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The Bleaching and Regeneration of Rhodopsin in the Living Eye of the Albino Rabbit and of Man. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/713818686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bartoszewicz J, Hug GL, Pietrzak M, Kozubek H, Paczkowski J, Marciniak B. Benzophenone−Phenylthioacetic Acid Tetraalkylammonium Salts as Effective Initiators of Free-Radical Photopolymerization of Vinyl Monomers, Mechanistic Studies. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma071581g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarogniew Bartoszewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and University of Technology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Gordon L. Hug
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and University of Technology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marek Pietrzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and University of Technology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Halina Kozubek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and University of Technology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Paczkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and University of Technology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bronislaw Marciniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, and University of Technology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Emond MP, McNeil R, Cabana T, Guerra CG, Lachapelle P. Comparing the retinal structures and functions in two species of gulls (Larus delawarensis and Larus modestus) with significant nocturnal behaviours. Vision Res 2006; 46:2914-25. [PMID: 16647740 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2006.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis) and gray gulls (Larus modestus) are two species active both by day and night. We have investigated the retinal adaptations that allow the diurnal and nocturnal behaviours of these two species. Electroretinograms and histological analyses show that both species have a duplex retina in which cones outnumber rods, but the number of rods appears sufficient to provide vision at night. Their retinas respond over the same scotopic dynamic range of 3.4logcdm(-2), which encompasses all of the light levels occurring at night in their photic environment. The amplitudes of the scotopic saturated a- and b-wave responses as well as the photopic saturated b-wave response and the photopic sensitivity parameter S are however higher in ring-billed gulls than in gray gulls. Moreover, the process of dark adaptation is about 30min faster in gray gulls than in ring-billed gulls. Our results suggest that both species have acquired in the course of their evolution functional adaptations that can be related to their specific photic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Emond
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Que., Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Dowling
- BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY, CAMBRIDGE
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Kabatc J, Pa̧czkowski J. One Photon−Two Free Radical Photoinitiating Systems. Novel Approach to the Preparation of Dissociative, Multicomponent, Electron-Transfer Photoinitiators for Free Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma051561j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Kabatc
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Agriculture, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Pa̧czkowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Agriculture, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Pitts JD, Campagnola PJ, Epling GA, Goodman SL. Submicron Multiphoton Free-Form Fabrication of Proteins and Polymers: Studies of Reaction Efficiencies and Applications in Sustained Release. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9910437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Pitts
- Center for Biomaterials, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, and Department of Physiology and Center for Biomaterials, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Paul J. Campagnola
- Center for Biomaterials, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, and Department of Physiology and Center for Biomaterials, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Gary A. Epling
- Center for Biomaterials, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, and Department of Physiology and Center for Biomaterials, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Steven L. Goodman
- Center for Biomaterials, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, and Department of Physiology and Center for Biomaterials, The University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
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Campagnola PJ, Delguidice DM, Epling GA, Hoffacker KD, Howell AR, Pitts JD, Goodman SL. 3-Dimensional Submicron Polymerization of Acrylamide by Multiphoton Excitation of Xanthene Dyes. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma991042e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Campagnola
- Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, Stamford High, Stamford, Connecticut, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, and Center for Biomaterials, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - David M. Delguidice
- Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, Stamford High, Stamford, Connecticut, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, and Center for Biomaterials, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Gary A. Epling
- Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, Stamford High, Stamford, Connecticut, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, and Center for Biomaterials, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Kurt D. Hoffacker
- Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, Stamford High, Stamford, Connecticut, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, and Center for Biomaterials, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Amy R. Howell
- Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, Stamford High, Stamford, Connecticut, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, and Center for Biomaterials, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Jonathan D. Pitts
- Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, Stamford High, Stamford, Connecticut, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, and Center for Biomaterials, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Steven L. Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Center for Biomedical Imaging Technology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, Department of Chemistry, Stamford High, Stamford, Connecticut, Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, and Center for Biomaterials, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
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RUSHTON WA. Rhodopsin measurement and dark-adaptation in a subject deficient in cone vision. J Physiol 1998; 156:193-205. [PMID: 13744793 PMCID: PMC1359944 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
The effects of light adaptation on the increment threshold, rhodopsin content, and dark adaptation have been studied in the rat eye over a wide range of intensities. The electroretinogram threshold was used as a measure of eye sensitivity. With adapting intensities greater than 1.5 log units above the absolute ERG threshold, the increment threshold rises linearly with increasing adapting intensity. With 5 minutes of light adaptation, the rhodopsin content of the eye is not measurably reduced until the adapting intensity is greater than 5 log units above the ERG threshold. Dark adaptation is rapid (i.e., completed in 5 to 10 minutes) until the eye is adapted to lights strong enough to bleach a measurable fraction of the rhodopsin. After brighter light adaptations, dark adaptation consists of two parts, an initial rapid phase followed by a slow component. The extent of slow adaptation depends on the fraction of rhodopsin bleached. If all the rhodopsin in the eye is bleached, the slow fall of threshold extends over 5 log units and takes 2 to 3 hours to complete. The fall of ERG threshold during the slow phase of adaptation occurs in parallel with the regeneration of rhodopsin. The slow component of dark adaptation is related to the bleaching and resynthesis of rhodopsin; the fast component of adaptation is considered to be neural adaptation.
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Abstract
1. The responses of rods in the retina of the turtle, Chelydra serpentina, have been studied by intracellular recording.2. The identification of rods as the origin of the recorded responses has been confirmed by marking with Procion Yellow.3. The response to a small spot of light was a hyperpolarization which increased with increasing light intensity. For dim, small diameter stimuli, the shape of the rod response was similar to that of cones but 2x slower and 2x larger in amplitude. The time integral of the rod response to a dim, small diameter flash is, therefore, approximately 4x greater than the integral of the cone response.4. The shape of the rod response depended on the pattern of retinal illumination as well as stimulus intensity. Enlarging the area of illumination increased the peak amplitude and delayed repolarization following a light step. The area of retina which influenced the response was approximately 200 mum in radius.5. It is concluded that for dim light the responses of rods are larger than those of cones because of (i) a greater response to direct illumination and (ii) an enhancement of response by interaction from a large retinal area.
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Krill AE, Potts AM, Johanson CE. Chloroquine retinopathy. Investigation of discrepancy between dark adaptation and electroretinographic findings in advanced stages. Am J Ophthalmol 1971; 71:530-43. [PMID: 5547534 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(71)90130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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BONTING SJOERDL. The Mechanism of the Visual Process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4831-9971-9.50013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Abstract
1. The threshold of the discharge from single ganglion cells in the excised and opened frog's eye has been measured with on/off stimuli and test parameters that make it possible to activate the rhodopsin rods only. The test stimuli have been restricted to the central part of the receptive field, where no nervous reorganization can be observed with changes in the state of adaptation.2. When such thresholds and the intensities of the background lights are expressed in terms of the number of quanta absorbed per unit time, it is found that three factors can be correlated with the thresholds measured in various states of light- and dark-adaptation: (i) the intensity of a steady background, (ii) the rate of regeneration of rhodopsin, and (iii) the amount of metarhodopsin II present in the rods.3. The threshold is found to be proportional both to the intensity of a background and to the rate of regeneration, whereas there is a linear relationship between the logarithm of the threshold and the amount of metarhodopsin II.4. The presence of metarhodopsin elevates all thresholds, the absolute threshold, increment thresholds and the thresholds elevated by regenerating rhodopsin in the same way.5. The saturation of the rods at high background intensities is found to be correlated with the accumulation of significant amounts of metarhodopsin in the rods, caused by the bleaching effect of the background.6. The effect of metarhodopsin on the threshold is independent of the amount of rhodopsin present in the rods.7. The combined effect of all three factors can be expressed in a general formula, given as eqn. (7) on p. 74.8. A background not only reduces the signals from the rods illuminated, but also those from neighbouring unilluminated rods. This effect is rapidly decreased with increasing distance from rods covered by the background. This kind of lateral spread in the retina probably occurs also when the rate of regeneration affects the threshold. The effect of metarhodopsin, on the other hand, appears restricted to those receptors that contain this substance.
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Abstract
In response to background illumination, the adaptation properties of the b-wave are similar to those observed in the human eye with psychophysical methods. With increasing background luminance the b-wave sensitivity is diminished; except at the lowest background intensity the elevation of the log threshold is linearly related to the increase of background intensity, the relation having a slope of almost 1. The a-wave, however, behaves quite differently. At low background luminances it shows little adaptation. With higher background luminances the awave saturates, and no a-wave potential can be elicited with any stimulus intensity. The L-type S-potentials respond to background light in much the same way as the a-wave does. Thus, the b-wave is the first of the known responses in the visual system to show typical adaptation properties. This suggests that the site of visual adaptation may be in the bi-polarcell layer, the presumed locus of b-wave generation. Recent electron microscopic studies have demonstrated reciprocal synapses between the bipolar terminals and amacrine processes, and it is suggested that such a synaptic arrangement could account for visual adaptation by a mechanism of inhibitory feedback on the bipolar cells.
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WALD G. The Receptors of Human Color Vision: Action spectra of three visual pigments in human cones account for normal color vision and color-blindness. Science 1964; 145:1007-16. [PMID: 14172613 DOI: 10.1126/science.145.3636.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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BOYNTON RM. Contributions of Threshold Measurements to Color-Discrimination Theory*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 53:165-78. [PMID: 14014744 DOI: 10.1364/josa.53.000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Benolken R. Effects of light- and dark-adaptation processes on the generator potential of the Limulus eye. Vision Res 1962. [DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(62)90043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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ENOCH JM. Waveguide Modes: Are They Present, and What Is Their Possible Role in the Visual Mechanism?*. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1960; 50:1025-6. [PMID: 13696945 DOI: 10.1364/josa.50.001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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GRANGER GW. Psychophysiology of Vision. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1959; 1:245-98. [PMID: 13828919 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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BARLOW HB, FITZHUGH R, KUFFLER SW. Dark adaptation, absolute threshold and Purkinje shift in single units of the cat's retina. J Physiol 1957; 137:327-37. [PMID: 13463770 PMCID: PMC1363008 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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GRANGER GW. Night vision and psychiatric disorders: a review of experimental studies. THE JOURNAL OF MENTAL SCIENCE 1957; 103:48-79. [PMID: 13416848 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.103.430.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years a number of studies have been undertaken in which the “night vision” or dark-adaptation of psychiatric patients has been compared with that of normal subjects. These studies have their origin in a wartime observation that the incidence of “night-blindness” among neurotics was higher than among normal Service personnel. Evidence of functional disorders of vision is of interest from several points of view, psychiatric and ophthalmological as well as psychological and physiological. The aim of this article is to make a critical evaluation of the results so far obtained, determine what generalizations are possible and consider implications for further research.
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Eysenck's theory of anxiety and hysteria and the results of visual adaptation experiments. Acta Psychol (Amst) 1957. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-6918(57)90013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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AUERBACH E, BURIAN HM. Studies on the photopic-scotopic relationships in the human electroretinogram. Am J Ophthalmol 1955; 40:42-60. [PMID: 13268551 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9394(55)91836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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HURVICH LM, JAMESON D. Some quantitative aspects of an opponent-colors theory. II. Brightness, saturation, and hue in normal and dichromatic vision. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 1955; 45:602-16. [PMID: 13243163 DOI: 10.1364/josa.45.000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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