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Moghe A, Dickey A, Erwin A, Leaf RK, O'Brien A, Quigley JG, Thapar M, Anderson KE. Acute hepatic porphyrias: Recommendations for diagnosis and management with real-world examples. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 140:107670. [PMID: 37542766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) is a group of four rare inherited diseases, each resulting from a deficiency in a distinct enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway. Characterized by acute neurovisceral symptoms that may mimic other medical and psychiatric conditions, lack of recognition of the disease often leads to a delay in diagnosis and initiation of effective treatment. Biochemical testing for pathway intermediates that accumulate when the disease is active forms the basis for screening and establishing a diagnosis. Subsequent genetic analysis identifies the pathogenic variant, supporting screening of family members and genetic counseling. Management of AHP involves avoidance of known exogenous and hormonal triggers, symptomatic treatment, and prevention of recurrent attacks. Here we describe six case studies from our own real-world experience to highlight current recommendations and challenges associated with the diagnosis and long-term management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshata Moghe
- Porphyria Laboratory and Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America.
| | - Amy Dickey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Angelika Erwin
- Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic Community Care, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Rebecca K Leaf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Alan O'Brien
- Service de Médecine Génique, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John G Quigley
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Manish Thapar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Karl E Anderson
- Porphyria Laboratory and Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
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Tam LKB, Lo PC, Cheung PCK, Ng DKP. A Tetrazine-Caged Carbon-Dipyrromethene as a Bioorthogonally Activatable Fluorescent Probe. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300562. [PMID: 37489571 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble 1,2,4,5-tetrazine-substituted carbon-dipyrromethene (C-DIPY) was synthesized from the previously reported carbonyl pyrrole dimer through a two-step procedure. Owing to the presence of a tetrazine moiety, the fluorescence emission of this compound was largely quenched in phosphate-buffered saline at pH 7.4. Upon addition of a bicyclo[6.1.0]non-4-yne (BCN) derivative, the tetrazine-based quenching component of the compound was disrupted through the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction to restore the fluorescence in up to 6.6-fold. This bioorthogonal activation was also demonstrated using U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells, in which the fluorescence intensity of this C-DIPY could be enhanced by 8.7-fold upon post-incubation with the BCN derivative. The results showed that this tetrazine-caged C-DIPY can serve as a bioorthogonally activatable fluorescent probe for bioimaging. The compound, however, was found to reside preferentially in the lysosomes instead of the mitochondria of the cells as predicted based on its cationic character, which could be attributed to its energy-dependent endocytic cellular uptake pathway, for which lysosomes are the end station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo K B Tam
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui-Chi Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Chi Keung Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong, China
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Aksenova I, Pomogaev V. Stability of Dibromo-Dipyrromethene Complexes Coordinated with B, Zn, and Cd in Solutions of Various Acidities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248815. [PMID: 36557945 PMCID: PMC9784619 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectral luminescent properties of dipyrromethenates halogenated with bromine on both ends of the long axis and coordinated using boron fluoride, zinc, or cadmium in neutral ethanol and acidified with hydrochloric acid solutions were studied. The constants of the acid-base equilibrium of the complexes in the proton-donor solvents in the ground and excited states was determined. The mechanisms of complex protonation were discussed, depending on the structure of the compounds. The electronic structures of the neutral and protonated compounds were modeled and analyzed based on the quantum-chemical method. The structures and spectral-luminescence properties were calculated using the SMD model of ethanol solvent using the TD-DFT theory with the B3LYP functional and the composite def2-SVP/def2-TZVP/def2-TZVPP_ECP basis sets, depending on the atomic number of the elements.
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Bonkovsky HL, Dixon N, Rudnick S. Pathogenesis and clinical features of the acute hepatic porphyrias (AHPs). Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:213-218. [PMID: 30987916 PMCID: PMC6754303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The acute hepatic porphyrias include four disorders: acute intermittent porphyria [AIP], hereditary coproporphyria [HCP], variegate porphyria [VP], and the rare porphyria due to severe deficiency of ALA dehydratase [ADP]. In the USA, AIP is the most severe and most often symptomatic. AIP, HCP, and VP are due to autosomal dominant genetic abnormalities, in which missense, nonsense, or other mutations of genes of normal hepatic heme biosynthesis, in concert with other environmental, nutritional, hormonal and genetic factors, may lead to a critical deficiency of heme, the end-product of the pathway, in a small but critical 'regulatory pool' within hepatocytes. This deficiency leads to de-repression of the first and normally rate-controlling enzyme of the heme synthetic pathway, delta- or 5-aminolevulinic acid [ALA] synthase-1, and thus to marked up-regulation of this key enzyme and to marked hepatic overproduction of ALA. In addition, except for ADP, there is marked overproduction as well of porphobilinogen [PBG], the intermediate immediately downstream of ALA in the synthetic chain, and, especially in HCP and VP, also porphyrinogens and porphyrins farther down the pathway. The major clinical features of the acute porphyrias are attacks of severe neuropathic-type pain. Pain is felt first and foremost in the abdomen but may also occur in the back, chest, and extremities. Attacks are more common in women than in men [ratio of about 4:1], often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, constipation, tachycardia, and arterial hypertension. Hyponatremia may also occur. Some patients also describe chronic symptoms of pain, anxiety, insomnia, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert L Bonkovsky
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, and Molecular Medicine & Translational Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine/NC Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America.
| | - Natalia Dixon
- Section on Hematology & Oncology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine/NC Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Sean Rudnick
- Section on Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine/NC Baptist Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
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HAEGER-ARONSEN B. Porphyria Induced in the Rabbit by Diethyl l,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethylpyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate: I. Excretion of δ-aminolaevulic Acid, Porphobilinogen, Coproporphyrin and Protoporphyrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 18:165-9. [PMID: 13903511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1961.tb00326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Prunty
- Department of Pathology, St Thomas's Hospital Medical School
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Monsma FJ, Barton AC, Kang HC, Brassard DL, Haugland RP, Sibley DR. Characterization of novel fluorescent ligands with high affinity for D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors. J Neurochem 1989; 52:1641-4. [PMID: 2523470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized and characterized a series of novel fluorescently labeled ligands with high affinity and specificity for D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. D1-selective probes were synthesized using (R,S)-5-(4'-aminophenyl)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl- [1H]-3-benzazepin-7-ol, the 4'-amino derivative of the high-affinity, D1-selective antagonist SCH-23390, whereas D2-selective probes were synthesized using the high-affinity, D2-selective antagonist N-(p-aminophenethyl)spiperone (NAPS). These ligands were coupled via spacer arms of various lengths to the fluorophores fluorescein and bodipy, which fluoresce in the yellow-green region, and to tetramethylrhodamine, which is a red fluorophore. The interaction of these fluorescent ligands with dopamine receptors was evaluated by examining their ability to compete for the binding of the radiolabeled antagonists [3H]SCH-23390 or [3H]methylspiperone to rat striatal D1 or D2 dopamine receptors, respectively. We report here that these novel fluorescent ligands exhibit very high affinity and specificity for either D1 or D2 dopamine receptors. The availability of various fluorescent ligands with different emission maxima and with high affinity and specificity for D1 and D2 dopamine receptors will now permit investigations involving the visualization and localization of these receptor subtypes at the single cell and intracellular levels in the CNS and on intact cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Monsma
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Jaffe EK, Markham GD. 13C NMR studies of methylene and methine carbons of substrate bound to a 280,000-dalton protein, porphobilinogen synthase. Biochemistry 1988; 27:4475-81. [PMID: 3166990 DOI: 10.1021/bi00412a039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
13C NMR has been used to observe the equilibrium complex of [5,5-2H,5-13C]-5-aminolevulinate [( 5,5-2H,5-13C]ALA) bound to porphobilinogen (PBG) synthase (5-aminolevulinate dehydratase), a 280,000-dalton protein. [5,5-2H,5-13C]ALA (chemical shift 46.9 ppm in D2O) was prepared from [5-13C]ALA through enolization in deuteriated neutral potassium phosphate buffer. In the PBG synthase reaction [5,5-2H,5-13C]ALA forms [2,11,11-2H,2,11-13C]PBG (chemical shifts 116.2 ppm for C2 and 34.2 ppm for C11 in D2O). For the complex formed between [5,5-2H,5-13C]ALA and methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS) modified PBG synthase, which does not catalyze PBG formation but can form a Schiff base adduct, the chemical shift of 44.2 ppm (line width 92 Hz) identifies an imine structure as the predominant tautomeric form of the Schiff base. By comparison to model compounds, the stereochemistry of the imine has been deduced; however, the protonation state of the imine nitrogen remains unresolved. Reconstitution of the MMTS-modified enzyme-Schiff base complex with Zn(II) and 2-mercaptoethanol results in the holoenzyme-bound equilibrium complex; this complex contains predominantly enzyme-bound PBG, and spectra reveal two peaks from bound PBG and two from free PBG. For bound PBG, C2 is -2.8 ppm from the free signal and C11 is +2.6 ppm from the free signal; the line widths of the bound signals are 55 and 75 Hz, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Jaffe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6002
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Ford RE, Ou CN, Ellefson RD. Assay for erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthase activity, with porphobilinogen as substrate. Clin Chem 1980; 26:1182-5. [PMID: 7389090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe a convenient, economical procedure for measuring uroporphyrinogen I synthase (EC 4.3 1.8) activity in erythrocytes, the results of which can be used to diagnose acute intermittent porphyria, in either its latent or acute stage. By limiting the test reaction sequence to the conversion of porphobilinogen to porphyrins, we eliminated several disadvantages of alternative methods in which delta-aminolevulinate is used as substrate. The latter assay was inhibited by lead; our procedure was not. Our procedure also gave greater porphyrin synthesis with less substrate. Erythrocytes of healthy women presented a mean activity of 12.4 nmol of porphyrin formed per liter per second; erythrocytes of healthy men presented a mean activity of 11.0 nmol/L per second. The within-run coefficient of variation (CV) for our assay was 1.8%; the between-run CV was 3.1%.
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Abstract
Porphobilinogen oxygenase was isolated from red cells of healthy persons and of patients with disturbances in porphyrin metabolism. The hemolysates were purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and the oxygenase was eluted with either 3 mmol/l phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) or with 10 mmol/l Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6). The oxygenase can also be isolated by filtration of the hemolysate through Sephadex G-100. In healthy persons a mean value of 84.1 +/- 29.7 nmol of porphobilinogen consumed in 30 min per ml of blood was obtained. In patients with hepatic porphyrias (acute intermittent porphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda) the activity of porphobilinogen oxygenase was very low. In the case with acute intermittent porphyria the activity was increased when measured after storage at 4 degrees C but never reached normal values. In the cases of porphyria cutanea tarda, oxygenase activity increased after recovery and reached normal values. In patients with erythropoietic porphyria and in anemias the activity of porphobilinogen oxygenase gave high values. The erythrocyte enzyme was found to be heterogeneous when compared with the enzyme of other sources. It was only partially succinylated and was inactivated after storage for a few days at 4 degrees C. Some preparations showed the usual allosteric kinetics (n = 1.6--2.0), although Michaelian kinetics were also often observed. The enzyme was inhibited by alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl and EDTA as well as by several metals.
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Doss M. [Pathobiochemistry of porphyrias]. Med Klin 1977; 72:1501-18. [PMID: 333255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tutor Valcarce JC, Garcia Devesa J, del Rio Anido R. Letter: Possible mechanism of the interference of porphobilinogen in the direct determination of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid. Clin Chem 1976; 22:1540-1. [PMID: 954202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Scott AI, Hos KS, Kajiwara M, Takahashi T. Letter: Biosynthesis of uroporphyrinogen III from porphobilinogen. Resolution of the enigmatic "switch" mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98:1589-91. [PMID: 1249370 DOI: 10.1021/ja00422a057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Cole RJ, Garlick J, Cheek EM. Activities of haem synthetic enzymes in blood cells of pre-natal flexed-tailed (f/f) anaemic mice. J Embryol Exp Morphol 1975; 34:373-86. [PMID: 1194836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Levels of activity of beta-aminolaevulinate synthetase, delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase, porphyrinogen synthetase and haem synthetase in circulating reticulocytes of pre-natal FL4/Re +/+ and congenitally anaemic FL1/Re f/f mice have been determined. The activities of delta-aminolaevulinate synthetase and delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase were found to be decreased in proportion to the hypochromia observed in mature liver-derived erythrocytes in neonatal f/f mice, but activities of enzymes later in the haem synthetic pathway were relatively undisturbed. No significant differences were found in levels of haem synthetic enzymes in foetal livers of +/+ and f/f mice. These results indicate that the severe anaemia of late prenatal and neonatal f/f mice is due both to reduction in haem synthesis expressed at the reticulocyte stage of erythroid differentiation and to restricted production of erythroid progenitor cells. Retarded foetal growth and skeletal abnormalities, both characteristic of the pre-natal expression of the f/f gene complement, can also be related to reduced levels of haem synthesis, but the abnormal distribution of pigment cells seen in f/f animals appears to be a secondary effect of reduced tissue oxygenation resulting from pre-natal anaemia.
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Higuchi M, Bogorad L. The purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen I synthases and uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase. Interactions between the enzymes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1975; 244:401-18. [PMID: 1056172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb41545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Magnussen CR, Levine JB, Doherty JM, Cheesman JO, Tschudy DP. A red cell enzyme method for the diagnosis of acute intermittent porphyria. Blood 1974; 44:857-68. [PMID: 4429802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Schneider HA, Beisenherz WW. Determination of the sites of synthesis of chlorophyll synthesizing enzymes in cell cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974; 60:468-73. [PMID: 4423870 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Berek I, Miczák A, Ivánovics G. Mapping the delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydrase and porphobilinogen deaminase loci in Bacillus subtilis. Mol Gen Genet 1974; 132:233-9. [PMID: 4214010 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Frydman RB, Feinstein G. Studies on porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen 3 cosynthase from human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1974; 350:358-73. [PMID: 4847568 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(74)90510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Osanai M, Rembold H. [Biosynthesis of cytochrome c, IV. The activities of 5-aminolevulinate and porphobilinogen synthase at different stages of development of the honey bee (author's transl)]. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1974; 355:327-35. [PMID: 4373379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sassa S, Granick S, Bickers DR, Bradlow HL, Kappas A. A microassay for uroporphyrinogen I synthase, one of three abnormal enzyme activities in acute intermittent porphyria, and its application to the study of the genetics of this disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:732-6. [PMID: 4522787 PMCID: PMC388087 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.3.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A new spectrofluorometric assay is described for quantitating uroporphyrinogen I synthase (EC 4.3.1.8) activity in volumes of human blood as small as 2 mul. By this sensitive assay the inheritance of the enzyme's activity has been studied and the genetic defect for acute intermittent porphyria has been confirmed to be autosomal dominant in nature. There is a 3-fold range of uroporphyrinogen I synthase activity in erythrocytes in the normal population, with a mean V(max) +/- SD of 35.7 +/- 8.4 nmol of uroporphyrinogen I formed per ml of erythrocytes per hr, at 37 degrees . One-half this level of enzyme activity (18.0 +/- 5.0) is found in erythrocytes from patients with clinically manifest acute intermittent porphyria; and in erythrocytes from those of their relatives, including prepubertal children, who have the latent gene defect for the disease. The K(m) of erythrocyte enzyme of normal people is 12.3 +/- 3.9 muM, whereas the K(m) of the erythrocyte enzyme of patients with acute intermittent porphyria is 6.2 +/- 3.9 muM, as determined on whole blood lysates. Three enzymic changes have now been identified in patients with acute intermittent porphyria; a high level of delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity; a low level of uroporphyrinogen I synthase activity; and a deficiency of steroid Delta(4)-5alpha reductase activity.
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Adler AD, Váradi V, George P. Mechanistic and thermodynamic considerations in the comparison of porphyrin organo-and biosyntheses. Enzyme 1974; 17:43-6. [PMID: 4836425 DOI: 10.1159/000459305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Davies RC, Neuberger A. Polypyrroles formed from porphobilinogen and amines by uroporphyrinogen synthetase of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Biochem J 1973; 133:471-92. [PMID: 4542566 PMCID: PMC1177725 DOI: 10.1042/bj1330471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. Uroporphyrinogen I synthetase of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides was purified more than 200-fold from the soluble protein of broken bacterial cells. The enzyme had molecular weight 36000, an isoelectric point of 4.46 and migrated as a single active protein band on disc-gel electrophoresis at pH7.5 and 8.9. 2. The enzyme consumed porphobilinogen and formed uroporphyrinogen at pH8.2 without the accumulation of intermediates. In the presence of hydroxylamine, ammonia or methoxyamine the production of porphyrinogen was inhibited and the enzyme formed open-chain polypyrroles instead. 3. These polypyrroles behaved like uroporphyrinogen on Sephadex G-25; they were colourless and had unsubstituted alpha-pyrrolic positions. The inhibitory amines were incorporated into the molecules. 4. The polypyrroles formed porphyrins non-enzymically and the cyclization reaction was accompanied by the release of the inhibitory amine. Exchange of the amino function of the original porphobilinogen in the polypyrrole was complete with hydroxylamine and almost complete with methoxyamine, both ammonia and methoxyamine being present in the polypyrrolic material. 5. The behaviour, properties and composition of the radioactive hydroxylamine derivative were consistent with a tetrapyrrolic structure, probably a pyrrylmethane, that was not cyclized, rather than with di-, tri- or penta-pyrrolic structures. No monopyrrolic or dipyrrolic Ehrlich-positive material was released on cyclization. The ammonia and methoxyamine derivatives had properties similar to the hydroxylamine derivative. 6. Another modified pyrrole was detected only in experiments with hydroxylamine. It differed from both porphobilinogen and known dipyrroles and appeared to be a monopyrrole. 7. The participation of positively charged reaction centres in the enzymic mechanism, particularly in the cyclization step, is discussed.
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Jordan PM, Shemin D. Purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. J Biol Chem 1973; 248:1019-24. [PMID: 4539746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Frydman RB, Valasinas A, Frydman B. Chemical and enzymatic polymerization of 2-aminomethyl-3,3'-carboxymethyl-4,4'-( -carboxyethyl)dipyrrylmethane. Biochemistry 1973; 12:80-5. [PMID: 4683485 DOI: 10.1021/bi00725a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sassa S, Granick S, Bickers DR, Levere RD, Kappas A. Studies on the inheritance of human erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase and uroporphyrinogen synthetase. Enzyme 1973; 16:326-33. [PMID: 4791051 DOI: 10.1159/000459397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Uroporphyrin I is found in high concentration in the bones, teeth, blood, soft tissues, and urine of the fox squirrel, Sciurus niger. The concentration of uroporphyrin in fox squirrel spleen is much higher than in liver, kidney or bone marrow, probably because of accumulation from phagocytosed red cells. Bleeding causes a marked increase in the uroporphyrin concentration of red cells and spleen, and a 3-8-fold increase in uroporphyrin excretion. Urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid and porphobilinogen is not greater in fox squirrels than in nonporphyric gray squirrels. Sciurus carolinensis, used as controls. In all these characteristics, as well as in the previously demonstrated deficiency of the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase in red cells, the physiological porphyria of fox squirrels resembles congenital erythropoietic porphyria, a hereditary disease of man and cattle. For squirrels differ in showing no evidence of cutaneous photosensitivity or hemolytic anemia. Uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase activity is present in fox squirrel bone marrow at 1/10 its concentration in gray squirrel marrow. The fox squirrel enzyme is much more unstable than the gray squirrel enzyme, which provides a possible explanation for its low activity and for the overproduction of uroporphyrin I. It is unlikely that the deficiency of cosynthetase is due to its inactivation by excessive amounts of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase, because activity of the latter enzyme is the same in blood from fox and gray squirrels.Fox squirrel porphyria provides a convenient model for studies of pathogenesis of human congenital erythropoietic porphyria.
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Strand LJ, Meyer UA, Felsher BF, Redeker AG, Marver HS. Decreased red cell uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity in intermittent acute porphyria. J Clin Invest 1972; 51:2530-6. [PMID: 5056653 PMCID: PMC332949 DOI: 10.1172/jci107068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent acute porphyria has recently been distinguished biochemically from other genetic hepatic porphyrias by the observation of diminished hepatic uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity and increased delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity. Since deficient uroporphyrinogen I synthetase may be reflected in nonhepatic tissues, we have assayed this enzyme in red cell hemolysates from nonporphyric subjects and from patients with genetic hepatic porphyria. Only patients with intermittent acute porphyria had decreased erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity which was approximately 50% of normal. The apparent K(m) of partially purified uroporphyrinogen I synthetase was 6 x 10(-6)m in both nonporphyrics and patients with intermittent acute porphyria. These data provide further evidence for a primary mutation affecting uroporphyrinogen I synthetase in intermittent acute porphyria. Further-more, results of assay of red cell uroporphyrinogen I synthetase activity in a large family with intermittent acute porphyria suggest that this test may be a reliable indicator of the heterozygous state.
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Hernberg S, Tola S, Nikkanen J, Valkonen S. Erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in new lead exposure: a longitudinal study. Arch Environ Health 1972; 25:109-13. [PMID: 5045061 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1972.10666145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Berkó G, Durkó I. A new possibility for the demonstration of -amino-laevulinic acid in urine on the basis of Mauzerall-Granick method. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 37:443-7. [PMID: 5022108 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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