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Vorlová B, Sedlák F, Kašpárek P, Šrámková K, Malý M, Zámečník J, Šácha P, Konvalinka J. A novel PSMA/GCPII-deficient mouse model shows enlarged seminal vesicles upon aging. Prostate 2019; 79:126-139. [PMID: 30256431 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), also known as glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), is an important diagnostic and therapeutic target in prostate cancer. PSMA/GCPII is also expressed in many healthy tissues, but its function has only been established in the brain and small intestine. Several research groups have attempted to produce PSMA/GCPII-deficient mice to study the physiological role of PSMA/GCPII in detail. The outcomes of these studies differ dramatically, ranging from embryonic lethality to production of viable PSMA/GCPII-deficient mice without any obvious phenotype. METHODS We produced PSMA/GCPII-deficient mice (hereafter also referred as Folh1-/- mice) by TALEN-mediated mutagenesis on a C57BL/6NCrl background. Using Western blot and an enzyme activity assay, we confirmed the absence of PSMA/GCPII in our Folh1-/- mice. We performed anatomical and histopathological examination of selected tissues with a focus on urogenital system. We also examined the PSMA/GCPII expression profile within the mouse urogenital system using an enzyme activity assay and confirmed the presence of PSMA/GCPII in selected tissues by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our Folh1-/- mice are viable, breed normally, and do not show any obvious phenotype. Nevertheless, aged Folh1-/- mice of 69-72 weeks exhibit seminal vesicle dilation, which is caused by accumulation of luminal fluid. This phenotype was also observed in Folh1+/- mice; the overall difference between our three cohorts (Folh1-/- , Folh1+/- , and Folh1+/+ ) was highly significant (P < 0.002). Of all studied tissues of the mouse urogenital system, only the epididymis appeared to have a physiologically relevant level of PSMA/GCPII expression. Additional experiments demonstrated that PSMA/GCPII is also present in the human epididymis. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we provide the first evidence characterizing the reproductive tissue phenotype of PSMA/GCPII-deficient mice. These findings will help lay the groundwork for future studies to reveal PSMA/GCPII function in human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Vorlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - František Sedlák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kašpárek
- Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Šrámková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malý
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zámečník
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Šácha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konvalinka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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2
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Kerekes A, Hoffmann OI, Iski G, Lipták N, Gócza E, Kues WA, Bősze Z, Hiripi L. Secretion of a recombinant protein without a signal peptide by the exocrine glands of transgenic rabbits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187214. [PMID: 29077768 PMCID: PMC5659788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic rabbits carrying mammary gland specific gene constructs are extensively used for excreting recombinant proteins into the milk. Here, we report refined phenotyping of previously generated Venus transposon-carrying transgenic rabbits with particular emphasis on the secretion of the reporter protein by exocrine glands, such as mammary, salivary, tear and seminal glands. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon transgenic construct contains the Venus fluorophore cDNA, but without a signal peptide for the secretory pathway, driven by the ubiquitous CAGGS (CAG) promoter. Despite the absence of a signal peptide, the fluorophore protein was readily detected in milk, tear, saliva and seminal fluids. The expression pattern was verified by Western blot analysis. Mammary gland epithelial cells of SB-CAG-Venus transgenic lactating does also showed Venus-specific expression by tissue histology and fluorescence microscopy. In summary, the SB-CAG-Venus transgenic rabbits secrete the recombinant protein by different glands. This finding has relevance not only for the understanding of the biological function of exocrine glands, but also for the design of constructs for expression of recombinant proteins in dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kerekes
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Ivett Hoffmann
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Gergely Iski
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Nándor Lipták
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Elen Gócza
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - Wilfried A. Kues
- Department of Biotechnology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institut für Nutztiergenetik, Mariensee, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Bősze
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
| | - László Hiripi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, NARIC-Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Gödöllö, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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3
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Tonelli FMP, Lacerda SMSN, Tonelli FCP, Costa GMJ, de França LR, Resende RR. Progress and biotechnological prospects in fish transgenesis. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:832-844. [PMID: 28602961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The history of transgenesis is marked by milestones such as the development of cellular transdifferentiation, recombinant DNA, genetic modification of target cells, and finally, the generation of simpler genetically modified organisms (e.g. bacteria and mice). The first transgenic fish was developed in 1984, and since then, continuing technological advancements to improve gene transfer have led to more rapid, accurate, and efficient generation of transgenic animals. Among the established methods are microinjection, electroporation, lipofection, viral vectors, and gene targeting. Here, we review the history of animal transgenesis, with an emphasis on fish, in conjunction with major developments in genetic engineering over the past few decades. Importantly, spermatogonial stem cell modification and transplantation are two common techniques capable of revolutionizing the generation of transgenic fish. Furthermore, we discuss recent progress and future biotechnological prospects of fish transgenesis, which has strong applications for the aquaculture industry. Indeed, some transgenic fish are already available in the current market, validating continued efforts to improve economically important species with biotechnological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M P Tonelli
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular e Nanobiotecnologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Instituto Nanocell, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Samyra M S N Lacerda
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávia C P Tonelli
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular e Nanobiotecnologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M J Costa
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz Renato de França
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Laboratório de Sinalização Celular e Nanobiotecnologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Instituto Nanocell, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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4
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Bertolini LR, Meade H, Lazzarotto CR, Martins LT, Tavares KC, Bertolini M, Murray JD. The transgenic animal platform for biopharmaceutical production. Transgenic Res 2016; 25:329-43. [PMID: 26820414 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-016-9933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant production of therapeutic proteins for human diseases is currently the largest source of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. The market growth has been the driving force on efforts for the development of new therapeutic proteins, in which transgenesis emerges as key component. The use of the transgenic animal platform offers attractive possibilities, residing on the low production costs allied to high productivity and quality of the recombinant proteins. Although many strategies have evolved over the past decades for the generation of transgenic founders, transgenesis in livestock animals generally faces some challenges, mainly due to random transgene integration and control over transgene copy number. But new developments in gene editing with CRISPR/Cas system promises to revolutionize the field for its simplicity and high efficiency. In addition, for the final approval of any given recombinant protein for animal or human use, the production and characterization of bioreactor founders and expression patterns and functionality of the proteins are technical part of the process, which also requires regulatory and administrative decisions, with a large emphasis on biosafety. The approval of two mammary gland-derived recombinant proteins for commercial and clinical use has boosted the interest for more efficient, safer and economic ways to generate transgenic founders to meet the increasing demand for biomedical proteins worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Bertolini
- Department of Pharmacology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUC/RS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - H Meade
- LFB, USA, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - C R Lazzarotto
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - L T Martins
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - K C Tavares
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - M Bertolini
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Lab, Health Sciences Center, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Embryology and Reproductive Biotechnology Lab, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - J D Murray
- Transgenics Lab, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), Davis, CA, USA
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5
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He J, Li X, Luo D, Zhang C, Hu S, Li X. A new animal bioreactor for producing pharmaceutical proteins. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:826-8. [PMID: 25033830 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui He
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Xushuang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Daoshu Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Chaobao Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shuanggang Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiangqi Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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6
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Expression systems and species used for transgenic animal bioreactors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:580463. [PMID: 23586046 PMCID: PMC3613084 DOI: 10.1155/2013/580463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic animal bioreactors can produce therapeutic proteins with high value for pharmaceutical use. In this paper, we compared different systems capable of producing therapeutic proteins (bacteria, mammalian cells, transgenic plants, and transgenic animals) and found that transgenic animals were potentially ideal bioreactors for the synthesis of pharmaceutical protein complexes. Compared with other transgenic animal expression systems (egg white, blood, urine, seminal plasma, and silkworm cocoon), the mammary glands of transgenic animals have enormous potential. Compared with other mammalian species (pig, goat, sheep, and cow) that are currently being studied as bioreactors, rabbits offer many advantages: high fertility, easy generation of transgenic founders and offspring, insensitivity to prion diseases, relatively high milk production, and no transmission of severe diseases to humans. Noticeably, for a small- or medium-sized facility, the rabbit system is ideal to produce up to 50 kg of protein per year, considering both economical and hygienic aspects; rabbits are attractive candidates for the mammary-gland-specific expression of recombinant proteins. We also reviewed recombinant proteins that have been produced by targeted expression in the mammary glands of rabbits and discussed the limitations of transgenic animal bioreactors.
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7
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Lipinski D, Zeyland J, Szalata M, Plawski A, Jarmuz M, Jura J, Korcz A, Smorag Z, Pienkowski M, Slomski R. Expression of human growth hormone in the milk of transgenic rabbits with transgene mapped to the telomere region of chromosome 7q. J Appl Genet 2012; 53:435-42. [PMID: 22898896 PMCID: PMC3477484 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The advent of transgenic technology has provided methods for the production of pharmaceuticals by the isolation of these proteins from transgenic animals. The mammary gland has been focused on as a bioreactor, since milk is easily collected from lactating animals and protein production can be expressed at very high levels, including hormones and enzymes. We demonstrate here the expression pattern of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in transgenic rabbits carrying hGH genomic sequences driven by the rat whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter. The transgene was mapped to the q26-27 telomere region of chromosome 7q by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Nearly 30 % of the F1 generation demonstrated the presence of transgene. The recombinant growth hormone was detected in the milk of the transgenic rabbit females, but not in serum, up to the level of 10 μg/ml. Ectopic expression of the transgene in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, and salivary gland was not observed, indicating that a short sequence of rat WAP promoter (969 bp) contained essential sequences directing expression exclusively to the mammary gland. The biological activity of recombinant growth hormone was measured by immunoreactivity and the capability to stimulate growth of the hormone-dependent Nb211 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lipinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznan, Poland
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8
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The possibilities of practical application of transgenic mammalian species generated by somatic cell cloning in pharmacology, veterinary medicine and xenotransplantology. Pol J Vet Sci 2011; 14:329-40. [DOI: 10.2478/v10181-011-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Rehbinder E, Rehbinder E, Engelhard M, Hagen K, Jørgensen RB, Pardo-Avellaneda R, Schnieke A, Thiele F. The technology of pharming. ETHICS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT 2009. [PMCID: PMC7123008 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-85793-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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The negative effects of exogenous DNA binding on porcine spermatozoa are caused by removal of seminal fluid. Theriogenology 2008; 70:1288-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Swine production has been an important part of our lives since the late Mesolithic or early Neolithic periods, and ranks number one in world meat production. Pig production also contributes to high-value-added medical markets in the form of pharmaceuticals, heart valves, and surgical materials. Genetic engineering, including the addition of exogenous genetic material or manipulation of the endogenous genome, holds great promise for changing pig phenotypes for agricultural and medical applications. Although the first transgenic pigs were described in 1985, poor survival of manipulated embryos; inefficiencies in the integration, transmission, and expression of transgenes; and expensive husbandry costs have impeded the widespread application of pig genetic engineering. Sequencing of the pig genome and advances in reproductive technologies have rejuvenated efforts to apply transgenesis to swine. Pigs provide a compelling new resource for the directed production of pharmaceutical proteins and the provision of cells, vascular grafts, and organs for xenotransplantation. Additionally, given remarkable similarities in the physiology and size of people and pigs, swine will increasingly provide large animal models of human disease where rodent models are insufficient. We review the challenges facing pig transgenesis and discuss the utility of transposases and recombinases for enhancing the success and sophistication of pig genetic engineering. 'The paradise of my fancy is one where pigs have wings.' (GK Chesterton).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Clark
- Department of Animal Science at the University of Minnesota, Fitch Ave, St, Paul, MN 55108, USA
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12
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Kim MO, Kim SH, Lee SR, Shin MJ, Min KS, Lee DB, Lee SW, Kim KS, Kim SJ, Ryoo ZY. Ectopic expression of tethered human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) gene in transgenic mice. Transgenic Res 2006; 16:65-75. [PMID: 17103026 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether the mammary gland can be used to secrete large quantities of a bioactive heterodimeric protein into milk, we used a bovine beta-casein promoter to target and express human follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) in the mammary gland into the milk of transgenic mice. We also identified the effects of hFSH leaked into the bloodstream. Transgenic mice produced a high level (up to 300 mIU/ml) of recombinant hFSH in the mammary gland. Human FSH was expressed in the mammary gland and brain, as determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. In vitro bioactivity was also identified by cyclic AMP (cAMP) assay. The highest activity was showed in the transgenic mice line 11. However, hFSH leaked into the bloodstream was a powerful factor in the generation of breast and ovarian tumors from the transgenic mice line 11. These results suggest that change of endogenous hormones (FSH and progesterone) may affect the morphology and blood cell counts of peripheral blood and, especially, provoke breast and ovarian tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blood Cell Count
- Caseins/genetics
- Cattle
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human/blood
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human/genetics
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Human/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mammary Glands, Animal/anatomy & histology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Transgenic
- Milk/metabolism
- Ovary/anatomy & histology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Recombinant Proteins/blood
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Ok Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-ku, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
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13
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Abstract
The rate of biopharmaceutical approvals has leveled off, but some milestones bode well for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Walsh
- Industrial Biochemistry Programme, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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14
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Kim MO, Kim SH, Lee SR, Kim KS, Min KS, Lee HT, Kim SJ, Ryoo ZY. Transgene expression of biological active recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) into mouse urine. Life Sci 2005; 78:1003-9. [PMID: 16168442 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have generated transgenic mice that expressed human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) in their urine. In particular, the expression plasmid DNA containing mouse uroplakin II promoter was used to direct the uroepithelium-specific transcription of the transgene. In this study, the hG-CSF transcript was detected only in bladder, as was determined by RT-PCR analysis. Furthermore, hG-CSF protein was detected in the suprabasal layer of the uroepithelium and ureter, as was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. The hG-CSF was secreted into urine at a high level (approx. 500 pg/ml), and it was able to enhance the proliferation of DMSO treated HL-60 cells, suggesting that the transgenic urine-derived hG-CSF was bioactive. However, the recombinant hG-CSF was leaked to peripheral circulation system. To examine the relationship between hG-CSF in the blood stream and the proliferation of hematopoietic cells, we tested the transgenic mouse blood with hematocrit analysis. An increase of the total number of neutrophils in the transgenic mice peripheral blood was not observed; therefore, the leakage of human G-CSF can probably be expected to do no harm to the transgenic mouse. Our results demonstrate that bladder can be safely used as a bioreactor to produce biologically important substances such as recombinant G-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Ok Kim
- School of Lifesciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
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15
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Dyck MK, Lacroix D, Pothier F, Sirard MA. Making recombinant proteins in animals--different systems, different applications. Trends Biotechnol 2003; 21:394-9. [PMID: 12948672 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7799(03)00190-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic animal bioreactors represent a powerful tool to address the growing need for therapeutic recombinant proteins. The ability of transgenic animals to produce complex, biologically active recombinant proteins in an efficient and economic manner has stimulated a great deal of interest in this area. As a result, genetically modified animals of several species, expressing foreign proteins in various tissues, are currently being developed. However, the generation of transgenic animals is a cumbersome process and remains problematic in the application of this technology. The advantages and disadvantages of different transgenic systems in relation to other bioreactor systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Dyck
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Dépt des Sciences Animals, Pavillon Paul Comtois, Cité Universitaire, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1K 7P4
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16
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Ribela MTCP, Gout PW, Bartolini P. Synthesis and chromatographic purification of recombinant human pituitary hormones. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 790:285-316. [PMID: 12767339 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA-derived proteins and, in particular, human pituitary hormones, are increasingly used for research, diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This trend has demanded new synthetic approaches and improved purification techniques. The type and sequence of the purification steps have to be selected in accordance with the cloning and protein expression strategy, the host organism and cellular localization of the protein of interest, with a view to producing the desired product at a required purity, biological activity and acceptable cost. This review article describes and analyzes the main synthetic and purification strategies that have been used for the production of recombinant human growth hormone, prolactin, thyrotropin, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, giving special consideration to the few published downstream processes utilized by the biotechnology industry. Practically all types of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms utilized for this purpose are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa C P Ribela
- Biotechnology Department, IPEN-CNEN, Travessa R 400, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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17
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Zhu X, Cheng J, Huang L, Gao J, Zhang ZT, Pak J, Wu XR. Renal tubule-specific expression and urinary secretion of human growth hormone: a kidney-based transgenic bioreactor growth. Transgenic Res 2003; 12:155-62. [PMID: 12739883 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022967505222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific expression of human genes and secretion of human proteins into the body fluids in transgenic animals provides an important means of manufacturing large-quantity and high-quality pharmaceuticals. The present study demonstrates using transgenic mice that a 3.0 kb promoter of the mouse Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP, or uromodulin) gene directs the specific expression of human growth hormone (hGH) gene in the kidney followed by the secretion of hGH protein into the urine. hGH expression was detected in renal tubules that actively produce the THP, that is, the ascending limb of Henle's loop and distal convoluted tubules. Up to 500 ng/ml of hGH was detected in the urine, and this level remained constant throughout the 10-month observation period. hGH was also detectable in the stomach epithelium and serum in two of the transgenic lines, suggesting position-dependent effects of the transgene and leakage of hGH from the site of synthesis into the bloodstream, respectively. These results indicate that the 3.0 kb mouse THP promoter is primarily kidney-specific and can be used to convert kidney into a bioreactor in transgenic animals to produce recombinant proteins. Given the capacity of urine production independent of age, sex and lactation, the ease of urinary protein purification, and the potentially distinct machinery for post-translational modifications in the kidney epithelial cells, the kidney-based transgenic bioreactor may offer unique opportunities for producing certain complex pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Zhu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Ryoo ZY, Kim MO, Kim KE, Bahk YY, Lee JW, Park SH, Kim JH, Byun SJ, Hwang HY, Youn J, Kim TY. Expression of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) in mouse urine. Transgenic Res 2001; 10:193-200. [PMID: 11437276 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016657501149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have generated transgenic mice expressing human granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) in urine. In particular, the expression plasmid DNA containing mouse uroplakin II promoter was used to direct uroepithelium-specific transcription of transgene. In this study, hGM-CSF transcript was detected only in bladder uroepithelium as determined by northern blot analysis. Furthermore, hGM-CSF protein was detected in the suprabasal layer of the uroepithelium and ureter by immunohistochemistry. The hGM-CSF was secreted into urine at high level (up to 180 ng/ml), and enhanced proliferation of hGM-CSF-dependent human acute monocyte leukemic cells, suggesting that transgenic urine-derived hGM-CSF was bioactive. This is the first case of demonstrating biological activity of a cytokine produced in the urine of a transgenic animal. Our results demonstrate that bladder can be used as a bioreactor to produce biologically important substances. In addition, it suggests a potential application of bladder expression system to livestock for high-yield production of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Ryoo
- Department of Immunobiology and Dermatology, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
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Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins is one of the major successes of biotechnology. Animal cells are required to synthesize proteins with the appropriate post-translational modifications. Transgenic animals are being used for this purpose. Milk, egg white, blood, urine, seminal plasma and silk worm cocoon from transgenic animals are candidates to be the source of recombinant proteins at an industrial scale. Although the first recombinant protein produced by transgenic animals is expected to be in the market in 2000, a certain number of technical problems remain to be solved before the various systems are optimized. Although the generation of transgenic farm animals has become recently easier mainly with the technique of animal cloning using transfected somatic cells as nuclear donor, this point remains a limitation as far as cost is concerned. Numerous experiments carried out for the last 15 years have shown that the expression of the transgene is predictable only to a limited extent. This is clearly due to the fact that the expression vectors are not constructed in an appropriate manner. This undoubtedly comes from the fact that all the signals contained in genes have not yet been identified. Gene constructions thus result sometime in poorly functional expression vectors. One possibility consists in using long genomic DNA fragments contained in YAC or BAC vectors. The other relies on the identification of the major important elements required to obtain a satisfactory transgene expression. These elements include essentially gene insulators, chromatin openers, matrix attached regions, enhancers and introns. A certain number of proteins having complex structures (formed by several subunits, being glycosylated, cleaved, carboxylated...) have been obtained at levels sufficient for an industrial exploitation. In other cases, the mammary cellular machinery seems insufficient to promote all the post-translational modifications. The addition of genes coding for enzymes involved in protein maturation has been envisaged and successfully performed in one case. Furin gene expressed specifically in the mammary gland proved to able to cleave native human protein C with good efficiency. In a certain number of cases, the recombinant proteins produced in milk have deleterious effects on the mammary gland function or in the animals themselves. This comes independently from ectopic expression of the transgenes and from the transfer of the recombinant proteins from milk to blood. One possibility to eliminate or reduce these side-effects may be to use systems inducible by an exogenous molecule such as tetracycline allowing the transgene to be expressed only during lactation and strictly in the mammary gland. The purification of recombinant proteins from milk is generally not particularly difficult. This may not be the case, however, when the endogenous proteins such as serum albumin or antibodies are abundantly present in milk. This problem may be still more crucial if proteins are produced in blood. Among the biological contaminants potentially present in the recombinant proteins prepared from transgenic animals, prions are certainly those raising the major concern. The selection of animals chosen to generate transgenics on one hand and the elimination of the potentially contaminated animals, thanks to recently defined quite sensitive tests may reduce the risk to an extremely low level. The available techniques to produce pharmaceutical proteins in milk can be used as well to optimize milk composition of farm animals, to add nutriceuticals in milk and potentially to reduce or even eliminate some mammary infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Houdebine
- Unite de Biologie du Développement et Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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