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Pryor JB, Stutterheim SE, Lemmens LHJM. The relationships of sexually harassing behaviors to organizational context factors and working men's dark personality traits. Aggress Behav 2024; 50:e22142. [PMID: 38450835 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This research examined the roles of organization contexts factors and dark personality traits in men's (N = 600) self-reports of sexually harassing behaviors toward women in the workplace. Four organization context factors (a permissive climate, a masculinized job/gender context, male/female contact, and Masculinity Contest Culture [MCC] Norms) and four dark personality traits (psychopathy, narcissism, Machiavellianism, and sadism) were examined. While only one organizational context factor, MCC Norms correlated with men's admissions of sexually harassing behaviors at work, all four dark personality traits evidenced significant correlations. In a multiple regression analysis, MCC Norms emerged again as the single organizational context predictor and psychopathy as the single personality predictor of men's admissions of sexually harassing behaviors at work. Moderation analyses showed that a masculinized job/gender context interacted with psychopathy to produce more admissions of sexually harassing behaviors. Mediation analyses showed that psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism had indirect relationships with admissions of sexually harassing behaviors through MCC Norms. Higher levels on these traits were related to higher levels of these workplace norms which, in turn, predicted more admissions of sexually harassing behavior. This research sheds new light on how both organizational contexts and enduring personal characteristics of men are related to sexual harassment in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Pryor
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah E Stutterheim
- Department of Health Promotion & Care and Public Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte H J M Lemmens
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Orchowski LM, Oesterle DW, Berry-Cabán CS, Borsari B, Kahler CW, Kazemi DM, Berkowitz AD. An Application of the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression Among Young Adult Male Soldiers. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:8263-8285. [PMID: 36843432 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231153895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence in the U.S. military is a serious concern. Whereas numerous studies document the prevalence of sexual violence among service members, far less research has examined etiological risk factors for sexual aggression perpetration among service members. The present study sought to evaluate the applicability of the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression among a sample of young adult men engaged in active-duty military service within the U.S. Army. Anonymous surveys were completed by 326 male soldiers between the ages of 18 and 24 at a large military installation in the Southeastern region of the United tStates. Men's likelihood to engage in sexual aggression was operationalized as men's perceived likelihood to persist with sexual activity despite a partner's resistance. Aligning with the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression, two composite variables reflecting hostile masculinity and tendency toward impersonal sex were created. A linear regression indicated that the main effects of hostile masculinity and impersonal sex were significantly associated with greater perceived likelihood of sexual aggression perpetration. Results also revealed that while the interaction term between hostile masculinity and impersonal sex was significant, the direction of the relationship suggests that the effect of impersonal sex is weaker at higher levels of hostile masculinity. These findings lend evidence to help identify those at elevated risk for perpetrating sexual aggression, as well as informing programmatic efforts to prevent sexual assault within the military.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Orchowski
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Ray TN, Parkhill MR. Components of Hostile Masculinity and Their Associations With Male-Perpetrated Sexual Aggression Toward Women: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:355-368. [PMID: 34227432 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211030224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hostile masculinity and its components (i.e., sexual dominance, hostility toward women, adversarial sexual beliefs, rape myth acceptance, and acceptance of interpersonal violence) have received considerable research attention as predictors of male-perpetrated sexual aggression toward women. The current systematic review sought to synthesize and organize the extant literature. Studies were included in the systematic review if they were published in a peer-reviewed journal between the years 1990 and 2020, contained a male sample within the United States, analyzed quantitative data, and examined at least one component of hostile masculinity and its association with sexual aggression. Literature searches were conducted in three academic databases, and additional records were identified through references sections from known hostile masculinity research. A total of 95 articles met inclusion criteria and were integrated into the overview of results. The reviewed literature provided broad support for the association between hostile masculinity and sexual aggression, including evidence for the theoretical framework posited by the confluence model of sexual aggression. Prevention efforts are likely to find success by modifying hostile masculine characteristics among men, particularly within problematic environmental contexts. However, the review also highlighted the need for a uniform conceptualization and operational definition of hostile masculinity. Additionally, empirical work with diverse samples is necessary to determine the scope of generalizability and potential subcultural distinctions. Future research that addresses these limitations will contribute to the understanding and prevention of sexual aggression beyond what is provided by the extant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis N Ray
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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Kilpatrick DG, Hahn CK. Understanding and Addressing Alcohol and Sexual Violence: We Have Made Progress but Still Have Miles to Go. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-24426-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Pre-service factors associated with sexual misconduct among male U.S. Marines. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278640. [PMID: 36490284 PMCID: PMC9733839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sexual assault is a prevalent and persistent problem in the military, yet few studies have examined predictors of sexual offenses. The study aim was to determine pre-service factors associated with sexual offense conviction among U.S. Marines. METHODS This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from male active duty U.S. Marines (2003-2018). Pre-service factors were assessed using survey data from the Recruit Assessment Program, obtained prior to recruit training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego, California. These survey data were linked with sexual offense conviction data obtained from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service Consolidated Law Enforcement Operations Center. RESULTS Of the 146,307 participants, the majority were 18-19 years old (66.7%) and non-Hispanic, White (62.1%) with a high school education or less (76.8%); 107 received convictions for a sexual offense. In unadjusted analyses, race and ethnicity, parental education, type of primary caregiver, parental death, family economic status, childhood emotional trauma, childhood physical abuse, childhood sexual abuse, and unprotected sex were associated with a sexual offense conviction. In the final multivariable model, race and ethnicity (American Indian/Alaskan Native, odds ratio [OR]: 5.28, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86-14.98; Hispanic, OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.06-3.18; multiracial/other, OR: 3.28, 95% CI: 1.56-6.89), education (≤ high school, OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.21-5.80), parental death (OR: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.16-4.45), unprotected sex (OR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.03-3.05), and school suspension/expulsion (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.02-2.65) were significant predictors of a subsequent sexual offense conviction. CONCLUSIONS Results underscore the importance of understanding factors associated with sexual offense and highlight the large discrepancy between self-reported estimates of sexual assault and sexual offense convictions. Findings may inform the development of effective strategies to reduce sexual misconduct, such as technology-facilitated programs that provide private, targeted education; supportive assistance; and prevention materials to individuals who may have elevated sexual misconduct risk.
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Moreau C, Duron S, Bedretdinova D, Bohet A, Panjo H, Bajos N, Meynard JB. Mental health consequences of military sexual trauma: results from a national survey in the French military. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:214. [PMID: 35109815 PMCID: PMC8812201 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12545-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military sexual trauma (MST) is a major public health concern, given its prevalence and mental health sequelae. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent among women in the US military, although more cases involve men given their overrepresentation. Little is known about MST and its consequences in other military settings, including in Europe. METHODS This study draws from a national survey in the French military, including 1268 servicemen and 232 servicewomen. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analysis, using simple and multinomial logistic regressions to evaluate the associations between different forms of MST (repeated sexual comments alone/one form of sexual oppression (coercion, repeated verbal unwanted attention or assault)/ several sexual stressors) and symptoms of depression and of positive post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screening scores. RESULTS Women were both more likely to experience MST and to experience more severe forms of MST than men. Women were also more likely than men to report mental health symptoms (31% versus 18% for symptoms of depression and 4.0% versus 1.8% for positive PTSD screening scores). Different forms of MST were associated with different levels of psychological distress. Women reporting repeated sexual comments alone had higher odds of depressive symptoms (OR=3.1 [1.7, 5.5]) relative to women with no MST. Likewise, the odds of depressive symptoms were 6.5 times higher among women and 8.0 times higher among men who experienced several sexual stressors relative to those who reported no MST. We also found higher relative risk of subthreshold PTSD screening scores among women reporting any form of sexual stressor, including sexual comments alone (RRR = 4.5 [2.8, 7.4]) and an elevenfold increase in the relative risk of positive PTSD screen scores (RRR = 11.3 [2.3, 55.6]) among women who experienced several sexual stressors relative to women with no MST. CONCLUSION MST is associated with mental health distress among service members in the French military, especially for women. The heightened risk of MST coupled with psychological sequelae call for preventive programs to reduce MST and for screening programs to provide adequate psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Moreau
- Soins et Santé Primaire, CESP Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, F-94807, Villejuif, France. .,Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Sandrine Duron
- French Military Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Marseille, France.,INSERM, UMR S912, « Economic & Social Sciences for Health and Processing of Medical Information » (SESSTIM), F-13385, Marseille, France
| | - Dina Bedretdinova
- Soins et Santé Primaire, CESP Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Aline Bohet
- Soins et Santé Primaire, CESP Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Henri Panjo
- Soins et Santé Primaire, CESP Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Bajos
- IRIS Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Social Issues Social Sciences Politics Health, U997 Inserm - EHESS, F-93322, Aubervilliers, France
| | - Jean Baptiste Meynard
- French Military Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Marseille, France.,INSERM, UMR S912, « Economic & Social Sciences for Health and Processing of Medical Information » (SESSTIM), F-13385, Marseille, France.,French Military Medical Academy, Ecole du Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
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Gender identification and attitudes toward gay people: Gender and sexuality differences and similarities. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated the existence of gender and sexuality differences in attitudes toward gay people (which in this paper includes both lesbian women and gay men unless specified). However, these studies did not account for people with diverse genders and sexual orientations ascribing different meanings to their gender identification and its potential role in attitudes towards gay people. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between gender identification and attitudes toward gay people among individuals of different genders and sexual orientations. Based on data obtained from 851 Russian respondents, the study reports the exploration of the direct link between two components of gender identification and four components of attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Results indicated that stronger gender identification, in general, was related to more negative attitudes toward both gay men and lesbians. At the same time, compared to women and bisexual respondents, this link was stronger among men and straight participants respectively. A possible explanation via traditional gender ideologies is discussed.
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Skopp NA, Roggenkamp H, Hoyt TV, Major HM, Williams TJ. Army Sexual Harassment/Sexual Assault Response & Prevention Program (SHARP) Tiger Team: A Model to Inform Prevention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21635781.2019.1670763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A. Skopp
- Psychological Health Center of Excellence (PHCoE), Research and Development Dictorate (J-9), Defense Health Agency (DHA), Tacoma, Washington
| | - Hannah Roggenkamp
- Trauma Recovery Services, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Tammy J. Williams
- Madigan Army Medical Center Department of Behavioral Health, JBLM, Tacoma, Washington
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Thomsen CJ, McCone DR, Gallus JA. Conclusion of the special issue on sexual harassment and sexual assault in the US military: What have we learned, and where do we go from here? MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2018.1479551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J. Thomsen
- Military Population Health, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California
| | - David R. McCone
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
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McCone DR, Thomsen CJ, Laurence JH. Introduction to the special issue on sexual harassment and sexual assault in the US military. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2018.1479550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dave R. McCone
- Dept. of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado
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Rosellini AJ, Monahan J, Street AE, Petukhova MV, Sampson NA, Benedek DM, Bliese P, Stein MB, Ursano RJ, Kessler RC. Predicting Sexual Assault Perpetration in the U.S. Army Using Administrative Data. Am J Prev Med 2017; 53:661-669. [PMID: 28818420 PMCID: PMC5683072 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Department of Defense uses a universal prevention framework for sexual assault prevention, with each branch implementing its own branch-wide programs. Intensive interventions exist, but would be cost effective only if targeted at high-risk personnel. This study developed actuarial models to identify male U.S. Army soldiers at high risk of administratively recorded sexual assault perpetration. METHODS This study investigated administratively recorded sexual assault perpetration among the 821,807 male Army soldiers serving 2004-2009. Administrative data were also used to operationalize the predictors. Penalized discrete-time (person-month) survival analysis (conducted in 2016) was used to select the smallest possible number of stable predictors to maximize number of sexual assaults among the 5% of soldiers with highest predicted risk of perpetration (top-ventile concentration of risk). Separate models were developed for assaults against non-family and intra-family adults and minors. RESULTS There were 4,640 male soldiers found to be perpetrators against non-family adults, 1,384 against non-family minors, 380 against intra-family adults, and 335 against intra-family minors. Top-ventile concentration of risk was 16.2%-20.2% predicting perpetration against non-family adults and minors and 34.2%-65.1% against intra-family adults and minors. Final predictors consisted largely of measures of prior crime involvement and the presence and treatment of mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS Administrative data can be used to develop actuarial models that identify a high proportion of sexual assault perpetrators. If a system is developed to consolidate administrative predictors routinely, then predictions could be generated periodically to identify those in need of preventive intervention. Whether this would be cost effective, though, would depend on intervention costs, effectiveness, and competing risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Rosellini
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John Monahan
- School of Law, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Amy E Street
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria V Petukhova
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nancy A Sampson
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M Benedek
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Bliese
- Darla Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Murray B Stein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California; VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Robert J Ursano
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ronald C Kessler
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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