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Badminton MN, Anderson KE, Deybach JC, Harper P, Sandberg S, Elder GH. From chemistry to genomics: A concise history of the porphyrias. Liver Int 2024; 44:2144-2155. [PMID: 38767598 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
We describe developments in understanding of the porphyrias associated with each step in the haem biosynthesis pathway and the role of individuals whose contributions led to major advances over the past 150 years. The first case of erythropoietic porphyria was reported in 1870, and the first with acute porphyria in 1889. Photosensitisation by porphyrin was confirmed by Meyer-Betz, who self-injected haematoporphyrin. Günther classified porphyrias into haematoporphyria acuta, acuta toxica, congenita and chronica. This was revised by Waldenström into porphyria congenita, acuta and cutanea tarda, with the latter describing those with late-onset skin lesions. Waldenström was the first to recognise porphobilinogen's association with acute porphyria, although its structure was not solved until 1953. Hans Fischer was awarded the Nobel prize in 1930 for solving the structure of porphyrins and the synthesis of haemin. After 1945, research by several groups elucidated the pathway of haem biosynthesis and its negative feedback regulation by haem. By 1961, following the work of Watson, Schmid, Rimington, Goldberg, Dean, Magnus and others, aided by the availability of modern techniques of porphyrin separation, six of the porphyrias were identified and classified as erythropoietic or hepatic. The seventh, 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase deficiency porphyria, was described by Doss in 1979. The discovery of increased hepatic 5-aminolaevulinate synthase activity in acute porphyria led to development of haematin as a treatment for acute attacks. By 2000, all the haem biosynthesis genes were cloned, sequenced and assigned to chromosomes and disease-specific mutations identified in all inherited porphyrias. These advances have allowed definitive family studies and development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl E Anderson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Charles Deybach
- French Porphyria Reference Center (CRMR Porphyries France), University Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Harper
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sverre Sandberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Centre for inherited Metabolic Diseases, Porphyria Centre Sweden, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Norwegian Porphyria Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Organization for Quality Improvement of Laboratory Examinations (Noklus), Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Layer G, Reichelt J, Jahn D, Heinz DW. Structure and function of enzymes in heme biosynthesis. Protein Sci 2010; 19:1137-61. [PMID: 20506125 DOI: 10.1002/pro.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapyrroles like hemes, chlorophylls, and cobalamin are complex macrocycles which play essential roles in almost all living organisms. Heme serves as prosthetic group of many proteins involved in fundamental biological processes like respiration, photosynthesis, and the metabolism and transport of oxygen. Further, enzymes such as catalases, peroxidases, or cytochromes P450 rely on heme as essential cofactors. Heme is synthesized in most organisms via a highly conserved biosynthetic route. In humans, defects in heme biosynthesis lead to severe metabolic disorders called porphyrias. The elucidation of the 3D structures for all heme biosynthetic enzymes over the last decade provided new insights into their function and elucidated the structural basis of many known diseases. In terms of structure and function several rather unique proteins were revealed such as the V-shaped glutamyl-tRNA reductase, the dipyrromethane cofactor containing porphobilinogen deaminase, or the "Radical SAM enzyme" coproporphyrinogen III dehydrogenase. This review summarizes the current understanding of the structure-function relationship for all heme biosynthetic enzymes and their potential interactions in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhild Layer
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig D-38106, Germany
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Shemin D. The Succinate-Glycine Cycle; The Rôle of δ-Aminolevulinic Acid in Porphyrin Synthesis. NOVARTIS FOUNDATION SYMPOSIA 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470718940.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Bogorad L, Granick S. The Enzymatic Synthesis of Porphyrins from Porphobilinogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 39:1176-88. [PMID: 16589396 PMCID: PMC1063934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.39.12.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Bogorad
- Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reuben
- Division of GI/Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
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Fan D, Taniguchi M, Yao Z, Dhanalekshmi S, Lindsey JS. 1,9-Bis(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)dipyrromethanes in the synthesis of porphyrins bearing one or two meso substituents. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Müller G. Versuche zur Bestimmung und Charakterisierung biologisch wichtiger Pyrrole. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19570040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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VAN TAMELEN EE. Biogenetic-type syntheses of natural products. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1998; 19:242-90. [PMID: 13924635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-7156-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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Chemical synthesis of porphobilinogen and studies of its biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1521-4478(06)80004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Haeger-Aronsen B, Abdulla M, Fristedt BI. Effect of lead on -aminolevulinic acid dehydrase activity in red blood cells. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1971; 23:440-5. [PMID: 4109097 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1971.10666033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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WELLAND FH, HELLMAN ES, GADDIS EM, COLLINS G, HUNTER GW, TSCHUDY DP. FACTORS AFFECTING THE EXCRETION OF PORPHYRIN PRECURSORS BY PATIENTS WITH ACUTE INTERMITTENT PORPHYRIA. I. THE EFFECT OF DIET. Metabolism 1964; 13:232-50. [PMID: 14127691 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(64)90103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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BOYETT JD, BUTTERWORTH CE. Lead poisoning and hemoglobin synthesis. Report of a study of fifteen patients with chronic lead intoxication. Am J Med 1962; 32:884-90. [PMID: 13872192 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(62)90034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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GIBSON KD, NEUBERGER A, SCOTT JJ. The purification and properties of delta-aminolaevulic acid dehydrase. Biochem J 1955; 61:618-29. [PMID: 13276347 PMCID: PMC1215844 DOI: 10.1042/bj0610618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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PRASAD KS, RAPER R. Chemical Synthesis of Porphobilinogen: Synthesis of Porphobilinogen and iso-Porphobilinogen Carboxylic Acids. Nature 1955; 175:629-30. [PMID: 14370181 DOI: 10.1038/175629a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The analytical proof of H. Fischer's structure for uroporphyrin I has been completed, and the structure confirmed by synthesis.
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DRESEL EI, FALK JE. Conversion of alpha-aminolaevulinic acid to porphobilinogen in a tissue system. Nature 1953; 172:1185. [PMID: 13111282 DOI: 10.1038/1721185a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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FALK JE, DRESEL EI, RIMINGTON C. Porphobilinogen as a porphyrin precursor, and interconversion of porphyrins, in a tissue system. Nature 1953; 172:292-4. [PMID: 13087195 DOI: 10.1038/172292a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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