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Lin D, Zhu T, Wang Y. Emotion contagion and physiological synchrony: The more intimate relationships, the more contagion of positive emotions. Physiol Behav 2024; 275:114434. [PMID: 38092069 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to explore how interpersonal closeness (friends vs. strangers) and emotion type (positive vs. negative) influenced emotion contagion and physiological synchrony between interacting partners. Twenty-eight friend dyads (n = 56) and 29 stranger dyads (n = 58) participated in an emotion contagion laboratory task. In each dyad, one participant, the 'sender', was randomly asked to watch a film clip (neutral, positive, or negative), while their partner, the 'observer' passively observed the sender's facial expressions. Participants' electrocardiograms (ECG) and facial electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded using the BIOPAC system. Results revealed that observing the sender's facial expressions led to the observer's spontaneous mimicry and emotional contagion, accompanied by enhanced physiological synchrony between interacting partners. In the positive emotion condition, the observers reported more positive emotions and displayed stronger zygomaticus major activity in friend dyads than in stranger dyads. Greater physiological synchrony (heart rate and heart rate variability) between interacting partners was also observed in friend dyads than in stranger dyads in the positive emotion condition. These results indicate that positive emotion contagion is more likely to occur between close partners than negative emotion contagion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichun Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongtong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Vanwoerden S, Silk JS, Forbes EE, Morgan JK. Current maternal depression associated with worsened children's social outcomes during middle childhood: Exploring the role of positive affect socialization. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:59-69. [PMID: 37865344 PMCID: PMC10872725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal depression negatively predicts aspects of the mother-child relationship and social functioning in offspring. This study evaluated interrelations between mothers' depression history and current severity with dynamic indices of positive affect socialization and indices of offspring' social outcomes. METHODS N = 66 mother-child dyads in which approximately 50 % of mothers had a history of maternal depression were recruited. Children were 6-8 years old and 47.7 % male. Dyads completed a positive interaction task, which was coded for mother and child positive affect. Mothers and children reported on peer functioning and social problems and children reported on the quality of their best friendships at 1-year follow-up. RESULTS Current level of maternal depression, but not depression history, was related to more social problems and lower best friend relationship quality. Indices of positive affect socialization were not related to history or current levels of maternal depression, or social outcomes, with the exception of maternal depression history predicting greater likelihood of mothers joining their children in expressing positive affect. Exploratory, supplementary analysis revealed that this may be due to treatment history among these mothers. LIMITATIONS Conclusions should be tempered by the small sample size, which limited the types of analyses that were conducted. CONCLUSION Results suggest that the effect of maternal depression on aspects of child social outcomes could be specific to current levels. Our data also did not support previously found associations between maternal depression and positive affect socialization. Results suggest positive implications for the effect of treatment for maternal depression for mother-child dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Vanwoerden
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America.
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, United States of America
| | - Erika E Forbes
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
| | - Judith K Morgan
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychiatry, United States of America
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3
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Capraz YZ, Konrad K, Reindl V. Concurrent and lagged physiological synchrony during mother-child interaction and their relationship to positive affect in 8- to 10-year-old children. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17744. [PMID: 37853034 PMCID: PMC10584844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mother-child interaction has been characterized by a fine-tuning of behavior and physiological activity. Yet, little is known about the dynamics of mother-child physiological synchrony during early school age and their associations to positive affect. To investigate these processes, 42 mother-child dyads, with children aged 8 to 10 years, played an interactive game while their interbeat intervals (IBI) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were measured simultaneously. IBI/RSA synchrony was calculated using cross-correlations of the IBI/RSA second-by-second time series for lags - 3 to + 3 seconds. Mother's and child's individual and shared positive affect were microcoded. During the interactive tasks, IBI and RSA synchrony significantly increased compared to control conditions. RSA and affect synchrony were significantly stronger for negative compared to positive lags indicating a stronger child leads/mother follows covariation. Further, dyad's IBI and RSA synchrony were significantly associated to mother's and child's individual positive affect. Our data suggest that in low-risk community samples, mothers may respond to their children's positive affect by matching their own affect and physiology. Investigating these temporally precise, concurrent and lagged synchrony processes may open up new avenues for understanding the ways in which parent-child interactions contribute to child developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Zehra Capraz
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, RWTH Aachen & Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Reindl
- Child Neuropsychology Section, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
- JARA-Brain Institute II, Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, RWTH Aachen & Research Centre Juelich, Juelich, Germany.
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, S639818, Republic of Singapore.
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Tsotsi S, Borelli JL, Backer M, Veragoo N, Abdulla N, Tan KH, Chong YS, Chen H, Meaney MJ, Broekman B, Rifkin-Graboi A. Preschoolers' emotion reactivity and regulation: Links with maternal psychological distress and child behavior problems. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1079-1091. [PMID: 34779373 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive offspring emotion regulation has been identified as one pathway linking maternal and child psychological well-being in school-aged children. Whether such a pathway is present earlier in life still remains unclear. The present study investigated the role of preschoolers' emotion reactivity and regulation in the association between maternal psychological distress and child internalizing and externalizing problems. Children's emotion reactivity and regulation were assessed through both observed behavior and physiology. At 42 months of age, children (n = 251; 128 girls) completed a fear induction task during which their heart-rate variability was assessed and their behavior was monitored, and maternal self-reports on depressive mood and anxiety were collected. At 48 months mothers and fathers reported on their children's internalizing and externalizing problems. Higher maternal depressive mood was associated with lower child fear-related reactivity and regulation, as indexed by heart-rate variability. The latter mediated the association between higher maternal depressive mood and higher preschoolers' externalizing problems. Overall, our findings support the role of preschoolers' emotion reactivity and regulation in the relationship between maternal psychological distress and children's socio-emotional difficulties. This role may also depend on the discrete emotion to which children react or seek to regulate as, here, we only assessed fear-related reactivity and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Tsotsi
- 1PROMENTA Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jessica L Borelli
- 2Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, School of Social Ecologgy, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Mumtaz Backer
- 3Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Noraini Veragoo
- 3Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurshuhadah Abdulla
- 3Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- 4Department of Psychological Medicine, Kandang Kerbau Women and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- 3Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- 5Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Helen Chen
- 4Department of Psychological Medicine, Kandang Kerbau Women and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- 6Faculty of Pediatrics, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael J Meaney
- 7Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Birit Broekman
- 8Department of Psychiatry, OLVG and Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- 9Centre for Research in Child Development, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Hale ME, Morrow KE, George AM, Gayer A, Caughy MO, Suveg C. Maternal negative affect moderates behavioral and physiological synchrony in Latinx and Black mother-child dyads. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22394. [PMID: 37338257 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Positive behavioral synchrony (PBS) between mothers and children involves the bidirectional exchange of verbal and nonverbal communication. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) synchrony reflects the concordance between mother-child physiological states. Both PBS and RSA synchrony can be undermined by psychopathology symptoms. Latinx and Black families may experience contextual stressors that contribute to heightened symptoms of psychopathology, yet minimal research has examined relations between psychopathology symptoms with PBS and RSA synchrony in these families. The present study assessed associations between maternal depressive and child internalizing symptoms, mother and child negative affect (NA), and PBS and RSA synchrony in a sample of 100 Latina and Black mothers (Mage = 34.48 years, SD = 6.39 years) and their children (Mage = 6.83 years, SD = 1.50 years). Dyads engaged in a video-recorded stress task where RSA was collected continuously. Videos were later coded for PBS and mother and child NA. Mothers reported on their depressive and child's internalizing symptoms. Maternal NA was associated with weak PBS and negative RSA synchrony. Neither depressive and internalizing symptoms nor child NA were associated with PBS or RSA synchrony. Results highlight the potency of maternal NA on behavioral and physiological synchrony in Latinx and Black families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Hale
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kayley E Morrow
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea M George
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amy Gayer
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Margaret O Caughy
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia Suveg
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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6
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Burkhouse KL, Kujawa A. Annual Research Review: Emotion processing in offspring of mothers with depression diagnoses - a systematic review of neural and physiological research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:583-607. [PMID: 36511171 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theories of the intergenerational transmission of depression emphasize alterations in emotion processing among offspring of depressed mothers as a key risk mechanism, raising questions about biological processes contributing to these alterations. The objective of this systematic annual research review was to examine and integrate studies of the associations between maternal depression diagnoses and offspring's emotion processing from birth through adolescence across biological measures including autonomic psychophysiology, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), event-related potentials (ERP), and structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 standards. A systematic search was conducted in PsycInfo and PubMed in 2022 for studies that included, 1) mothers with and without DSM-defined depressive disorders assessed via a clinical or diagnostic interview, and 2) measures of offspring emotion processing assessed at the psychophysiological or neural level between birth and 18 years of age. RESULTS Findings from 64 studies indicated that young offspring of mothers with depression histories exhibit heightened corticolimbic activation to negative emotional stimuli, reduced left frontal brain activation, and reduced ERP and mesocorticolimbic responses to reward cues compared to offspring of never-depressed mothers. Further, activation of resting-state networks involved in affective processing differentiate offspring of depressed relative to nondepressed mothers. Some of these alterations were only apparent among youth of depressed mothers exposed to negative environmental contexts or exhibiting current emotional problems. Further, some of these patterns were observable in infancy, reflecting very early emerging vulnerabilities. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provides evidence that maternal depression is associated with alterations in emotion processing across several biological units of analysis in offspring. We present a preliminary conceptual model of the role of deficient emotion processing in pathways from maternal depression to offspring psychopathology and discuss future research avenues addressing limitations of the existing research and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Burkhouse
- The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Autumn Kujawa
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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James KM, Balderrama-Durbin C, Kobezak HM, Recchia N, Foster CE, Gibb BE. Dynamics of Affective Reactivity during Mother-Daughter Interactions: The Impact of Adolescent Non-Suicidal Self-Injury. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:597-611. [PMID: 36607473 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-01011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is an alarming public health concern that is particularly widespread among adolescents. The current study examined affective responses during mother-daughter interactions in adolescent girls with and without a history of NSSI. Participants were 60 girls aged 13-17 with (n = 27) and without (n = 33) a history of NSSI and their mothers. Adolescents and their mothers completed two interaction tasks: one positive and one negative. During these interactions, facial affect was assessed via electromyography (EMG). Results of Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling (APIM) revealed several intra- and interpersonal disruptions in affect during both tasks among dyads in which the adolescent had an NSSI history. Findings suggest deficits in both self- and co-regulation of facial affect during mother-daughter interactions involving dyads in which the adolescents reports NSSI. Ultimately, if replicated and extended in longitudinal research, these disruptions may prove to be promising targets of intervention to reduce risk for future NSSI in adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera M James
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | | | - Holly M Kobezak
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Nicolette Recchia
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Claire E Foster
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Brandon E Gibb
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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8
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Nelson BW, Sheeber L, Pfeifer JH, Allen NB. Affective and Autonomic Reactivity During Parent-Child Interactions in Depressed and Non-Depressed Mothers and Their Adolescent Offspring. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1513-1526. [PMID: 34142271 PMCID: PMC8483768 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression presents risks that are profound and intergenerational, yet research on the association of depression with the physiological processes that might be associated with impaired mental and physical health has only recently been contextualized within the family environment. Participants in this multi-method case-control study were 180 mother-adolescent dyads (50% mothers with a history of depression treatment and current depressive symptoms). In order to examine the association between maternal depression and affective and autonomic reactivity amongst these mothers and their adolescent offspring we collected self-reported measures of positive and negative affect, as well as measures of cardiovascular and electrodermal autonomic activity, during mother-adolescent interaction tasks. Findings indicated that depressed mothers and their adolescent offspring exhibited greater self-reported negative affect reactivity during a problem-solving interaction and blunted (i.e., low) sympathetic activity as measured via skin conductance level across both interaction tasks. These effects remained significant after controlling for a range of potential covariates, including medication use, sex, age, adolescents own mental health symptoms, and behavior of the other interactant, along with correcting for multiple comparisons. Findings indicate that depressed mothers and their adolescent offspring both exhibit patterns of affect and physiology during interactions that are different from those of non-depressed mothers and their offspring, including increased negative affect reactivity during negative interactions and blunted sympathetic activity across both positive and negative interactions. These findings have potential implications for understanding the role of family processes in the intergenerational transmission of risk for depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Nelson
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, USA.
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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9
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Maternal Depression and Mother-Child Oxytocin Synchrony in Youth with Anxiety Disorders. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:381-392. [PMID: 33403493 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00744-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) plays a central role in the regulation of affiliative bonds and anxiety. However, the degree to which its levels are synchronized between interaction partners has not yet been assessed. Physiological synchrony assessed using other peripheral measures (e.g., heart rate, etc.) has been tied to positive outcomes for the individual and the dyad. The present study examined OT synchrony in the context of child anxiety and maternal depression by examining mother-child dyads. Mothers and their children with anxiety disorders participated in a behavioral interaction task. Changes in OT levels and mother-child OT synchrony before and after the interaction, as well as their moderation by maternal depression, were assessed. Ninety-eight youth with anxiety disorders (ages 10 to 17) and their mothers underwent psychiatric evaluation, and mothers rated their own depressive symptoms and their children's behavior problems. Salivary OT was assayed from mother and child before and after the task. Behavioral coding showed that interactions were characterized by high behavioral synchrony between mothers and their children, and both individuals displayed higher levels of positive vs. negative affect during the interactions. Mothers and their children also showed decreases in OT levels after the interaction. As hypothesized, OT synchrony increased following the task, but only dyads in which mothers showed high levels of depressive symptoms showed this increase. As hypothesized, lower levels of OT-synchrony were associated with higher levels of child internalizing symptoms. The findings suggest that positive interactions may be beneficial for youth with anxiety disorders with mothers with depression.
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Cosgrove KT, Kerr KL, Aupperle RL, Ratliff EL, DeVille DC, Silk JS, Burrows K, Moore AJ, Antonacci C, Misaki M, Tapert SF, Bodurka J, Simmons WK, Morris AS. Always on my mind: Cross-brain associations of mental health symptoms during simultaneous parent-child scanning. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100729. [PMID: 31766006 PMCID: PMC6934088 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
How parents manifest symptoms of anxiety or depression may affect how children learn to modulate their own distress, thereby influencing the children's risk for developing an anxiety or mood disorder. Conversely, children's mental health symptoms may impact parents' experiences of negative emotions. Therefore, mental health symptoms can have bidirectional effects in parent-child relationships, particularly during moments of distress or frustration (e.g., when a parent or child makes a costly mistake). The present study used simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of parent-adolescent dyads to examine how brain activity when responding to each other's costly errors (i.e., dyadic error processing) may be associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. While undergoing simultaneous fMRI scans, healthy dyads completed a task involving feigned errors that indicated their family member made a costly mistake. Inter-brain, random-effects multivariate modeling revealed that parents who exhibited decreased medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex activation when viewing their child's costly error response had children with more symptoms of depression and anxiety. Adolescents with increased anterior insula activation when viewing a costly error made by their parent had more anxious parents. These results reveal cross-brain associations between mental health symptomatology and brain activity during parent-child dyadic error processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly T Cosgrove
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK 74104, United States.
| | - Kara L Kerr
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Oklahoma State University - Tulsa, 700 N. Greenwood Ave., Tulsa, OK 74106, United States
| | - Robin L Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States; School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK 74104, United States
| | - Erin L Ratliff
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Oklahoma State University - Tulsa, 700 N. Greenwood Ave., Tulsa, OK 74106, United States
| | - Danielle C DeVille
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK 74104, United States
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Kaiping Burrows
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States
| | - Andrew J Moore
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States
| | - Chase Antonacci
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States
| | - Masaya Misaki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States
| | - Susan F Tapert
- School of Medicine, University of California - San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States; Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, 110 W. Boyd, Norman, OK 73019, United States
| | - W Kyle Simmons
- Janssen Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Amanda Sheffield Morris
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States; Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Oklahoma State University - Tulsa, 700 N. Greenwood Ave., Tulsa, OK 74106, United States
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