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Schmidt-Kassow M, Kaiser J. The brain in motion-cognitive effects of simultaneous motor activity. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1127310. [PMID: 37304529 PMCID: PMC10248180 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1127310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last 30 years, a large number of behavioral studies have investigated the effect of simultaneous exercise on cognitive functions. The heterogeneity of the results has been attributed to different parameters, such as intensity or modality of physical activity, and the investigated cognitive processes. More recent methodological improvements have enabled to record electroencephalography (EEG) during physical exercise. EEG studies combining cognitive tasks with exercise have described predominantly detrimental effects on cognitive processes and EEG parameters. However, differences in the underlying rationale and the design of EEG versus behavioral studies make direct comparisons between both types of studies difficult. In this narrative review of dual-task experiments we evaluated behavioral and EEG studies and discuss possible explanations for the heterogeneity of results and for the discrepancy between behavioral and EEG studies. Furthermore, we provide a proposal for future EEG studies on simultaneous motion to be a useful complement to behavioral studies. A crucial factor might be to find for each cognitive function the motor activity that matches this function in terms of attentional focus. This hypothesis should be investigated systematically in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Schmidt-Kassow
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jochen Kaiser
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Sudo M, Costello JT, McMorris T, Ando S. The effects of acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive performance: A structured narrative review. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:957677. [PMID: 36212191 PMCID: PMC9538359 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.957677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that acute moderate-intensity exercise improves cognitive performance. However, the effects of acute high-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive performance have not been well characterized. In this review, we summarize the literature investigating the exercise-cognition interaction, especially focusing on high-intensity aerobic exercise. We discuss methodological and physiological factors that potentially mediate cognitive performance in response to high-intensity exercise. We propose that the effects of high-intensity exercise on cognitive performance are primarily affected by the timing of cognitive task (during vs. after exercise, and the time delay after exercise). In particular, cognitive performance is more likely to be impaired during high-intensity exercise when both cognitive and physiological demands are high and completed simultaneously (i.e., the dual-task paradigm). The effects may also be affected by the type of cognitive task, physical fitness, exercise mode/duration, and age. Second, we suggest that interactions between changes in regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygenation, cerebral metabolism, neuromodulation by neurotransmitters/neurotrophic factors, and a variety of psychological factors are promising candidates that determine cognitive performance in response to acute high-intensity exercise. The present review has implications for recreational, sporting, and occupational activities where high cognitive and physiological demands are required to be completed concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Sudo
- Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mizuki Sudo,
| | - Joseph T. Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Terry McMorris
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
- Soichi Ando,
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3
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Cantelon JA, Giles GE. A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise. Front Psychol 2022; 12:653158. [PMID: 34975602 PMCID: PMC8716584 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of work has investigated the effects of acute, or single bouts of, aerobic exercise on cognitive function. However, review of this research has largely focused on changes following exercise, with less focus on cognitive changes during exercise. The purpose of this review is to discuss the critical characteristics of this literature to date, including: (1) what has been done, (2) what has been found, and (3) what is next. Furthermore, previous meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated there is a small positive effect on cognition when measured during exercise, with executive functions showing the largest effects. However, these reviews group executive functions together. Here we explore how inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility are individually impacted by factors such as exercise intensity or duration. Searches of electronic databases and reference lists from relevant studies resulted in 73 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were grouped by executive and non-executive cognitive domains, intensity and duration of exercise bouts. Within the executive domain, we found that effects on working memory and cognitive flexibility remain mixed, effects on inhibition are clearer. Moderate intensity exercise improves response time, vigorous intensity impairs accuracy. Moderate to vigorous intensity improves response time across non-executive domains of attention, motor speed and information processing, with no significant effects on accuracy. Memory processes are consistently improved during exercise. Effects of exercise duration on response time and accuracy are nuanced and vary by cognitive domain. Studies typically explore durations of 45 min or less, extended exercise durations remain largely unexplored. We highlight factors to consider when assessing exercise-cognition relationships, as well as current gaps and future directions for work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Cantelon
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Grace E Giles
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, MA, United States.,Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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Qiu F, Peng W, Li M, Zhang L, Zhu H, Tan X, Li H, Zhang J. Effects of physical exercise on negative emotional susceptibility in young adult females: An event-related potential study. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146382. [PMID: 31419427 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether habitual physical exercise can regulate susceptibility to negative emotions in young adult female participants. Female participants with and without long-term physical exercise habits were recruited and assigned to exercise and non-exercise groups, respectively. All participants performed a standard/deviant distinction task in which the emotional valence of the deviants could be highly negative (HN), moderately negative (MN), or neutral. Event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by deviants were recorded and compared between the two groups. Regardless of the emotional valence of the deviants, the exercise group exhibited shorter reaction times (RTs) and greater parietal P3 responses to all deviants, compared to the non-exercise group, consistent with a superiority in detecting and responding to deviants. Importantly, whereas the non-exercise group showed greater frontal-central N2 responses to MN deviant stimuli than to neutral deviant stimuli, such a difference was not observed in the exercise group, indicating that the participants who exercised regularly had decreased attentional capture and allocation to MN deviants, and thus an apparent decreased negative emotional susceptibility selectively to moderately negative emotional stimuli. These results may indicate an effect of physical exercise on the processing of negative emotional information and support the promotion of physical exercise in the maintenance of mental health in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weiwei Peng
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Manman Li
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lanlan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- School of Physical Education and Coaching, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Center for Language and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Blakely MJ, Kemp S, Helton WS. Volitional Running and Tone Counting: The Impact of Cognitive Load on Running Over Natural Terrain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/21577323.2015.1055864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Physical activity, pain responses to heat stimuli, and conditioned pain modulation in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2015; 22:816-25. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Balcetis E. Approach and Avoidance as Organizing Structures for Motivated Distance Perception. EMOTION REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073915586225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging demonstrations of the malleability of distance perception in affective situations require an organizing structure. These effects can be predicted by approach and avoidance orientation. Approach reduces perceptions of distance; avoidance exaggerates perceptions of distance. Moreover, hedonic valence, motivational intensity, and perceiver arousal cannot alone serve as organizing principles. Organizing the literature based on approach and avoidance can reconcile seeming inconsistent effects in the literature, and offers these motives as psychological mechanisms by which affective situations predict perceptions of distance. Moreover, this perspective complements functional models of perception claiming perceptions of distance serve adaptive responding, and in so doing suggests why perceptions of distance respond to affective situations. This review contributes to the building of a broader theory of motivated distance perception.
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Dual-task interference between climbing and a simulated communication task. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1367-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cole S, Balcetis E, Dunning D. Affective signals of threat increase perceived proximity. Psychol Sci 2012; 24:34-40. [PMID: 23160204 DOI: 10.1177/0956797612446953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Do stimuli appear to be closer when they are more threatening? We tested people's perceptions of distance to stimuli that they felt were threatening relative to perceptions of stimuli they felt were disgusting or neutral. Two studies demonstrated that stimuli that emitted affective signals of threat (e.g., an aggressive male student) were seen as physically closer than stimuli that emitted affective signals of disgust (e.g., a repulsive male student) or no affective signal. Even after controlling for the direct effects of physiological arousal, object familiarity, and intensity of the negative emotional reaction, we found that threatening stimuli appeared to be physically closer than did disgusting ones (Study 2). These findings highlight the links among biased perception, action regulation, and successful navigation of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Cole
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Response speed as an individual difference: Its role in moderating the agreeableness–anger relationship. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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