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Van Cura D, Ng TL, Huang J, Hager H, Hartwig JF, Keasling JD, Balskus EP. Discovery of the Azaserine Biosynthetic Pathway Uncovers a Biological Route for α-Diazoester Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304646. [PMID: 37151182 PMCID: PMC10330308 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Azaserine is a bacterial metabolite containing a biologically unusual and synthetically enabling α-diazoester functional group. Herein, we report the discovery of the azaserine (aza) biosynthetic gene cluster from Glycomyces harbinensis. Discovery of related gene clusters reveals previously unappreciated azaserine producers, and heterologous expression of the aza gene cluster confirms its role in azaserine assembly. Notably, this gene cluster encodes homologues of hydrazonoacetic acid (HYAA)-producing enzymes, implicating HYAA in α-diazoester biosynthesis. Isotope feeding and biochemical experiments support this hypothesis. These discoveries indicate that a 2-electron oxidation of a hydrazonoacetyl intermediate is required for α-diazoester formation, constituting a distinct logic for diazo biosynthesis. Uncovering this biological route for α-diazoester synthesis now enables the production of a highly versatile carbene precursor in cells, facilitating approaches for engineering complete carbene-mediated biosynthetic transformations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Van Cura
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tai L Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Harry Hager
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Synthetic Biochemistry Center, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China
- Center for Biosustainability, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Huang J, Quest A, Cruz-Morales P, Deng K, Pereira JH, Van Cura D, Kakumanu R, Baidoo EEK, Dan Q, Chen Y, Petzold CJ, Northen TR, Adams PD, Clark DS, Balskus EP, Hartwig JF, Mukhopadhyay A, Keasling JD. Complete integration of carbene-transfer chemistry into biosynthesis. Nature 2023; 617:403-408. [PMID: 37138074 PMCID: PMC11334723 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis is an environmentally benign and renewable approach that can be used to produce a broad range of natural and, in some cases, new-to-nature products. However, biology lacks many of the reactions that are available to synthetic chemists, resulting in a narrower scope of accessible products when using biosynthesis rather than synthetic chemistry. A prime example of such chemistry is carbene-transfer reactions1. Although it was recently shown that carbene-transfer reactions can be performed in a cell and used for biosynthesis2,3, carbene donors and unnatural cofactors needed to be added exogenously and transported into cells to effect the desired reactions, precluding cost-effective scale-up of the biosynthesis process with these reactions. Here we report the access to a diazo ester carbene precursor by cellular metabolism and a microbial platform for introducing unnatural carbene-transfer reactions into biosynthesis. The α-diazoester azaserine was produced by expressing a biosynthetic gene cluster in Streptomyces albus. The intracellularly produced azaserine was used as a carbene donor to cyclopropanate another intracellularly produced molecule-styrene. The reaction was catalysed by engineered P450 mutants containing a native cofactor with excellent diastereoselectivity and a moderate yield. Our study establishes a scalable, microbial platform for conducting intracellular abiological carbene-transfer reactions to functionalize a range of natural and new-to-nature products and expands the scope of organic products that can be produced by cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Quest
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Cruz-Morales
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kai Deng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jose Henrique Pereira
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Devon Van Cura
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramu Kakumanu
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Qingyun Dan
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Adams
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Douglas S Clark
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Emily P Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA.
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Synthetic Biochemistry Center, Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes for Advanced Technologies, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Paneque A, Fortus H, Zheng J, Werlen G, Jacinto E. The Hexosamine Biosynthesis Pathway: Regulation and Function. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040933. [PMID: 37107691 PMCID: PMC10138107 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) produces uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl glucosamine, UDP-GlcNAc, which is a key metabolite that is used for N- or O-linked glycosylation, a co- or post-translational modification, respectively, that modulates protein activity and expression. The production of hexosamines can occur via de novo or salvage mechanisms that are catalyzed by metabolic enzymes. Nutrients including glutamine, glucose, acetyl-CoA, and UTP are utilized by the HBP. Together with availability of these nutrients, signaling molecules that respond to environmental signals, such as mTOR, AMPK, and stress-regulated transcription factors, modulate the HBP. This review discusses the regulation of GFAT, the key enzyme of the de novo HBP, as well as other metabolic enzymes that catalyze the reactions to produce UDP-GlcNAc. We also examine the contribution of the salvage mechanisms in the HBP and how dietary supplementation of the salvage metabolites glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine could reprogram metabolism and have therapeutic potential. We elaborate on how UDP-GlcNAc is utilized for N-glycosylation of membrane and secretory proteins and how the HBP is reprogrammed during nutrient fluctuations to maintain proteostasis. We also consider how O-GlcNAcylation is coupled to nutrient availability and how this modification modulates cell signaling. We summarize how deregulation of protein N-glycosylation and O-GlcNAcylation can lead to diseases including cancer, diabetes, immunodeficiencies, and congenital disorders of glycosylation. We review the current pharmacological strategies to inhibit GFAT and other enzymes involved in the HBP or glycosylation and how engineered prodrugs could have better therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of diseases related to HBP deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysta Paneque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Harvey Fortus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Julia Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Guy Werlen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Estela Jacinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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4
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Kawai S, Katsuyama Y, Ohnishi Y. The α/β hydrolase AzpM catalyzes dipeptide synthesis in alazopeptin biosynthesis using two molecules of carrier protein-tethered amino acid. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100700. [PMID: 35132756 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During the biosynthesis of alazopeptin, a tripeptide composed of two molecules of 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) and one of alanine, the α/β hydrolase AzpM synthesizes the DON-DON dipeptide using DON tethered to the carrier protein AzpF (DON-AzpF). However, whether AzpM catalyzes the condensation of DON-AzpF with DON or DON-AzpF remains unclear. Here, to distinguish between these two condensation possibilities, the reaction catalyzed by AzpM was examined in vitro using a DON analog, azaserine (AZS). We found that AzpM catalyzed the condensation between AZS-AzpF and DON-AzpF, but not between AZS-AzpF and DON. Possible reaction intermediates, DON-DON-AzpF and AZS-AZS-AzpF, were also detected during AzpM-catalyzed dipeptide formation from DON-AzpF and AZS-AzpF, respectively. From these results, we concluded that AzpM catalyzed the condensation of the two molecules of DON-AzpF and subsequent hydrolysis to produce DON-DON. Thus, AzpM is an unprecedented α/β hydrolase that catalyzes dipeptide synthesis from two molecules of a carrier protein-tethered amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kawai
- The University of Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku, Department of Biotechnology, JAPAN
| | - Yohei Katsuyama
- The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, 1-1-1, Yayoi, bunkyoku, 113-8657, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Yasuo Ohnishi
- The University of Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku, Department of Biotechnology, JAPAN
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5
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Geisen SM, Aloisi CMN, Huber SM, Sandell ES, Escher NA, Sturla SJ. Direct Alkylation of Deoxyguanosine by Azaserine Leads to O6-Carboxymethyldeoxyguanosine. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1518-1529. [PMID: 34061515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The O6-alkylguanosine adduct O6-carboxymethyldeoxyguanosine (O6-CMdG) has been detected at elevated levels in blood and tissue samples from colorectal cancer patients and from healthy volunteers after consuming red meat. The diazo compound l-azaserine leads to the formation of O6-CMdG as well as the corresponding methyl adduct O6-methyldeoxyguanosine (O6-MedG) in cells and is therefore in wide use as a chemical probe in cellular studies concerning DNA damage and mutation. However, there remain knowledge gaps concerning the chemical basis of DNA adduct formation by l-azaserine. To characterize O6-CMdG formation by l-azaserine, we carried out a combination of chemical and enzymatic stability and reactivity studies supported by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous quantification of O6-CMdG and O6-MedG. We found that l-azaserine is stable under physiological and alkaline conditions as well as in active biological matrices but undergoes acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. We show, for the first time, that l-azaserine reacts directly with guanosine (dG) and oligonucleotides to form an O6-serine-CMdG (O6-Ser-CMdG) adduct. Moreover, by characterizing the reaction of dG with l-azaserine, we demonstrate that O6-Ser-CMdG forms as an intermediate that spontaneously decomposes to form O6-CMdG. Finally, we quantified levels of O6-CMdG and O6-MedG in a human cell line exposed to l-azaserine and found maximal adduct levels after 48 h. The findings of this work elucidate the chemical basis of how l-azaserine reacts with deoxyguanosine and support its use as a chemical probe for N-nitroso compound exposure in carcinogenesis research, particularly concerning the identification of pathways and factors that promote adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Geisen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia M N Aloisi
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina M Huber
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emma S Sandell
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nora A Escher
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shana J Sturla
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Synthesis and structure of dialkyl (Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-4-diazopent-2-enedioates. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Identification of pyripyropene A as a promising insecticidal compound in a microbial metabolite screening. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:272-276. [PMID: 28074053 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 300 microbial natural products in our library were screened for insecticidal activities against three species of agricultural pests, including aphids. Among the several compounds that showed insecticidal activities, pyripyropene A had high aphicidal activity in vivo. Furthermore, in advanced tests, pyripyropene A applications with foliar sprays and soil drenching controlled aphids on cabbage. On the basis of its unique and promising activities, we selected pyripyropene A as the active component of potential insecticides.
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8
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Janso JE, Haltli BA, Eustáquio AS, Kulowski K, Waldman AJ, Zha L, Nakamura H, Bernan VS, He H, Carter GT, Koehn FE, Balskus EP. Discovery of the lomaiviticin biosynthetic gene cluster in Salinispora pacifica.. Tetrahedron 2014; 70:4156-4164. [PMID: 25045187 PMCID: PMC4101813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lomaiviticins are a family of cytotoxic marine natural products that have captured the attention of both synthetic and biological chemists due to their intricate molecular scaffolds and potent biological activities. Here we describe the identification of the gene cluster responsible for lomaiviticin biosynthesis in Salinispora pacifica strains DPJ-0016 and DPJ-0019 using a combination of molecular approaches and genome sequencing. The link between the lom gene cluster and lomaiviticin production was confirmed using bacterial genetics, and subsequent analysis and annotation of this cluster revealed the biosynthetic basis for the core polyketide scaffold. Additionally, we have used comparative genomics to identify candidate enzymes for several unusual tailoring events, including diazo formation and oxidative dimerization. These findings will allow further elucidation of the biosynthetic logic of lomaiviticin assembly and provide useful molecular tools for application in biocatalysis and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E. Janso
- Natural Products, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06355, United States
| | - Brad A. Haltli
- Natural Products, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06355, United States
| | - Alessandra S. Eustáquio
- Natural Products, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06355, United States
| | - Kerry Kulowski
- Natural Products, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06355, United States
| | - Abraham J. Waldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Li Zha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Valerie S. Bernan
- Natural Products, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06355, United States
| | - Haiyin He
- Natural Products, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06355, United States
| | - Guy T. Carter
- Natural Products, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06355, United States
| | - Frank E. Koehn
- Natural Products, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06355, United States
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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9
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Walsh CT, O'Brien RV, Khosla C. Nonproteinogenic amino acid building blocks for nonribosomal peptide and hybrid polyketide scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7098-124. [PMID: 23729217 PMCID: PMC4634941 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Freestanding nonproteinogenic amino acids have long been recognized for their antimetabolite properties and tendency to be uncovered to reactive functionalities by the catalytic action of target enzymes. By installing them regiospecifically into biogenic peptides and proteins, it may be possible to usher a new era at the interface between small molecule and large molecule medicinal chemistry. Site-selective protein functionalization offers uniquely attractive strategies for posttranslational modification of proteins. Last, but not least, many of the amino acids not selected by nature for protein incorporation offer rich architectural possibilities in the context of ribosomally derived polypeptides. This Review summarizes the biosynthetic routes to and metabolic logic for the major classes of the noncanonical amino acid building blocks that end up in both nonribosomal peptide frameworks and in hybrid nonribosomal peptide-polyketide scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Walsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Walsh CT, O'Brien RV, Khosla C. Nichtproteinogene Aminosäurebausteine für Peptidgerüste aus nichtribosomalen Peptiden und hybriden Polyketiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Ciamala K, Jelizi H, El Baker Rammah M, Wannassi N, Monnier-Jobé K, Rousselin Y, M. Kubicki M, Strohmann C. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Ethyl Diazoacetate with (E)-3-Arylidenechroman-4-ones. A New Access to Spirocyclopropane Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Chen K, Zhang J, Tastan ÖY, Deussen ZA, Siswick MYY, Liu JL. Glutamine analogs promote cytoophidium assembly in human and Drosophila cells. J Genet Genomics 2011; 38:391-402. [PMID: 21930098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CTP synthase is compartmentalized within a subcellular structure, termed the cytoophidium, in a range of organisms including bacteria, yeast, fruit fly and rat. Here we show that CTP synthase is also compartmentalized into cytoophidia in human cells. Surprisingly, the occurrence of cytoophidia in human cells increases upon treatment with a glutamine analog 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), an inhibitor of glutamine-dependent enzymes including CTP synthase. Experiments in flies confirmed that DON globally promotes cytoophidium assembly. Clonal analysis via CTP synthase RNA interference in somatic cells indicates that CTP synthase expression level is critical for the formation of cytoophidia. Moreover, DON facilitates cytoophidium assembly even when CTP synthase level is low. A second glutamine analog azaserine also promotes cytoophidum formation. Our data demonstrate that glutamine analogs serve as useful tools in the study of cytoophidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangni Chen
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
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14
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Pons L, Veldstra H. On the physiological activity of diazo anhydrides. I: Diazotetronic anhydrides and related compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19550741004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Myers EL, Raines RT. A phosphine-mediated conversion of azides into diazo compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2359-63. [PMID: 19035612 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
N2 the mild: Diazo compounds are extremely versatile intermediates for synthetic organic chemistry, but their synthesis can be challenging in the presence of delicate functional groups. The Staudinger ligation has inspired a mild method for the conversion of a broad range of azides into their diazo compound derivatives through an acyl triazene intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie L Myers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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16
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Myers E, Raines R. A Phosphine-Mediated Conversion of Azides into Diazo Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Buchanan JM. The amidotransferases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 39:91-183. [PMID: 4355768 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122846.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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19
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Christopherson RI, Lyons SD. Potent inhibitors of de novo pyrimidine and purine biosynthesis as chemotherapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 1990; 10:505-48. [PMID: 2243513 DOI: 10.1002/med.2610100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Silverman JA, Kuhlmann ET, Zurlo J, Yager JD, Longnecker DS. Expression of c-myc, c-raf-1, and c-Ki-ras in azaserine-induced pancreatic carcinomas and growing pancreas in rats. Mol Carcinog 1990; 3:379-86. [PMID: 2278633 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We examined the pattern of expression of several proto-oncogenes during nonneoplastic growth and in acinar cell neoplasms in the rat pancreas. The levels of c-myc, c-raf-1, and c-Ki-ras mRNAs were increased in regenerating pancreata following surgical partial pancreatectomy and following administration of camostat. We also investigated proto-oncogene expression associated with the progression of pancreatic cancers in azaserine-treated rats. Injection of a single dose (30 mg/kg) of azaserine (O-diazoacetyl-L-serine) to 14-d-old rats leads to a variety of neoplastic lesions in the rat pancreas. Total RNA was isolated from lesions in various stages of tumor progression, including adenomas, carcinomas in situ, and invasive carcinomas. We observed increased expression of c-myc, c-raf-1, and c-Ki-ras in azaserine-induced adenomas and carcinomas. Actin expression was also increased in these tissues, whereas amylase expression was variable. However, when compared to the normal growing pancreas, the level of proto-oncogene expression in the adenomas and carcinomas was disproportionate to the degree of cellular division in those tissues. Thus, the alterations induced by azaserine apparently caused a deregulated increase in expression of cellular oncogenes associated with growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Silverman
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756
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Rao MS, Reddy JK. Induction and differentiation of exocrine pancreatic tumors in the rat. EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1985; 28:67-87. [PMID: 3899705 DOI: 10.1016/s0232-1513(85)80018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Roebuck BD, Carpenter SJ. Teratogenic effects of azaserine in the Syrian golden hamster. EXPERIENTIA 1983; 39:324-6. [PMID: 6825803 DOI: 10.1007/bf01955329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hsu BY, Marshall CM, Corcoran SM, Segal S. The effect of azaserine upon the proline and methyl alpha-D-glucoside transport systems of rat renal brush-border membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 692:41-51. [PMID: 7171588 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(82)90500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
An inhibitory effect of azaserine on Na+ dependent proline and methyl alpha-D-glucoside transport of the rat renal brush-border membrane vesicles has been demonstrated. The inhibitory effects of azaserine were not the results of the drug disrupting the membrane vesicles as shown in osmolarity studies, nor did it affect the transport systems' affinities for Na+. Azaserine acts as a non-competitive inhibitor for the proline transport system in renal brush-border membranes by lowering 37% and 27% in the Vmax1 and Vmax2, respectively, when compared to that of control proline transport system. Azaserine had no effect upon the two Km values for proline uptake. Azaserine inhibition of methyl alpha-D-glucoside uptake by vesicles in the presence of 7.2 mM azaserine at 22 degrees C resulted in 66% increase in Km1 value and 44% decrease in Vmax1 as compared to that of control vesicles. There was no detectable effect upon the Km2 and Vmax2 of the methyl alpha-D-glucoside transport system. No effect of the drug was observed when sodium was equilibrated across the membrane, indicating that azaserine altered the driving force exerted by a sodium gradient. Azaserine only slightly affected the relative contribution of the two Km systems to total proline uptake. Contrary to the observed effect of azaserine upon the proline transport system, azaserine exerted a distinct effect upon the relative contribution to total uptake by the two Km systems in the low methyl alpha-D-glucoside concentration range. In the presence of 7.2 mM azaserine, the low-affinity, high-Km transport system becomes the major contributor to total methyl alpha-D-glucoside uptake by isolated renal brush-border vesicles.
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Abstract
An electrophilic center at saturated carbon generated by the departure of molecular nitrogen shows minimum discrimination between various nucleophiles. The generation of such a center in the active site of a protein is therefore an attractive way of labeling that active site. The chemistry of deamination reactions will be discussed with respect to the practicality of triggering the deamination in the active sites of proteins. Successful applications of this principle using the N-nitrosamide functionality, the alkyl aryl triazene functionality, and the diazo functionality will be described. Reasons why active-site reagents incorporating this type of covert electrophilicity are more specific than those incorporating an overtly electrophilic center (such as -CO-CH2-Halogen) will be advanced. The actual and potential application of deamination precursors to the specific inhibition of physiological activities in living cells will be discussed.
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Buchanan JM. Covalent reaction of substrates and antimetabolites with formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase. Methods Enzymol 1982; 87:76-84. [PMID: 7176930 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(82)87009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Collins AJ, Ancill RJ. The action of some -diazoacetophenones on purine biosynthesis, as compared with the action of l-azaserine. Biochem Pharmacol 1971; 20:709-12. [PMID: 5150166 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(71)90157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Collins AJ, Ancill RJ. The anti-diuretic action of L-azaserine, as compared with omega-diazoacetophenone. Biochem Pharmacol 1970; 19:310-2. [PMID: 5507647 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(70)90352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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ANTIBIOTICS WITH ANTITUMOUR ACTIVITY. Antibiotics (Basel) 1967. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9802-6.50020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Simard R, Bernhard W. [The phenomenon of nucleolar segregation: specificity of action of certain antimetabolites]. Int J Cancer 1966; 1:463-79. [PMID: 5916639 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Montgomery JA. On the chemotherapy of cancer. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1965; 8:431-507. [PMID: 5330377 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7056-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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BURCHENAL JH. The leukemias. Dis Mon 1958; 9:3-38. [PMID: 13500841 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-5029(58)80003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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KELLY HJ, SKIPPER HE, TOMISEK AJ. Chromatographic studies of purine metabolism. I. The effect of azaserine on purine biosynthesis in E. coli using various C14-labeled precursors. Arch Biochem Biophys 1956; 64:437-55. [PMID: 13363451 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(56)90287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rundschau. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1954. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19540660614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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