1 receptors (pilocarpine and McN-A-343); 4) substance P neurokinin NK1 receptors (GR73632); 5) the L-type calcium (Ca2+) channel (LTCC) (FPL64176); 6) the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin; 7) the CB1 receptor inverse agonist/antagonist, SR141716A; and 8) the chemotherapeutic cisplatin. Temsirolimus prevented vomiting evoked by the aforementioned emetogens with varying degrees. The mechanisms underlying the pro- and antiemetic effects of temsirolimus evaluated by immunochemistry for c-fos expression demonstrated a c-fos induction in the AP and NTS, but not DMNX with the 10 mg/kg emetic dose of temsirolimus, whereas its larger antiemetic dose (20 mg/kg) had no significant effect. Our study is the first to provide preclinical evidence demonstrating the promising antiemetic potential of high doses of temsirolimus and possibly its analogs in least shrews.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nissar A. Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
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Zhong W, Shahbaz O, Teskey G, Beever A, Kachour N, Venketaraman V, Darmani NA. Mechanisms of Nausea and Vomiting: Current Knowledge and Recent Advances in Intracellular Emetic Signaling Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5797. [PMID: 34071460 PMCID: PMC8198651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common gastrointestinal complaints that can be triggered by diverse emetic stimuli through central and/or peripheral nervous systems. Both nausea and vomiting are considered as defense mechanisms when threatening toxins/drugs/bacteria/viruses/fungi enter the body either via the enteral (e.g., the gastrointestinal tract) or parenteral routes, including the blood, skin, and respiratory systems. While vomiting is the act of forceful removal of gastrointestinal contents, nausea is believed to be a subjective sensation that is more difficult to study in nonhuman species. In this review, the authors discuss the anatomical structures, neurotransmitters/mediators, and corresponding receptors, as well as intracellular emetic signaling pathways involved in the processes of nausea and vomiting in diverse animal models as well as humans. While blockade of emetic receptors in the prevention of vomiting is fairly well understood, the potential of new classes of antiemetics altering postreceptor signal transduction mechanisms is currently evolving, which is also reviewed. Finally, future directions within the field will be discussed in terms of important questions that remain to be resolved and advances in technology that may help provide potential answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Omar Shahbaz
- School of Medicine, Universidad Iberoamericana, Av. Francia 129, Santo Domingo 10203, Dominican Republic;
| | - Garrett Teskey
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
| | - Abrianna Beever
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nala Kachour
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (A.B.); (N.K.)
| | - Nissar A. Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (W.Z.); (G.T.); (V.V.)
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Soria-Gomez E, Pagano Zottola AC, Mariani Y, Desprez T, Barresi M, Bonilla-del Río I, Muguruza C, Le Bon-Jego M, Julio-Kalajzić F, Flynn R, Terral G, Fernández-Moncada I, Robin LM, Oliveira da Cruz JF, Corinti S, Amer YO, Goncalves J, Varilh M, Cannich A, Redon B, Zhao Z, Lesté-Lasserre T, Vincent P, Tolentino-Cortes T, Busquets-García A, Puente N, Bains JS, Hebert-Chatelain E, Barreda-Gómez G, Chaouloff F, Lohman AW, Callado LF, Grandes P, Baufreton J, Marsicano G, Bellocchio L. Subcellular specificity of cannabinoid effects in striatonigral circuits. Neuron 2021; 109:1513-1526.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhong W, Darmani NA. The HCN Channel Blocker ZD7288 Induces Emesis in the Least Shrew ( Cryptotis parva). Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:647021. [PMID: 33995059 PMCID: PMC8117105 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.647021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtypes (1-4) of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as the cells of smooth muscles in many organs. They mainly serve to regulate cellular excitability in these tissues. The HCN channel blocker ZD7288 has been shown to reduce apomorphine-induced conditioned taste aversion on saccharin preference in rats suggesting potential antinausea/antiemetic effects. Currently, in the least shew model of emesis we find that ZD7288 induces vomiting in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal efficacies of 100% at 1 mg/kg (i.p.) and 83.3% at 10 µg (i.c.v.). HCN channel subtype (1-4) expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry in the least shrew brainstem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) containing the emetic nuclei (area postrema (AP), nucleus tractus solitarius and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus). Highly enriched HCN1 and HCN4 subtypes are present in the AP. A 1 mg/kg (i.p.) dose of ZD7288 strongly evoked c-Fos expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the shrew brainstem DVC, but not in the in the enteric nervous system in the jejunum, suggesting a central contribution to the evoked vomiting. The ZD7288-evoked c-Fos expression exclusively occurred in tryptophan hydroxylase 2-positive serotonin neurons of the dorsal vagal complex, indicating activation of serotonin neurons may contribute to ZD7288-induced vomiting. To reveal its mechanism(s) of emetic action, we evaluated the efficacy of diverse antiemetics against ZD7288-evoked vomiting including the antagonists/inhibitors of: ERK1/2 (U0126), L-type Ca2+ channel (nifedipine); store-operated Ca2+ entry (MRS 1845); T-type Ca2+ channel (Z944), IP3R (2-APB), RyR receptor (dantrolene); the serotoninergic type 3 receptor (palonosetron); neurokinin 1 receptor (netupitant), dopamine type 2 receptor (sulpride), and the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor agonist, resiniferatoxin. All tested antiemetics except sulpride attenuated ZD7288-evoked vomiting to varying degrees. In sum, ZD7288 has emetic potential mainly via central mechanisms, a process which involves Ca2+ signaling and several emetic receptors. HCN channel blockers have been reported to have emetic potential in the clinic since they are currently used/investigated as therapeutic candidates for cancer therapy related- or unrelated-heart failure, pain, and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. A. Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
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Darmani NA, Henry DA, Zhong W, Chebolu S. Ultra-low doses of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 agonist, resiniferatoxin, prevents vomiting evoked by diverse emetogens in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). Behav Pharmacol 2020; 31:3-14. [PMID: 31503071 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Published studies have shown that the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor agonist, resiniferatoxin (RTX), has pro and antiemetic effects. RTX can suppress vomiting evoked by a variety of nonselective emetogens such as copper sulfate and cisplatin in several vomit-competent species. In the least shrew, we have already demonstrated that combinations of ultra-low doses of RTX and low doses of the cannabinoid CB1/2 receptor agonist delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-THC) produce additive antiemetic effects against cisplatin-evoked vomiting. In the current study, we investigated the broad-spectrum antiemetic potential of very low nonemetic doses of RTX against a diverse group of specific emetogens including selective and nonselective agonists of serotonergic 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT3) receptor (5-HT and 2-Me-5-HT), dopaminergic D2 receptor (apomorphine and quinpirole), cholinergic M1 receptor (pilocarpine and McN-A-343), as well as the selective substance P neurokinin NK1 receptor agonist GR73632, the selective L-Type calcium channel agonist FPL64176, and the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor thapsigargin. When administered subcutaneously, ultra-low (0.01 µg/kg) to low (5.0 µg/kg) doses of RTX suppressed vomiting induced by the aforementioned emetogens in a dose-dependent fashion with 50% inhibitory dose values ranging from 0.01 to 1.26 µg/kg. This study is the first to demonstrate that low nanomolar nonemetic doses of RTX have the capacity to completely abolish vomiting caused by diverse receptor specific emetogens in the least shrew model of emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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Darmani NA, Belkacemi L, Zhong W. Δ 9-THC and related cannabinoids suppress substance P- induced neurokinin NK 1-receptor-mediated vomiting via activation of cannabinoid CB 1 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172806. [PMID: 31738934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Δ9-THC suppresses cisplatin-induced vomiting through activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Cisplatin-evoked emesis is predominantly due to release of serotonin and substance P (SP) in the gut and the brainstem which subsequently stimulate their corresponding 5-HT3-and neurokinin NK1-receptors to induce vomiting. Δ9-THC can inhibit vomiting caused either by the serotonin precursor 5-HTP, or the 5-HT3 receptor selective agonist, 2-methyserotonin. In the current study, we explored whether Δ9-THC and related CB1/CB2 receptor agonists (WIN55,212-2 and CP55,940) inhibit vomiting evoked by SP (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or the NK1 receptor selective agonist GR73632 (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Behavioral methods were employed to determine the antiemetic efficacy of cannabinoids in least shrews. Our results showed that administration of varying doses of Δ9-THC (i.p. or s.c.), WIN55,212-2 (i.p.), or CP55,940 (i.p.) caused significant suppression of SP-evoked vomiting in a dose-dependent manner. When tested against GR73632, Δ9-THC also dose-dependently reduced the evoked emesis. The antiemetic effect of Δ9-THC against SP-induced vomiting was prevented by low non-emetic doses of the CB1 receptor inverse-agonist/antagonist SR141716A (<10 mg/kg). We also found that the NK1 receptor antagonist netupitant can significantly suppress vomiting caused by a large emetic dose of SR141716A (20 mg/kg). In sum, Δ9-THC and related cannabinoids suppress vomiting evoked by the nonselective (SP) and selective (GR73632) neurokinin NK1 receptor agonists via stimulation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
| | - Louiza Belkacemi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
| | - Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA
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Intracellular emetic signaling cascades by which the selective neurokinin type 1 receptor (NK 1R) agonist GR73632 evokes vomiting in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). Neurochem Int 2018; 122:106-119. [PMID: 30453005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To characterize mechanisms involved in neurokinin type 1 receptor (NK1R)-mediated emesis, we investigated the brainstem emetic signaling pathways following treating least shrews with the selective NK1R agonist GR73632. In addition to episodes of vomiting over a 30-min observation period, a significant increase in substance P-immunoreactivity in the emetic brainstem dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) occurred at 15 min post an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection GR73632 (5 mg/kg). In addition, time-dependent upregulation of phosphorylation of several emesis -associated protein kinases occurred in the brainstem. In fact, Western blots demonstrated significant phosphorylations of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase IIα (CaMKIIα), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (Akt) as well as α and βII isoforms of protein kinase C (PKCα/βII). Moreover, enhanced phospho-ERK1/2 immunoreactivity was also observed in both brainstem slices containing the dorsal vagal complex emetic nuclei as well as in jejunal sections from the shrew small intestine. Furthermore, our behavioral findings demonstrated that the following agents suppressed vomiting evoked by GR73632 in a dose-dependent manner: i) the NK1R antagonist netupitant (i.p.); ii) the L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) antagonist nifedipine (subcutaneous, s.c.); iii) the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) antagonist 2-APB (i.p.); iv) store-operated Ca2+ entry inhibitors YM-58483 and MRS-1845, (i.p.); v) the ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor U0126 (i.p.); vi) the PKC inhibitor GF109203X (i.p.); and vii) the inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway LY294002 (i.p.). Moreover, NK1R, LTCC, and IP3R are required for GR73632-evoked CaMKIIα, ERK1/2, Akt and PKCα/βII phosphorylation. In addition, evoked ERK1/2 phosphorylation was sensitive to inhibitors of PKC and PI3K. These findings indicate that the LTCC/IP3R-dependent PI3K/PKCα/βII-ERK1/2 signaling pathways are involved in NK1R-mediated vomiting.
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Zhang L, Wang L, Dong D, Wang Z, Ji W, Yu M, Zhang F, Niu R, Zhou Y. MiR-34b/c-5p and the neurokinin-1 receptor regulate breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. Cell Prolif 2018; 52:e12527. [PMID: 30334298 PMCID: PMC6430481 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MiR-34 is a tumour suppressor in breast cancer. Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), which is the predicted target of the miR-34 family, is overexpressed in many cancers. This study investigated the correlation and clinical significance of miR-34 and NK1R in breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and luciferase assays were conducted to analyse the regulation of NK1R by miR-34 in MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, T47D, SK-BR-3 and HEK-293 T cells. MiR-34b/c-5p, full-length NK1R (NK1R-FL) and truncated NK1R (NK1R-Tr) expression in fifty patients were quantified by qRT-PCR and correlated with their clinicopathological parameters. CCK-8 assays, colony formation assays and flow cytometry were used to measure cell proliferation and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells transfected with miR-34b/c-5p or NK1R-siRNA and before treatment with or without Substance P (SP), an endogenous peptide agonists of NK1R. The effect of NK1R antagonist aprepitant was also investigated. In vivo xenograft models were used to further verify the regulation of NK1R by miR-34b/c-5p. RESULTS Expression levels of miR-34b/c-5p and NK1R-Tr, but not NK1R-FL, were associated with enhanced malignant potential, such as tumour stage and Ki67 expression. The overexpression of miR-34b/c-5p or NK1R silencing potently suppressed cell proliferation and induced G2/M phase arrest and the apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. The NK1R antagonist aprepitant had similar effects. In vivo studies confirmed that miR-34b/c-5p overexpression or NK1R silencing reduced the tumorigenicity of breast cancer. In addition, SP rescued the effects of miR-34b/c-5p overexpression or NK1R silencing on cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo assays. CONCLUSIONS MiR-34b/c-5p and NK1R contribute to breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis and are potential targets for breast cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fei Zhang
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Public Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunli Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Educational Ministry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Zhong W, Chebolu S, Darmani NA. Intracellular emetic signaling evoked by the L-type Ca 2+ channel agonist FPL64176 in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 834:157-168. [PMID: 29966616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ plays a major role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and regulates processes including apoptotic cell death and side-effects of cancer chemotherapy including vomiting. Currently we explored the emetic mechanisms of FPL64176, an L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) agonist with maximal emetogenic effect at its 10 mg/kg dose. FPL64176 evoked c-Fos immunoreactivity in shrew brainstem sections containing the vomit-associated nuclei, nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. FPL64176 also increased phosphorylation of proteins ERK1/2, PKCα/βII and Akt in the brainstem. Moreover, their corresponding inhibitors (PD98059, GF 109203X and LY294002, respectively) reduced FPL64176-evoked vomiting. A 30 min subcutaneous (s.c.) pretreatment with the LTCC antagonist nifedipine (10 mg/kg) abolished FPL64176-elicited vomiting, c-Fos expression, and emetic effector phosphorylation. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) mediate intracellular Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum. The RyR antagonist dantrolene (i.p.), or a combination of low doses of nifedipine and dantrolene, but not the IP3R antagonist 2-APB, significantly attenuated FPL64176-induced vomiting. The serotonin type 3 receptor (5-HT3R) antagonist palonosetron (s.c.), the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist netupitant (i.p.) or a combination of non-effective doses of netupitant and palonosetron showed antiemetic potential against FPL64176-evoked vomiting. Serotonin (5-HT) and substance P immunostaining revealed FPL64176-induced emesis was accompanied by an increase in 5-HT but not SP-immunoreactivity in the dorsomedial subdivision of the NTS. These findings demonstrate that Ca2+ mobilization through LTCCs and RyRs, and subsequent emetic effector phosphorylation and 5-HT release play important roles in FPL64176-induced emesis which can be prevented by 5-HT3R and NK1R antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Seetha Chebolu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States
| | - Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E. Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, United States.
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Chen L, Peng Z, Nüssler AK, Liu L, Yang W. Current and prospective sights in mechanism of deoxynivalenol-induced emesis for future scientific study and clinical treatment. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:784-791. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Center; University of Tübingen; Schnarrenbergstr. 95 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
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Rudd JA, Ngan MP, Lu Z, Higgins GA, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C. Profile of Antiemetic Activity of Netupitant Alone or in Combination with Palonosetron and Dexamethasone in Ferrets and Suncus murinus (House Musk Shrew). Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:263. [PMID: 27630563 PMCID: PMC5005416 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Chemotherapy-induced acute and delayed emesis involves the activation of multiple pathways, with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) playing a major role in the initial response. Substance P tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists can reduce emesis induced by disparate emetic challenges and therefore have a clinical utility as broad inhibitory anti-emetic drugs. In the present studies, we investigate the broad inhibitory anti-emetic profile of a relatively new NK1 receptor antagonist, netupitant, alone or in combination with the long acting 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, palonosetron, for a potential to reduce emesis in ferrets and shrews. Materials and Methods: Ferrets were pretreated with netupitant and/or palonosetron, and then administered apomorphine (0.125 mg/kg, s.c.), morphine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), ipecacuanha (1.2 mg/kg, p.o.), copper sulfate (100 mg/kg, intragastric), or cisplatin (5–10 mg/kg, i.p.); in other studies netupitant was administered to Suncus murinus before motion (4 cm horizontal displacement, 2 Hz for 10 min). Results: Netupitant (3 mg/kg, p.o.) abolished apomorphine-, morphine-, ipecacuanha- and copper sulfate-induced emesis. Lower doses of netupitant (0.03–0.3 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently reduced cisplatin (10 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced emesis in an acute (8 h) model, and motion-induced emesis in S. murinus. In a ferret cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced acute and delayed emesis model, netupitant administered once at 3 mg/kg, p.o., abolished the first 24 h response and reduced the 24–72 h response by 94.6%; the reduction was markedly superior to the effect of a three times per day administration of ondansetron (1 mg/kg, i.p.). A single administration of netupitant (1 mg/kg, p.o.) plus palonosetron (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) combined with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, i.p., once per day), also significantly antagonized cisplatin-induced acute and delayed emesis and was comparable with a once-daily regimen of ondansetron (1 mg/kg, p.o.) plus aprepitant (1 mg/kg, p.o.) in combination with dexamethasone (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Conclusion: In conclusion, netupitant has potent and long lasting anti-emetic activity against a number of emetic challenges indicating broad inhibitory properties. The convenience of protection afforded by the single dosing of netupitant together with palonosetron was demonstrated and also is known to provide an advantage over other therapeutic strategies to control emesis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Rudd
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Man P Ngan
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Zengbing Lu
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Claudio Giuliano
- Research and Preclinical, Helsinn Healthcare SA., Lugano Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Lovati
- Research and Preclinical, Helsinn Healthcare SA., Lugano Switzerland
| | - Claudio Pietra
- Research and Preclinical, Helsinn Healthcare SA., Lugano Switzerland
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Zhong W, Chebolu S, Darmani NA. Thapsigargin-induced activation of Ca(2+)-CaMKII-ERK in brainstem contributes to substance P release and induction of emesis in the least shrew. Neuropharmacology 2015; 103:195-210. [PMID: 26631534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic calcium (Ca(2+)) mobilization has been proposed to be an important factor in the induction of emesis. The selective sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor thapsigargin, is known to deplete intracellular Ca(2+) stores, which consequently evokes extracellular Ca(2+) entry through cell membrane-associated channels, accompanied by a prominent rise in cytosolic Ca(2+). A pro-drug form of thapsigargin is currently under clinical trial as a targeted cancer chemotherapeutic. We envisioned that the intracellular effects of thapsigargin could cause emesis and planned to investigate its mechanisms of emetic action. Indeed, thapsigargin did induce vomiting in the least shrew in a dose-dependent and bell-shaped manner, with maximal efficacy (100%) at 0.5 mg/kg (i.p.). Thapsigargin (0.5 mg/kg) also caused increases in c-Fos immunoreactivity in the brainstem emetic nuclei including the area postrema (AP), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX), as well as enhancement of substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in DMNX. In addition, thapsigargin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) led to vomit-associated and time-dependent increases in phosphorylation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the brainstem. We then explored the suppressive potential of diverse chemicals against thapsigargin-evoked emesis including antagonists of: i) neurokinin-1 receptors (netupitant), ii) the type 3 serotonin receptors (palonosetron), iii) store-operated Ca(2+) entry (YM-58483), iv) L-type Ca(2+) channels (nifedipine), and v) SER Ca(2+)-release channels inositol trisphosphate (IP3Rs) (2-APB)-, and ryanodine (RyRs) (dantrolene)-receptors. In addition, the antiemetic potential of inhibitors of CaMKII (KN93) and ERK1/2 (PD98059) were investigated. All tested antagonists/blockers attenuated emetic parameters to varying degrees except palonosetron, however a combination of non-effective doses of netupitant and palonosetron exhibited additive antiemetic efficacy. A low-dose combination of nifedipine and 2-APB plus dantrolene mixture completely abolished thapsigargin-evoked vomiting, CaMKII-ERK1/2 activation and SP elevation. In addition, pretreatment with KN93 or PD98059 suppressed thapsigargin-induced increases in SP and ERK1/2 activation. Intracerebroventricular injection of netupitant suppressed vomiting caused by thapsigargin which suggests that the principal site of evoked emesis is the brainstem. In sum, this is the first study to demonstrate that thapsigargin causes vomiting via the activation of the Ca(2+)-CaMKII-ERK1/2 cascade, which is associated with an increase in the brainstem tissue content of SP, and the evoked emesis occurs through SP-induced activation of neurokinin-1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766, USA
| | - Seetha Chebolu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766, USA
| | - Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA 91766, USA.
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Zhong W, Hutchinson TE, Chebolu S, Darmani NA. Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor-mediated vomiting occurs via the activation of Ca2+/CaMKII-dependent ERK1/2 signaling in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). PLoS One 2014; 9:e104718. [PMID: 25121483 PMCID: PMC4133232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of 5-HT3 receptors (5-HT3Rs) by 2-methylserotonin (2-Me-5-HT), a selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist, can induce vomiting. However, downstream signaling pathways for the induced emesis remain unknown. The 5-HT3R channel has high permeability to extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and upon stimulation allows increased Ca2+ influx. We examined the contribution of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (Ca2+/CaMKIIα), interaction of 5-HT3R with calmodulin, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling to 2-Me-5-HT-induced emesis in the least shrew. Using fluo-4 AM dye, we found that 2-Me-5-HT augments intracellular Ca2+ levels in brainstem slices and that the selective 5-HT3R antagonist palonosetron, can abolish the induced Ca2+ signaling. Pre-treatment of shrews with either: i) amlodipine, an antagonist of L-type Ca2+ channels present on the cell membrane; ii) dantrolene, an inhibitor of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) Ca2+-release channels located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); iii) a combination of their less-effective doses; or iv) inhibitors of CaMKII (KN93) and ERK1/2 (PD98059); dose-dependently suppressed emesis caused by 2-Me-5-HT. Administration of 2-Me-5-HT also significantly: i) enhanced the interaction of 5-HT3R with calmodulin in the brainstem as revealed by immunoprecipitation, as well as their colocalization in the area postrema (brainstem) and small intestine by immunohistochemistry; and ii) activated CaMKIIα in brainstem and in isolated enterochromaffin cells of the small intestine as shown by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. These effects were suppressed by palonosetron. 2-Me-5-HT also activated ERK1/2 in brainstem, which was abrogated by palonosetron, KN93, PD98059, amlodipine, dantrolene, or a combination of amlodipine plus dantrolene. However, blockade of ER inositol-1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptors by 2-APB, had no significant effect on the discussed behavioral and biochemical parameters. This study demonstrates that Ca2+ mobilization via extracellular Ca2+ influx through 5-HT3Rs/L-type Ca2+ channels, and intracellular Ca2+ release via RyRs on ER, initiate Ca2+-dependent sequential activation of CaMKIIα and ERK1/2, which contribute to the 5-HT3R-mediated, 2-Me-5-HT-evoked emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixia Zhong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, California, United States of America
| | - Tarun E. Hutchinson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, California, United States of America
| | - Seetha Chebolu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, California, United States of America
| | - Nissar A. Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Holland RA, Leonard JJ, Kensey NA, Hannikainen PA, De Jonghe BC. Cisplatin induces neuronal activation and increases central AMPA and NMDA receptor subunit gene expression in mice. Physiol Behav 2014; 136:79-85. [PMID: 24582677 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although rats and mice do not vomit, these species are widely studied as models of energy balance and sickness behavior. Previous work has shown that rats exhibit similar neuroanatomical activation of brain and visceral afferent pathways following cisplatin chemotherapy compared to vomiting species. However, the neural response to cisplatin in mice is understudied. Here, food intake, body weight, and central c-Fos immunofluorescence were analyzed in the hindbrains of male C57BL/6 mice following IP saline or cisplatin (5mg/kg, and 20mg/kg doses). As glutamate receptor signaling is classically linked to inhibitory feeding pathways in the rodent, gene expression of selected α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunits were assessed in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), parabrachial nucleus (PBN), amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Our results show dose-dependent reductions in food intake and body weight following cisplatin treatment, as well as increases in cisplatin-induced c-Fos in the PBN and throughout the DVC. Quantitative PCR analysis shows cisplatin-induced increases in NMDA receptor subunit expression, particularly NR2B, in the DVC, PBN, BNST, and amygdala. In addition, upregulation of AMPA receptor subunits (GluA1 and/or GluA2) were observed in all regions examined except the amygdala. Taken together, these results suggest similar neural pathways mediating cisplatin effects in mice compared to other well-studied species, which are likely mediated by central upregulation of AMPA and NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby A Holland
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - John J Leonard
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas A Kensey
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Paavali A Hannikainen
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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15
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Rojas C, Raje M, Tsukamoto T, Slusher BS. Molecular mechanisms of 5-HT3 and NK1 receptor antagonists in prevention of emesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 722:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Smith HS, Laufer A. Opioid induced nausea and vomiting. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 722:67-78. [PMID: 24157979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are broad spectrum analgesics that are an integral part of the therapeutic armamentarium to combat pain in the palliative care population. Unfortunately, among the adverse effects of opioids that may be experienced along with analgesia is nausea, vomiting, and/or retching. Although it is conceivable that in the future, using combination agents (opioids combined with agents which may nullify emetic effects), currently nausea/vomiting remains a significant issue for certain patients. However, there exists potential current strategies that may be useful in efforts to diminish the frequency and/or intensity of opioid-induced nausea/vomiting (OINV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Smith
- Albany Medical College, Department of Anesthesiology, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-131, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
| | - Andras Laufer
- Albany Medical College, Department of Anesthesiology, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-131, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Darmani NA, Dey D, Chebolu S, Amos B, Kandpal R, Alkam T. Cisplatin causes over-expression of tachykinin NK(1) receptors and increases ERK1/2- and PKA- phosphorylation during peak immediate- and delayed-phase emesis in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva) brainstem. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 698:161-9. [PMID: 23001014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Scant information is available regarding the effects of cisplatin on the expression profile of tachykinin NK(1) receptors and downstream signaling during cisplatin-induced emesis. Cisplatin causes peak early- and delayed-phase emesis in the least shrew at 1-2 and 33 h post-injection. To investigate the expression profile of NK(1) receptor during both emetic phases, we cloned the cDNA corresponding to a ~700 base pairs of mRNA flanked by two stretches of nucleotides conserved among different species and demonstrated that the shrew NK(1) receptor nucleotide sequence shares ~90% sequence identity with the human NK(1) receptor. Of the 12 time-points tested, significant increases in expression levels of NK(1) receptor mRNA in the shrew brainstem occurred at 2 and 28 h post-cisplatin injection, whereas intestinal NK(1) receptor mRNA was increased at 28 h. Shrew brainstem and intestinal substance P mRNA levels also tended to increase during the two phases. Furthermore, expression levels of NK(1) receptor protein were significantly increased in the brainstem at 2, 8, and 33 h post-cisplatin. No change in brainstem 5-HT(3) receptor protein expression was observed. The temporal enhancements in NK(1) receptor protein expression were mirrored by significant increases in the phosphorylation status of the brainstem ERK1/2 at 2, 8, and 33 h post-cisplatin. Phosphorylation of PKA significantly increased at 33rd and 40th hour. Our results indicate associations between cisplatin's peak immediate- and delayed-phase vomiting frequency with increased: (1) expression levels of NK(1) receptor mRNA and its protein level, and (2) downstream NK(1) receptor-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PKA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 E Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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Duffy RA, Morgan C, Naylor R, Higgins GA, Varty GB, Lachowicz JE, Parker EM. Rolapitant (SCH 619734): A potent, selective and orally active neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist with centrally-mediated antiemetic effects in ferrets. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Decision-making using fMRI in clinical drug development: revisiting NK-1 receptor antagonists for pain. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:964-73. [PMID: 22579743 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) and neurokinin-1 receptors (NK-1R) are localized within central and peripheral sensory pain pathways. The roles of SP and NK-1R in pain processing, the anatomical distribution of NK-1R and efficacy observed in preclinical pain studies involving pain and sensory sensitization models, suggested that NK-1R antagonists (NK-1RAs) would relieve pain in patient populations. Despite positive data available in preclinical tests for a role of NK-1RAs in pain, clinical studies across several pain conditions have been negative. In this review, we discuss how functional imaging-derived information on activity in pain-processing brain regions could have predicted that NK-1RAs would have a low probability of success in this therapeutic domain.
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Darmani NA, Chebolu S, Amos B, Alkam T. Synergistic antiemetic interactions between serotonergic 5-HT3 and tachykininergic NK1-receptor antagonists in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:573-9. [PMID: 21683089 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significant electrophysiological and biochemical findings suggest that receptor cross-talk occurs between serotonergic 5-HT(3)- and tachykininergic NK(1)-receptors in which co-activation of either receptor by ineffective doses of their corresponding agonists (serotonin (5-HT) or substance P (SP), respectively) potentiates the activity of the other receptor to produce a response. In contrast, selective blockade of any one of these receptors attenuates the increase in abdominal vagal afferent activity caused by either 5-HT or SP. This interaction has important implications in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) since 5-HT(3)- and NK(1)-receptor antagonists are the major classes of antiemetics used in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether the discussed interaction produces effects at the behavioral level in a vomit-competent species, the least shrew. Our results demonstrate that pretreatment with either a 5-HT(3) (tropisetron)- or an NK(1) (CP99,994)-receptor specific antagonist, attenuates vomiting caused by a selective agonist (2-methyl 5-HT or GR73632, respectively) of both emetic receptors. In addition, relative to each antagonist alone, their combined doses were 4-20 times more potent against vomiting caused by each emetogen. Moreover, combined sub-maximal doses of the agonists 2-methyl 5-HT and GR73632, produced 8-12 times greater number of vomits relative to each emetogen tested alone. However, due to large variability in vomiting caused by the combination doses, the differences failed to attain significance. The antiemetic dose-response curves of tropisetron against both emetogens were U-shaped probably because larger doses of this antagonist behave as a partial agonist. The data demonstrate that 5-HT(3)- and NK(1)-receptors cross-talk to produce vomiting, and that synergistic antiemetic effects occur when both corresponding antagonists are concurrently used against emesis caused by each specific emetogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East Second Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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Darmani NA. Mechanisms of Broad-Spectrum Antiemetic Efficacy of Cannabinoids against Chemotherapy-Induced Acute and Delayed Vomiting. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2930-2955. [PMID: 27713384 PMCID: PMC4034105 DOI: 10.3390/ph3092930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a complex pathophysiological condition and consists of two phases. The conventional CINV neurotransmitter hypothesis suggests that the immediate phase is mainly due to release of serotonin (5-HT) from the enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), while the delayed phase is a consequence of release of substance P (SP) in the brainstem. However, more recent findings argue against this simplistic neurotransmitter and anatomical view of CINV. Revision of the hypothesis advocates a more complex, differential and overlapping involvement of several emetic neurotransmitters/modulators (e.g. dopamine, serotonin, substance P, prostaglandins and related arachidonic acid derived metabolites) in both phases of emesis occurring concomitantly in the brainstem and in the GIT enteric nervous system (ENS) [1]. No single antiemetic is currently available to completely prevent both phases of CINV. The standard antiemetic regimens include a 5-HT₃ antagonist plus dexamethasone for the prevention of acute emetic phase, combined with an NK1 receptor antagonist (e.g. aprepitant) for the delayed phase. Although NK1 antagonists behave in animals as broad-spectrum antiemetics against different emetogens including cisplatin-induced acute and delayed vomiting, by themselves they are not very effective against CINV in cancer patients. Cannabinoids such as D⁸-THC also behave as broad-spectrum antiemetics against diverse emetic stimuli as well as being effective against both phases of CINV in animals and patients. Potential side effects may limit the clinical utility of direct-acting cannabinoid agonists which could be avoided by the use of corresponding indirect-acting agonists. Cannabinoids (both phyto-derived and synthetic) behave as agonist antiemetics via the activation of cannabinoid CB₁ receptors in both the brainstem and the ENS emetic loci. An endocannabinoid antiemetic tone may exist since inverse CB₁ agonists (but not the corresponding silent antagonists) cause nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissar A Darmani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
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Dey D, Abad J, Ray AP, Darmani NA. Differential temporal changes in brain and gut substance P mRNA expression throughout the time-course of cisplatin-induced vomiting in the least shrew (Cryptotis parva). Brain Res 2010; 1310:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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