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Adams C, Gringart E, Strobel N. Explaining adults' mental health help-seeking through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: a scoping review. Syst Rev 2022; 11:160. [PMID: 35945633 PMCID: PMC9361557 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-022-02034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence-based efficacy, mental health services are underutilized due to low rates of help-seeking, leaving unmet mental health needs a global concern. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been applied to understand the help-seeking process and in the development of behavior change interventions. The aim of this scoping review was to map the literature on the TPB as applied to mental health help-seeking in adults aged >18 years. METHODS This scoping review was conducted based on the methodology presented by Arksey and O'Malley (2005). Six databases (CINAHL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, ProQuest Health and Medicine, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Web of Science) and two grey literature sources (OpenGrey, Google Scholar) were systematically searched in February 2018 and updated in March 2020. Studies that explicitly discussed the TPB in the context of mental health help-seeking were initially selected; only studies that explored formal help-seeking for mental health problems and were published in English were retained. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel. RESULTS Initially, 8898 records were identified. Of these, 49 met the selection criteria and were included: 32 were journal articles and 17 were theses. Forty-three papers reported on non-intervention studies and seven articles reported on TPB-based interventions. Most studies (n = 39) identified predictors of help-seeking intentions. Attitudes and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of intentions in 35 and 34 studies, respectively. Subjective norms were a significant predictor of intentions in 23 studies. Few studies aimed to predict help-seeking behavior (n = 8). Intentions and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of behavior in seven and six studies, respectively. Only six TPB-based interventions were identified, all used digital technology to influence help-seeking, with mixed results. CONCLUSIONS The present scoping review identified a considerable evidence base on the TPB for predicting mental health help-seeking intentions. Attitudes and perceived behavioral control were frequently found to be significant predictors of help-seeking intentions. Knowledge on the TPB for predicting mental health help-seeking behavior, and on TPB-based interventions, is limited. Thus, the role of the TPB in developing help-seeking interventions remains unclear. Recommendations are presented to address such research gaps and inform policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Adams
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, 6027, Australia. .,Kurongkurl Katitjin, Edith Cowan University, 2 Bradford Street, Mount Lawley, Western Australia, 6050, Australia.
| | - Eyal Gringart
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, Western Australia, 6027, Australia
| | - Natalie Strobel
- Kurongkurl Katitjin, Edith Cowan University, 2 Bradford Street, Mount Lawley, Western Australia, 6050, Australia
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Ricciardelli R, Andres E, Mitchell MM, Quirion B, Groll D, Adorjan M, Siqueira Cassiano M, Shewmake J, Herzog-Evans M, Moran D, Spencer DC, Genest C, Czarnuch S, Gacek J, Heidi C, Maier K, Phoenix J, Weinrath M, MacDermid J, McKinnon M, Haynes S, Arnold H, Turner J, Eriksson A, Heber A, Anderson G, MacPhee R, Carleton N. CCWORK protocol: a longitudinal study of Canadian Correctional Workers' Well-being, Organizations, Roles and Knowledge. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052739. [PMID: 34880021 PMCID: PMC8655341 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knowledge about the factors that contribute to the correctional officer's (CO) mental health and well-being, or best practices for improving the mental health and well-being of COs, have been hampered by the dearth of rigorous longitudinal studies. In the current protocol, we share the approach used in the Canadian Correctional Workers' Well-being, Organizations, Roles and Knowledge study (CCWORK), designed to investigate several determinants of health and well-being among COs working in Canada's federal prison system. METHODS AND ANALYSIS CCWORK is a multiyear longitudinal cohort design (2018-2023, with a 5-year renewal) to study 500 COs working in 43 Canadian federal prisons. We use quantitative and qualitative data collection instruments (ie, surveys, interviews and clinical assessments) to assess participants' mental health, correctional work experiences, correctional training experiences, views and perceptions of prison and prisoners, and career aspirations. Our baseline instruments comprise two surveys, one interview and a clinical assessment, which we administer when participants are still recruits in training. Our follow-up instruments refer to a survey, an interview and a clinical assessment, which are conducted yearly when participants have become COs, that is, in annual 'waves'. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION CCWORK has received approval from the Research Ethics Board of the Memorial University of Newfoundland (File No. 20190481). Participation is voluntary, and we will keep all responses confidential. We will disseminate our research findings through presentations, meetings and publications (e.g., journal articles and reports). Among CCWORK's expected scientific contributions, we highlight a detailed view of the operational, organizational and environmental stressors impacting CO mental health and well-being, and recommendations to prison administrators for improving CO well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Ricciardelli
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Andres
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Meghan M Mitchell
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bastien Quirion
- Department of Criminology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane Groll
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Adorjan
- Department of Sociology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - James Shewmake
- Department of Sociology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | | | - Dominique Moran
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dale C Spencer
- Department of Law and Legal Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine Genest
- Faculty of Nursing, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen Czarnuch
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science; Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - James Gacek
- Department of Justice Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cramm Heidi
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katharina Maier
- Department of Justice Studies, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jo Phoenix
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Michael Weinrath
- Department of Justice Studies, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Joy MacDermid
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret McKinnon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences/McMaster Integrative Neuroscience Discovery and Study (MINDS), McMaster University/St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacy Haynes
- Department of Sociology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Helen Arnold
- School of Law, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Jennifer Turner
- Institute for Social Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universitat Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Anna Eriksson
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Gregory Anderson
- Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Renee MacPhee
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Carleton
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canda
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Fikretoglu D, Liu A, Nazarov A, Blackler K. A group randomized control trial to test the efficacy of the Road to Mental Readiness (R2MR) program among Canadian military recruits. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:326. [PMID: 31664960 PMCID: PMC6819517 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increased interest in workplace mental health interventions, the evidence for beneficial effects is mixed. Furthermore, many existing studies lack methodological rigor. We report results from a group randomized control trial to test the efficacy of a vastly popular intervention in Canada, the Road to Mental Readiness (R2MR) program, which has been widely disseminated in military, first responder, and civilian settings. METHODS The trial took place among Canadian Armed Forces military recruits completing their basic military qualification (BMQ) training, and randomized 65 platoons (N = 2831) into either (a) an Intervention (R2MR at week 2 of BMQ), or (b) a delayed Intervention Control (R2MR at week 9 of BMQ) condition. The principal investigator, participants, and data collection staff were blinded to platoon condition. Individual-level psychological functioning, resilience, mental health service use attitudes, intentions, and behaviours, and additional covariates were assessed with questionnaires around week 2 (a day or two before Intervention platoons received R2MR), at week 5, and at week 9 (a day or two before the Control platoons received R2MR). Military performance outcomes were obtained from administrative databases. RESULTS The full trial results were mixed; for some outcomes (psychological functioning, resilience, and military performance), we saw no evidence of beneficial effects; where we did see benefits (mental health service use attitudes, intentions, behaviours), the effects were very small, or disappeared over time. Analyses among two subsamples (Group 1: Intervention platoons with a Fidelity Check and their Controls, and Group 2: Intervention platoons without Fidelity Check and their Controls) indicated that for some outcomes (attitudes and help-seeking), under high fidelity conditions, the beneficial effects of R2MR were increased and better sustained; Conversely, under poor fidelity conditions, decreased beneficial effects or even iatrogenic effects were observed. Analyses across three training divisions indicated the larger organizational climate further influences efficacy. CONCLUSIONS Our findings paint a very complex picture in which it is made evident that sensible, evidence-informed workplace mental health interventions such as R2MR may work under high fidelity conditions, but may yield no discernable benefit or even inadvertent iatrogenic effects if implemented poorly or without sufficient consideration to the larger organizational context. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN 52557050 Registered 13 October 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Fikretoglu
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Toronto Research Centre, 1133 Sheppard Ave West, Toronto, Ontario, M3K 2C9, Canada.
| | - Aihua Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anthony Nazarov
- The MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Parkwood Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care London, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristen Blackler
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Toronto Research Centre, 1133 Sheppard Ave West, Toronto, Ontario, M3K 2C9, Canada
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