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Ben Izhak S, Diedrich L, Antal A, Lavidor M. Beyond social engagement: cognitive training leads to greater cognitive improvement in older adults. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2024; 31:556-574. [PMID: 37221447 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2216927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aging is often accompanied by a decline in cognitive functions, with memory being particularly affected. Recent studies suggest that cognitive training sessions that teach memory strategies relevant to daily life may benefit seniors who live in the community. However, it is possible that the cognitive improvement observed in these programs results from the social encounters embedded in them. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of a social cognitive training group, which met regularly for an extended period, on enhancing cognitive indices compared to a control group that only received social engagement meetings without training. Sixty-six participants with a mean age of 78 took part in 12 sessions of a social engagement group, with or without strategy training. Cognitive performance was assessed before and after training using four memory tasks, two similar to the trained tasks (near-transfer tasks) and two novel (far-transfer tasks). Both groups showed a slight improvement in most of the evaluation tasks, but the cognitive training combined with social engagement group showed a significant improvement in the Word Recall and Verbal Fluency tests compared to the social engagement group without training. Our findings suggest that cognitive training sessions may be a useful tool in promoting cognitive improvement among older adults living in the community, even beyond the improvement obtained from the social engagement that occurs during the training sessions.Trial registration number:NCT05016336. Date of registration: 20 August 2021. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shachar Ben Izhak
- Department of Psychology, and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lukas Diedrich
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michal Lavidor
- Department of Psychology, and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Sheffler P, Kürüm E, Sheen AM, Ditta AS, Ferguson L, Bravo D, Rebok GW, Strickland-Hughes CM, Wu R. Growth Mindset Predicts Cognitive Gains in an Older Adult Multi-Skill Learning Intervention. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2022; 96:501-526. [PMID: 35726166 PMCID: PMC10052424 DOI: 10.1177/00914150221106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth mindset (belief in the malleability of intelligence) is a unique predictor of young learners' increased motivation and learning, and may have broader implications for cognitive functioning. Its role in learning in older adulthood is unclear. As part of a larger longitudinal study, we examined growth mindset and cognitive functioning in older adults engaged in a 3-month multi-skill learning intervention that included growth mindset discussions. Before, during, and after the intervention, participants reported on their growth mindset beliefs and completed a cognitive battery. Study 1 indicated that intervention participants, but not control participants, increased their growth mindset during the intervention. Study 2 replicated these results and found that older adults with higher preexisting growth mindsets showed larger cognitive gains at posttest compared to those with lower preexisting growth mindsets. Our findings highlight the potential role of growth mindset in supporting positive learning cycles for cognitive gains in older adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Sheffler
- Department of Psychology, 8790University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Esra Kürüm
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Angelica M Sheen
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, 8788University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Annie S Ditta
- Department of Psychology, 8790University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Leah Ferguson
- Department of Psychology, 8790University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Diamond Bravo
- Department of Psychology, 8790University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - George W Rebok
- Bloomberg School of Public Health and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Rachel Wu
- Department of Psychology, 8790University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Brief Strategy Training in Aging: Near Transfer Effects and Mediation of Gains by Improved Self-Regulation. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040465. [PMID: 35447995 PMCID: PMC9027409 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach to cognitive intervention for adults is memory strategy training, but limited work of this type has examined intervention effects in relation to self-regulation (e.g., strategy usage, memory beliefs) and few have established near transfer (training-related performance gain on untrained tasks related to the target task). The present research, Everyday Memory Clinic—Revised (EMC-R), examined whether relatively brief face-name association training, offering elements focused on self-regulation, can improve name recall, enhance memory self-regulation, and lead to near transfer. Participants were 122 healthy, well-educated middle-aged and older adults (51–90 years old) randomly assigned to a strategy training program (SO), a comparable program with a theoretical self-regulatory boost (SB), or a waitlist control group. Compared to the waitlist group, both groups of trainees demonstrated higher pretest-posttest improvements in name recall (target task), memory self-efficacy, and effective strategy use, as well as the near transfer of gains to nontrained associative tasks, a rare finding in strategy training research. Furthermore, changes in memory self-efficacy and strategy use fully mediated the effect of training on name recall. This innovative approach for brief memory intervention offers a model for successful training that can be easily disseminated via community centers and lifelong learning programs.
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Klaming L, Robbemond L, Lemmens P, Hart de Ruijter E. Digital Compensatory Cognitive Training for Older Adults with Memory Complaints. ACTIVITIES, ADAPTATION & AGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2022.2044989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Klaming
- Philips Research Brain, Behavior & Cognition High Tech Campus 34, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Lisanne Robbemond
- University of Groningen, University Center of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Lemmens
- Philips Research Brain, Behavior & Cognition High Tech Campus 34, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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Kim MS, Gang M, Lee J, Park E. The Effects of Self-Care Intervention Programs for Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2019; 40:973-980. [PMID: 31322472 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2019.1619202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a self-care intervention program on self-efficacy, dementia-preventive behavior, cognitive function, depression, and quality of life in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. The study employed a quasi-experimental study design using a nonequivalent control group pre-post. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, independent t-test, and repeated-measures ANOVA. The results of the study showed that the program reduced dementia risk and strengthened self-care ability in older adults with MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Suk Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, Howon University , Gunsan , Jeonbuk , South Korea
| | - Moonhee Gang
- College of Nursing, Chungnam National University , Daejeon , South Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Nursing Science, Ulsan College , Ulsan , South Korea
| | - Eunyoung Park
- College of Nursing, Chungnam National University , Daejeon , South Korea
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Nicholls LAB, English B. Multimodal coding and strategic approach in young and older adults’ visual working memory performance. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 27:83-113. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1585515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brad English
- Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Clinical Psychology Department, Fern House, Highbury Hospital, Nottingham, UK
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Wu R, Strickland-Hughes C. Adaptation for growth as a common goal throughout the lifespan: Why and how. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Buitenweg JIV, Van De Ven RM, Ridderinkhof KR, Murre JMJ. Does cognitive flexibility training enhance subjective mental functioning in healthy older adults? AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:688-710. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1519106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K. Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain & Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M. J. Murre
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Maggio C, Soubelet A. Stratégies de contrôle adaptatives au fil de l’âge adulte et rôle des ressources cognitives dans leur déploiement. PSYCHOLOGIE FRANCAISE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psfr.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Maggio C, Soubelet A, Faure S, Fort I. The relationships between perceived control and episodic memory in adulthood: a review. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:222-243. [PMID: 29303030 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1423022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the current paper is to review the literature on the relationships between perceived control and episodic memory throughout adulthood. More specifically, three major questions are pursued: (1) Are higher levels of perceived control related to better memory performance? (2) Is the relationship between perceived control and memory similar or different as a function of age? (3) Does perceived control moderate memory decline? Although there is a great deal of evidence that perceived control and episodic memory are positively related in adulthood, the current review showed that very few studies have investigated whether age moderated this relationship. Moreover, only a limited number of studies have explored the role of perceived control in memory decline, and the results are inconsistent. We suggest some avenues for future research that could help understand by which mechanisms, and under what circumstances, perceived control and episodic memory are related across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Maggio
- a Department of Psychology , University of Côte d'Azur , Nice , Cedex 4 , France
| | - Andrea Soubelet
- b Department of Psychology , University of Côte d'Azur , Nice , France
| | - Sylvane Faure
- a Department of Psychology , University of Côte d'Azur , Nice , Cedex 4 , France
| | - Isabelle Fort
- c Department of Psychology , Aix-Marseille University , Aix-en-Provence , Cedex 01 , France
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Klein OA, Drummond A, Mhizha-Murira JR, Mansford L, dasNair R. Effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: a meta-synthesis of patient perspectives. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2017; 29:491-512. [PMID: 28457198 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1309323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While previous randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses offer only limited evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation, qualitative studies examining patient perspectives report more positive outcomes. This meta-synthesis of qualitative studies examined patient perspectives of cognitive rehabilitation for memory, attention, and executive function problems in people with multiple sclerosis. Using set eligibility criteria, we screened electronic databases, reference lists, and academic networks for relevant papers. Seven papers (195 participants) were selected. Two independent researchers conducted quality appraisals of papers. Data analysis, guided by the thematic synthesis approach, yielded six main themes. These suggested that patients benefitted from the group environment in rehabilitation. Cognitive rehabilitation facilitated the participants' reflection and awareness of their cognitive deficits, and was associated with increased knowledge and understanding of their illness. Increased strategy use was reported and associated with improvements in cognitive functioning and greater confidence and perseverance. Participants reported emotional and social improvements, and felt more optimistic. Overall, these changes had a positive impact on participants' quality of life. This synthesis of qualitative studies indicates that people with multiple sclerosis who experience cognitive deficits benefit from cognitive rehabilitation programmes. This finding must, however, be viewed in light of the limitations of this meta-synthesis. The meta-synthesis was registered in the PROSPERO database under CRD42017040148.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Klein
- a School of Health Sciences , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Avril Drummond
- a School of Health Sciences , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | | | - Laura Mansford
- a School of Health Sciences , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - Roshan dasNair
- b Division of Psychiatry & Applied Psychology, School of Medicine , Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
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Ordonez TN, Borges F, Kanashiro CS, Santos CCDN, Hora SS, Lima-Silva TB. Actively station: Effects on global cognition of mature adults and healthy elderly program using eletronic games. Dement Neuropsychol 2017; 11:186-197. [PMID: 29213510 PMCID: PMC5710687 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642016dn11-020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies show that aging is accompanied by decline in cognitive functions but also indicate that interventions, such as training on electronic games, can enhance performance and promote maintenance of cognitive abilities in healthy older adults. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of an electronic game program, called Actively Station, on the performance of global cognition of adults aged over 50 years. METHODS 124 mature and elderly adults enrolled in the "Actively Station" cognitive stimulation program of São Caetano do Sul City, in the State of São Paulo, participated in training for learning of electronic games. Participants were divided into two groups: training group (TG) n=102 and control group (CG) n=22. Protocol: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R), the Memory Complaint Questionnaire (MAC-Q), the scale of frequency of forgetfulness, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI), the Global Satisfaction with Life Scale, and two scales on learning in the training. RESULTS The cognitive performance of the TG improved significantly after the program, particularly in the domains of language and memory, and there was a decrease on the anxiety index and frequency of memory complaints, when compared to the CG. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the acquisition of new knowledge and the use of new stimuli, such as electronic games, can promote improvements in cognition and mood and reduce the frequency of memory complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Nascimento Ordonez
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de
São Paulo. Gerontologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Borges
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de
São Paulo. Gerontologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Sato Kanashiro
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de
São Paulo. Gerontologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | | | - Samara Santos Hora
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades da Universidade de
São Paulo. Gerontologia, São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Bento Lima-Silva
- Grupo de Neurologia Cognitiva e do Comportamento do Departamento de
Neurologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São
Paulo SP, Brazil
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Parisi JM, Gross AL, Marsiske M, Willis SL, Rebok GW. Control beliefs and cognition over a 10-year period: Findings from the ACTIVE trial. Psychol Aging 2017; 32:69-75. [PMID: 28182498 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined two facets of control beliefs and cognition over 10 years within the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study. Intellectual Self-Efficacy decreased (β = -0.32 units/year; SE = 0.03) and Concern About Intellectual Aging increased (β = 0.26 units/year; SE = 0.02) over time, with older age being the only predictor of increases in Concern About Intellectual Aging. Although baseline cognitive performance was related to control beliefs over time, the reverse was not supported. Findings were not altered by participation in the ACTIVE training programs, suggesting the need for including intervention components that lead to long-term maintenance or improvements in such beliefs. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine M Parisi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Alden L Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Michael Marsiske
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida
| | - Sherry L Willis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington
| | - George W Rebok
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
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Horning SM, Young S, Myhre JW, Osato S, Wilkins SS. A Multimodal Cognitive Enhancement Program for Older Adults: A Case Report of the Implementation of Brain Training. ACTIVITIES, ADAPTATION & AGING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01924788.2016.1231487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bugos JA, Kochar S, Maxfield N. Intense piano training on self-efficacy and physiological stress in aging. PSYCHOLOGY OF MUSIC 2016; 44:611-624. [PMID: 27453627 PMCID: PMC4956342 DOI: 10.1177/0305735615577250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of an intense piano training program on general self-efficacy, musical self-efficacy, and physiological stress in older adults. Self-efficacy refers to perceived beliefs regarding the performance of domain-specific tasks or activities, which contribute to psychological and physical health. A key challenge is to identify activities that promote self-efficacy in the aging population. Seventeen healthy community-dwelling older adults (60-85 years) with little to no previous musical training participated in a within subjects experimental design. Measures of self-efficacy and cortisol levels were administered over three time points: an initial pre-testing session, a second pre-testing following a two-week no treatment control period, and a post-testing session upon the completion of piano training. Intense piano training consisted of 30 hours of training (3 hours per day) in which high levels of achievement were required. Results of a three-way Repeated Measures ANOVA over all time points with pairwise comparisons revealed significantly (p < .05) enhanced musical self-efficacy post-training, F (2, 32) = 11.5, p < .001, d = .79. No significant changes in general self-efficacy or cortisol levels were found. These results suggest that domain-specific self-efficacy may increase as a result of short-term intense music training; however, short-term music training may not be sufficient to transfer to general self-efficacy.
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Reijnders JSAM, Geusgens CAV, Ponds RWHM, van Boxtel MPJ. "Keep your brain fit!" Effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention on cognitive functioning in healthy adults: A randomised controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2015; 27:455-471. [PMID: 26414279 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2015.1090458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A psychoeducational intervention (Keep your brain fit!) was designed for the middle-aged and older working population. The intervention focuses on increasing knowledge and awareness about cognitive ageing and teaching strategies to cope with cognitive changes. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the e-health intervention in terms of subjective cognitive functioning. As secondary aims, objective cognitive functioning and psychological well-being were also measured. A randomised controlled trial that included people aged 40 to 65 years was conducted. A maximum of 4 weeks was allowed to complete the intervention. The outcome measures were obtained from an online test battery that was administered at baseline, post-test and at 4-week follow-up. A total of 376 participants completed the whole study. After the intervention, the experimental group reported more feelings of stability concerning memory functioning and perceived greater locus of control over memory compared to the control group. These effects were maintained at the 4-week follow-up. Taking into account the relatively low costs and easy accessibility of this e-health intervention, we consider the programme to be a valuable contribution to public healthcare interventions for middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S A M Reijnders
- a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,b Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Clinical Psychology , Open University of the Netherlands , Heerlen , The Netherlands
| | - Chantal A V Geusgens
- c Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf W H M Ponds
- a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,c Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology , Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Martin P J van Boxtel
- a Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience , Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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Cavallini E, Bottiroli S, Capotosto E, De Beni R, Pavan G, Vecchi T, Borella E. Self-help memory training for healthy older adults in a residential care center: specific and transfer effects on performance and beliefs. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 30:870-80. [PMID: 25388143 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive flexibility has repeatedly been shown to improve after training programs in community-dwelling older adults, but few studies have focused on healthy older adults living in other settings. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the efficacy of self-help training for healthy older adults in a residential care center on memory tasks they practiced (associative and object list learning tasks) and any transfer to other tasks (grocery lists, face-name learning, figure-word pairing, word lists, and text learning). Transfer effects on everyday life (using a problem-solving task) and on participants' beliefs regarding their memory (efficacy and control) were also examined. With the aid of a manual, the training adopted a learner-oriented approach that directly encouraged learners to generalize strategic behavior to new tasks. The maintenance of any training benefits was assessed after 6 months. METHOD The study involved 34 residential care center residents (aged 70-99 years old) with no cognitive impairments who were randomly assigned to two programs: the experimental group followed the self-help training program, whereas the active control group was involved in general cognitive stimulation activities. RESULTS Training benefits emerged in the trained group for the tasks that were practiced. Transfer effects were found in memory and everyday problem-solving tasks and on memory beliefs. The effects of training were generally maintained in both practiced and unpracticed memory tasks. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that learner-oriented self-help training enhances memory performance and memory beliefs, in the short term at least, even in residential care center residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cavallini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Bottiroli
- Brain Connectivity Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Rossana De Beni
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Tomaso Vecchi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Brain Connectivity Center, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erika Borella
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Abstract
Previous tests of the SeniorWISE intervention with community-residing older adults that were designed to improve affect and cognitive performance were successful and positively affected these outcomes. In this study, we tested whether adding yoga to the intervention would affect the outcomes. Using a quasiexperimental pre-post design, we delivered 12 hours of SeniorWISE memory training that included a 30-minute yoga component before each training session. The intervention was based on the four components of self-efficacy theory: enactive mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiologic arousal. We recruited 133 older adults between the ages of 53 and 96 years from four retirement communities in Central Texas. Individuals were screened and tested and then attended training sessions two times a week over 4 weeks. A septuagenarian licensed psychologist taught the memory training, and a certified yoga instructor taught yoga. Eighty-three participants completed at least 9 hours (75%) of the training and completed the posttest. Those individuals who completed made significant gains in memory performance, instrumental activities of daily living, and memory self-efficacy and had fewer depressive symptoms. Thirteen individuals advanced from poor to normal memory performance, and seven improved from impaired to poor memory performance; thus, 20 individuals improved enough to advance to a higher functioning memory group. The findings from this study of a memory training intervention plus yoga training show that the benefits of multifactorial interventions had additive benefits. The combined treatments offer a unique model for brain health programs and the promotion of nonpharmacological treatment with the goals of maintaining healthy brain function and boosting brain plasticity.
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Kelly ME, Loughrey D, Lawlor BA, Robertson IH, Walsh C, Brennan S. The impact of cognitive training and mental stimulation on cognitive and everyday functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 15:28-43. [PMID: 24607830 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the impact of cognitive training and general mental stimulation on the cognitive and everyday functioning of older adults without known cognitive impairment. We examine transfer and maintenance of intervention effects, and the impact of training in group versus individual settings. Thirty-one randomised controlled trials were included, with 1806 participants in cognitive training groups and 386 in general mental stimulation groups. Meta-analysis results revealed that compared to active controls, cognitive training improved performance on measures of executive function (working memory, p=0.04; processing speed, p<0.0001) and composite measures of cognitive function (p=0.001). Compared to no intervention, cognitive training improved performance on measures of memory (face-name recall, p=0.02; immediate recall, p=0.02; paired associates, p=0.001) and subjective cognitive function (p=0.01). The impact of cognitive training on everyday functioning is largely under investigated. More research is required to determine if general mental stimulation can benefit cognitive and everyday functioning. Transfer and maintenance of intervention effects are most commonly reported when training is adaptive, with at least ten intervention sessions and a long-term follow-up. Memory and subjective cognitive performance might be improved by training in group versus individual settings.
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The efficacy of a multifactorial memory training in older adults living in residential care settings. Int Psychogeriatr 2013; 25:1885-97. [PMID: 23899952 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610213001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown an increase in memory performance after teaching mnemonic techniques to older participants. However, transfer effects to non-trained tasks are generally either very small, or not found. METHODS The present study investigates the efficacy of a multifactorial memory training program for older adults living in a residential care center. The program combines teaching of memory strategies with activities based on metacognitive (metamemory) and motivational aspects. Specific training-related gains in the Immediate list recall task (criterion task), as well as transfer effects on measures of short-term memory, long-term memory, working memory, motivational (need for cognition), and metacognitive aspects (subjective measure of one's memory) were examined. Maintenance of training benefits was assessed after seven months. Fifty-one older adults living in a residential care center, with no cognitive impairments, participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two programs: the experimental group attended the training program, while the active control group was involved in a program in which different psychological issues were discussed. RESULTS A benefit in the criterion task and substantial general transfer effects were found for the trained group, but not for the active control, and they were maintained at the seven months follow-up. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that training procedures, which combine teaching of strategies with metacognitive-motivational aspects, can improve cognitive functioning and attitude toward cognitive activities in older adults.
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Gross AL, Rebok GW, Brandt J, Tommet D, Marsiske M, Jones RN. Modeling learning and memory using verbal learning tests: results from ACTIVE. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2013; 68:153-67. [PMID: 22929389 PMCID: PMC3693605 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbs053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of memory training on initial recall and learning. METHOD The Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study of community-dwelling adults older than age 65 (n = 1,401). We decomposed trial-level recall in the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) into initial recall and learning across trials using latent growth models. RESULTS Trial-level increases in words recalled in the AVLT and HVLT at each follow-up visit followed an approximately logarithmic shape. Over the 5-year study period, memory training was associated with slower decline in Trial 1 AVLT recall (Cohen's d = 0.35, p = .03) and steep pre- and posttraining acceleration in learning (d = 1.56, p < .001). Findings were replicated using the HVLT (decline in initial recall, d = 0.60, p = .01; pre- and posttraining acceleration in learning, d = 3.10, p < .001). Because of the immediate training boost, the memory-trained group had a higher level of recall than the control group through the end of the 5-year study period despite faster decline in learning. DISCUSSION This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms by which training benefits memory and expands current knowledge by reporting long-term changes in initial recall and learning, as measured from growth models and by characterization of the impact of memory training on these components. Results reveal that memory training delays the worsening of memory span and boosts learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alden L Gross
- Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts 02131, USA.
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Cognitive interventions in healthy older adults and people with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:263-75. [PMID: 22841936 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Given that the research area of cognitive intervention studies in the aging population is growing rapidly, it is important to review and gauge more recent intervention studies, in order to determine the evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive interventions. The purpose of the present review was to update the recent systematic reviews of Papp et al. (2009) and Martin et al. (2011), to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive interventions in healthy older adults and people with MCI, by taking into account the methodological quality of the interventions studies. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCT) and clinical studies published between August 2007 and February 2012 in Pubmed and PsychINFO was performed. The quality of the included RCTs was assessed according to the CONSORT criteria for RCTs. A total of thirty-five studies were included; twenty-seven RTCs and eight clinical studies. The content of the intervention studies differed widely, as did the methodological quality of the included RCTs, but was considerably low with an average of 44% of the Consort items included. The results show evidence that cognitive training can be effective in improving various aspects of objective cognitive functioning; memory performance, executive functioning, processing speed, attention, fluid intelligence, and subjective cognitive performance. However, the issue whether the effects of cognitive interventions generalize to improvement in everyday life activities is still unresolved and needs to be addressed more explicitly in future research.
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Rebok GW, Langbaum JBS, Jones RN, Gross AL, Parisi JM, Spira AP, Kueider AM, Petras H, Brandt J. Memory training in the ACTIVE study: how much is needed and who benefits? J Aging Health 2012; 25:21S-42S. [PMID: 23103452 DOI: 10.1177/0898264312461937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHOD Data from the memory training arm (n = 629) of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) trial were examined to characterize change in memory performance through 5 years of follow-up as a function of memory training, booster training, adherence to training, and other characteristics. RESULTS Latent growth model analyses revealed that memory training was associated with improved memory performance through Year 5 but that neither booster training nor training adherence significantly influenced this effect. Baseline age was associated with change in memory performance attributable to the passage of time alone (i.e., to aging). Higher education and better self-rated health were associated with greater change in memory performance after training. DISCUSSION These findings confirm that memory training can aid in maintaining long-term improvements in memory performance. Booster training and adherence to training do not appear to attenuate rates of normal age-related memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- George W Rebok
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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West RL. A commentary on historical and innovative approaches to memory intervention for older adults. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Carretti B, Borella E, Zavagnin M, De Beni R. Impact of metacognition and motivation on the efficacy of strategic memory training in older adults: analysis of specific, transfer and maintenance effects. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2010; 52:e192-7. [PMID: 21126778 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines the contribution of a number of metacognitive and motivational variables in explaining specific, transfer and maintenance effects of a strategic memory training program, based on the use of mental imagery, in older adults. Participants were assessed before and after the training (immediately post-test, and at 3- and 6-month follow-up) on list recall (criterion) and working memory (transfer) tasks. At the pre-test, metacognition (use of strategies, belief about memory, control on memory) and motivational measures (cognitive engagement, self-efficacy) were also collected. The training produced a benefit in both the criterion and transfer tasks, which was maintained at follow-up. Some of the metacognitive and motivational measures, over and above the level of performance obtained at pre-test, predicted the gains in the objective memory measures. The findings confirmed the importance of considering the role of metacognitive attitudes of older adults in memory training activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Carretti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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