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Catalanotto M, Vaz JM, Abshire C, Youngblood R, Chu M, Levine H, Jolly MK, Dragoi AM. Dual role of CASP8AP2/FLASH in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition plasticity (EMP). Transl Oncol 2024; 39:101837. [PMID: 37984255 PMCID: PMC10689956 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental program that consists of the loss of epithelial features concomitant with the acquisition of mesenchymal features. Activation of EMT in cancer facilitates the acquisition of aggressive traits and cancer invasion. EMT plasticity (EMP), the dynamic transition between multiple hybrid states in which cancer cells display both epithelial and mesenchymal markers, confers survival advantages for cancer cells in constantly changing environments during metastasis. METHODS RNAseq analysis was performed to assess genome-wide transcriptional changes in cancer cells depleted for histone regulators FLASH, NPAT, and SLBP. Quantitative PCR and Western blot were used for the detection of mRNA and protein levels. Computational analysis was performed on distinct sets of genes to determine the epithelial and mesenchymal score in cancer cells and to correlate FLASH expression with EMT markers in the CCLE collection. RESULTS We demonstrate that loss of FLASH in cancer cells gives rise to a hybrid E/M phenotype with high epithelial scores even in the presence of TGFβ, as determined by computational methods using expression of predetermined sets of epithelial and mesenchymal genes. Multiple genes involved in cell-cell junction formation are similarly specifically upregulated in FLASH-depleted cells, suggesting that FLASH acts as a repressor of the epithelial phenotype. Further, FLASH expression in cancer lines is inversely correlated with the epithelial score. Nonetheless, subsets of mesenchymal markers were distinctly up-regulated in FLASH, NPAT, or SLBP-depleted cells. CONCLUSIONS The ZEB1low/SNAILhigh/E-cadherinhigh phenotype described in FLASH-depleted cancer cells is driving a hybrid E/M phenotype in which epithelial and mesenchymal markers coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Markus Vaz
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Reneau Youngblood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Min Chu
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, INLET Core, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, INLET Core, LSUHSC, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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Myacheva K, Walsh A, Riester M, Pelos G, Carl J, Diederichs S. CRISPRi screening identifies CASP8AP2 as an essential viability factor in lung cancer controlling tumor cell death via the AP-1 pathway. Cancer Lett 2023; 552:215958. [PMID: 36252816 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Since lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death globally, there is an urgent demand for novel therapeutic targets. We carried out a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) loss-of-function screen for human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) targeting 2098 deregulated genes using a customized algorithm to comprehensively probe the functionality of every resolvable transcriptional start site (TSS). CASP8AP2 was identified as the only hit that significantly affected the viability of all eight screened LUAD cell lines while the viability of non-transformed lung cells was only moderately impacted. Knockdown (KD) of CASP8AP2 induced both autophagy and apoptotic cell death pathways. Systematic expression profiling linked the AP-1 transcription factor to the CASP8AP2 KD-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, inhibition of AP-1 reverted the CASP8AP2 silencing-induced phenotype. Overall, the tailored CRISPRi screen profiled the impact of over 2000 genes on the survival of eight LUAD cell lines and identified the CASP8AP2 - AP-1 axis mediating lung cancer viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Myacheva
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany; Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Walsh
- siTOOLs Biotech GmbH, Lochhamerstr. 29A, Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marisa Riester
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giulia Pelos
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jane Carl
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sven Diederichs
- Division of Cancer Research, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) - Partner Site Freiburg, Germany; Division of RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Caspase-10 affects the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis by regulating inflammatory cell death. J Autoimmun 2022; 133:102940. [PMID: 36323068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease that involves chronic inflammation and injury to biliary epithelial cells. To identify critical genetic factor(s) in PBC patients, we performed whole-exome sequencing of five female siblings, including one unaffected and four affected sisters, in a multi-PBC family, and identified 61 rare heterozygote variants that segregated only within the affected sisters. Among them, we were particularly interested in caspase-10, for although several caspases are involved in cell death, inflammation and autoimmunity, caspase-10 is little known from this perspective. We generated caspase-10 knockout macrophages, and then investigated the obtained phenotypes in comparison to those of its structurally similar protein, caspase-8. Unlike caspase-8, caspase-10 does not play a role during differentiation into macrophages, but after differentiation, it regulates the process of inflammatory cell deaths such as necroptosis and pyroptosis more strongly. Interestingly, caspase-10 displays better protease activity than caspase-8 in the process of RIPK1 cleavage, and an enhanced ability to form a complex with RIPK1 and FADD in human macrophages. Higher inflammatory cell death affected the fibrotic response of hepatic stellate cells; this effect could be recovered by treatment with UDCA and OCA, which are currently approved for PBC patients. Our findings strongly indicate that the defective roles of caspase-10 in macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of PBC, thereby suggesting a new therapeutic strategy for PBC treatment.
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Xie YY, Lu YW, Yu GR. The protective effects of hyperoside on Ang II-mediated apoptosis of bEnd.3 cells and injury of blood-brain barrier model in vitro. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:157. [PMID: 35698113 PMCID: PMC9195266 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03635-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hypertension and its associated dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are considered to contribute to cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). Angiotensin II (Ang II), as an important vasoactive peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is not only a pivotal molecular signal in hypertension, but also causes BBB leakage, cSVD and its related cognitive impair. Hyperoside (Hyp), a flavone glycoside, has antioxidant, antiphlogistic and anti-apoptosis effects. In this study, we investigate the protection of Hyp on apoptosis of bEnd.3 cells and BBB disruption in vitro induced by Ang II.
Methods
We used bEnd.3 cells to imitate a BBB monolayer model and explored the protection of Hyp on Ang II-induced BBB leakage. The apoptotic activity was assessed by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis pathway related proteins, tight junction proteins and transcytosis related proteins were detected by western blot assay. The BBB model permeability was detected through measuring the flux of sodium fluorescein (Na-F).
Results
We found that Hyp can not only effectively inhibit the apoptosis of bEnd.3 induced by Ang II, but also protect the structural soundness and functional integrity of BBB model by affecting the expression levels of junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A), Claudin-5, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 2a (Mfsd2a).
Conclusion
Hyp might be a potent compound for preventing Ang II-induced BBB disruption.
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Alsagaby SA. Transcriptomics-Based Investigation of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Apoptosis Induced by ZnO Nanoparticles in Human Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2261-2281. [PMID: 35611214 PMCID: PMC9124502 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s355408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) show anti-cancer activity. Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is a type of B-cell malignancies with unsatisfying treatment outcomes. This study was set to assess the potential of ZnO NPs to selectively induce apoptosis in human DLBCL cells (OCI-LY3), and to describe possible molecular mechanisms of action. Methods The impact of ZnO NPs on DLBCL cells and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was studied using cytotoxicity assay and flow-cytometry. Transcriptomics analysis was conducted to identify ZnO NPs-dependent changes in the transcriptomic profiles of DLBCL cells. Results ZnO NPs selectively induced apoptosis in DLBCL cells, and caused changes in their transcriptomes. Deferential gene expression (DGE) with fold change (FC) ≥3 and p ≤ 0.008 with corrected p ≤ 0.05 was identified for 528 genes; 125 genes were over-expressed and 403 genes were under-expressed in ZnO NPs-treated DLBCL cells. The over-expressed genes involved in biological processes and pathways like stress response to metal ion, cellular response to zinc ion, metallothioneins bind metals, oxidative stress, and negative regulation of growth. In contrast, the under-expressed genes were implicated in DNA packaging complex, signaling by NOTCH, negative regulation of gene expression by epigenetic, signaling by WNT, M phase of cell cycle, and telomere maintenance. Setting the FC to ≥1.5 with p ≤ 0.05 and corrected p ≤ 0.1 showed ZnO NPs to induce over-expression of anti-oxidant genes and under-expression of oncogenes; target B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway and NF-κB pathway; and promote apoptosis by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Discussion Overall, ZnO NPs selectively induced apoptosis in DLBCL cells, and possible molecular mechanisms of action were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman A Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, AL-Majmaah, 11932, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Suliman A Alsagaby, Email
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Leng J, Li Y, Yang W, Sun J, Huang S, Yang C, Liu C, Wang L, Song L. The involvement of CgCaspase-8-2 in regulating the expressions of cytokines, antibacterial peptide and autophagy-related genes in oysters. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:145-153. [PMID: 34600117 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-8 has been reported to be involved not only in apoptosis, but also in many other important immune response processes, such as inflammation and autophagy. In the present study, the open reading frame of CgCaspase-8-2 was cloned from the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, which was of 2160 bp encoding 737 amino acids. There were two death effector domains (DEDs) and a cysteine aspartase cysteine structural (CASc) domain in the deduced amino acid sequences of CgCaspase-8-2. The mRNA expressions of CgCaspase-8-2 in haemocytes and gills all increased significantly after Vibrio splendidus stimulation at 3 h, 6 h, and 24 h. The cleaved CgCaspase-8-2 protein was observed in haemocytes at 3 h after V. splendidus stimulation and the expression of CgCaspase-8-2 protein was relatively higher in granulocytes, compared with that in agranulocytes. In CgCaspase-8-2-RNAi oysters, the mRNA expressions of CgIL17s (CgIL17-1, -2, -3, -4, -6), CgTNF, CgIFNLP and CgBigDef1 all decreased significantly at 12 h after V. splendidus stimulation. Meanwhile, the mRNA expressions of CgATG5 and CgBeclin1 decreased significantly at 12 h after V. splendidus stimulation, while CgBcl2 increased significantly. These results indicated that CgCaspase-8-2 was involved in not only the regulation of cytokine and antibacterial peptide production, but also autophagy-related gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Leng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiejie Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Shu Huang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Omega-3 fatty acid protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-induced injury through targeting MiR-210-3p/CASP8AP2 axis. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2999-3007. [PMID: 33791918 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate diverse biological functions in both normal and pathological cellular conditions by post-transcriptional regulation of various genes expression. Nevertheless, the role of miRs in regulating the protective functions of omega-3 fatty acid in relation to hypoxia in cardiomyocytes remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and further delineate the mechanisms underlying microRNA-210 (miRNA-210)-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vitro. H9C2 cultured cells were first subjected to hypoxia followed by a subsequent treatment with main component of the Omega-3 fatty acid, Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). Cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry and the expression of miR-210-3p were detected by RT-qPCR and caspase-8-associated protein 2 (CASP8AP2) at protein levels by immunoblotting. Dual luciferase assay was used to verify the mutual effect between miR-210-3p and the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of CASP8AP2 gene. DHA was shown to reduce apoptosis in H9C2 cells subjected to hypoxia. While DHA caused a significant increase in the expression of miR-210-3p, there was a marked reduction in the protein expression of CASP8AP2. MiR-210-3p and CASP8AP2 were significantly increased in H9C2 cardiomyocyte subjected to hypoxia. Overexpression of miR-210-3p could ameliorate hypoxia-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cells. MiR-210-3p negatively regulated CASP8AP2 expression at the transcriptional level. Both miR-210-3p mimic and CASP8AP2 siRNA could efficiently inhibit apoptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocyte subjected to hypoxia. We provide strong evidence showing that Omega-3 fatty acids can attenuate apoptosis in cardiomyocyte under hypoxic conditions via the up-regulation of miR-210-3p and targeting CASP8AP2 signaling pathway.
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Berntsen HF, Duale N, Bjørklund CG, Rangel-Huerta OD, Dyrberg K, Hofer T, Rakkestad KE, Østby G, Halsne R, Boge G, Paulsen RE, Myhre O, Ropstad E. Effects of a human-based mixture of persistent organic pollutants on the in vivo exposed cerebellum and cerebellar neuronal cultures exposed in vitro. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106240. [PMID: 33186814 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), encompassing chlorinated (Cl), brominated (Br) and perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) compounds is associated with adverse neurobehaviour in humans and animals, and is observed to cause adverse effects in nerve cell cultures. Most studies focus on single POPs, whereas studies on effects of complex mixtures are limited. We examined the effects of a mixture of 29 persistent compounds (Cl + Br + PFAA, named Total mixture), as well as 6 sub-mixtures on in vitro exposed rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Protein expression studies of cerebella from in vivo exposed mice offspring were also conducted. The selection of chemicals for the POP mixture was based on compounds being prominent in food, breast milk or blood from the Scandinavian human population. The Total mixture and sub-mixtures containing PFAAs caused greater toxicity in rat CGNs than the single or combined Cl/Br sub-mixtures, with significant impact on viability from 500x human blood levels. The potencies for these mixtures based on LC50 values were Br + PFAA mixture > Total mixture > Cl + PFAA mixture > PFAA mixture. These mixtures also accelerated induced lipid peroxidation. Protection by the competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 3-((R)-2-Carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) indicated involvement of the NMDA receptor in PFAA and Total mixture-, but not Cl mixture-induced toxicity. Gene-expression studies in rat CGNs using a sub-toxic and marginally toxic concentration ((0.4 nM-5.5 µM) 333x and (1 nM-8.2 µM) 500x human blood levels) of the mixtures, revealed differential expression of genes involved in apoptosis, oxidative stress, neurotransmission and cerebellar development, with more genes affected at the marginally toxic concentration. The two important neurodevelopmental markers Pax6 and Grin2b were downregulated at 500x human blood levels, accompanied by decreases in PAX6 and GluN2B protein levels, in cerebellum of offspring mice from mothers exposed to the Total mixture throughout pregnancy and lactation. In rat CGNs, the glutathione peroxidase gene Prdx6 and the regulatory transmembrane glycoprotein gene Sirpa were highly upregulated at both concentrations. In conclusion, our results support that early-life exposure to mixtures of POPs can cause adverse neurodevelopmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Friis Berntsen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU-School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway; National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 5330 Majorstuen, 0304 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Nur Duale
- Section of Molecular Toxicology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Cesilie Granum Bjørklund
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU-School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Kine Dyrberg
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU-School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tim Hofer
- Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Eline Rakkestad
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1072, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gunn Østby
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU-School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ruth Halsne
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU-School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gudrun Boge
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU-School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ragnhild Elisabeth Paulsen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1072, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Oddvar Myhre
- Section of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Erik Ropstad
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, NMBU-School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 369 sentrum, N-0102 Oslo, Norway.
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Exosomes secreted under hypoxia enhance stemness in Ewing's sarcoma through miR-210 delivery. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3633-3645. [PMID: 33088424 PMCID: PMC7546758 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication between tumor cells within the hypoxic microenvironment promote aggressiveness and poor patient prognoses for reasons that remain unclear. Here we show that hypoxic Ewing’s sarcoma (EWS) cells release exosomes that promote sphere formation, a stem-like phenotype, in EWS cells by enhancing survival. Analysis of the hypoxic exosomal miRNA cargo identified a HIF-1α regulated miRNA, miR-210, as a potential mediator of sphere formation in cells exposed to hypoxic exosomes. Knockdown of HIF-1α in hypoxic EWS cells led to decreased exosomal miR-210 levels and reduced the capacity of hypoxic exosomes to form spheres. Inhibition of miR-210 in hypoxic spheres attenuated sphere formation and overexpression of miR-210 in normoxic spheres significantly enhanced the number of EWS spheres. Our results indicate that hypoxic exosomal miR-210 targets the proapoptotic protein CASP8AP2 in recipient cells. Moreover, the suppression of CASP8AP2 led to a reduction in apoptotic cells and increased sphere formation. Together, the findings in this study suggest that hypoxic exosomes promote stemness in EWS cells by delivering enriched miR-210 that is capable of down-regulating apoptotic pathways, resulting in the survival of cells with increased sphere formation. Future studies will further investigate the effects of EWS derived exosomal miRNAs on target genes and the role these interactions play in driving aggressiveness in hypoxic EWS tumors.
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Abaandou L, Sharma AK, Shiloach J. Knockout of the caspase 8-associated protein 2 gene improves recombinant protein expression in HEK293 cells through up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A gene. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:186-198. [PMID: 32910455 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell lines used in bioproduction are routinely engineered to improve their production efficiency. Numerous strategies, such as random mutagenesis, RNA interference screens, and transcriptome analyses have been employed to identify effective engineering targets. A genome-wide small interfering RNA screen previously identified the CASP8AP2 gene as a potential engineering target for improved expression of recombinant protein in the HEK293 cell line. Here, we validate the CASP8AP2 gene as an engineering target in HEK293 cells by knocking it out using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and assessing the effect of its knockout on recombinant protein expression, cell growth, cell viability, and overall gene expression. HEK293 cells lacking CASP8AP2 showed a seven-fold increase in specific expression of recombinant luciferase and a 2.5-fold increase in specific expression of recombinant SEAP, without significantly affecting cell growth and viability. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the deregulation of the cell cycle, specifically the upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene, contributed to the improvement in recombinant protein expression in CASP8AP2 deficient cells. The results validate the CASP8AP2 gene is a viable engineering target for improved recombinant protein expression in the HEK293 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abaandou
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ashish K Sharma
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Shiloach
- Biotechnology Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Hemker SL, Cerqueira DM, Bodnar AJ, Cargill KR, Clugston A, Anslow MJ, Sims-Lucas S, Kostka D, Ho J. Deletion of hypoxia-responsive microRNA-210 results in a sex-specific decrease in nephron number. FASEB J 2020; 34:5782-5799. [PMID: 32141129 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902767r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Low nephron number results in an increased risk of developing hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with a nephron deficit in humans, and is commonly caused by placental insufficiency, which results in fetal hypoxia. The underlying mechanisms by which hypoxia impacts kidney development are poorly understood. microRNA-210 is the most consistently induced microRNA in hypoxia and is known to promote cell survival in a hypoxic environment. In this study, the role of microRNA-210 in kidney development was evaluated using a global microRNA-210 knockout mouse. A male-specific 35% nephron deficit in microRNA-210 knockout mice was observed. Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a pathway crucial for nephron differentiation, was misregulated in male kidneys with increased expression of the canonical Wnt target lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1. This coincided with increased expression of caspase-8-associated protein 2, a known microRNA-210 target and apoptosis signal transducer. Together, these data are consistent with a sex-specific requirement for microRNA-210 in kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L Hemker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Débora M Cerqueira
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J Bodnar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kasey R Cargill
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Clugston
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melissa J Anslow
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis Kostka
- Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Ho
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Rangos Research Center, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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12
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Qiu Q, Shen T, Wang Q, Yu X, Jia N, He Q. Cardiac shock wave therapy protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia‑induced injury by modulating miR‑210. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:631-640. [PMID: 31974607 PMCID: PMC6947887 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac shock wave therapy (SWT) has been described as a novel therapeutic strategy that is able to alleviate myocardial ischemic injury. microRNA (miRNA/miR)‑210 plays a cytoprotective role in cardiomyocytes in response to hypoxia by regulating cell apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether cardiac SWT could protect cardiomyocytes from hypoxia‑induced injury by regulating miR‑210 expression. The murine adult cardiomyocyte cell line HL‑1 was incubated for 5 h in hypoxic conditions, followed by reoxygenation for 12 h and treatment with SWT immediately following hypoxia in the present study. The cell viability was determined using an MTS assay. Western blot analyses were performed in order to detect cell signaling changes. Reactive oxygen species production was detected using dihydroethidium staining, and malondialdehyde levels were measured using the thiobarbituric acid method. miRNA and mRNA expression levels were confirmed via reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. Apoptosis was evaluated by means of flow cytometry. HL‑1 cells were then transfected with miR‑210 mimics or inhibitors in order to alter miR‑210 expression levels, and the effects on HL‑1 cells were determined. Hypoxia led to elevated oxidative stress, enhanced cell apoptosis and upregulated miR‑210 expression levels in HL‑1 cells, while SWT could alleviate hypoxia‑induced cell injury and further promote miR‑210 expression. miR‑210 overexpression decreased apoptosis and oxidative stress during hypoxic stress in HL‑1 cells, whereas inhibition of miR‑210 increased cell apoptosis and promoted oxidative stress. Furthermore, miR‑210 inhibition could reverse the effects of SWT on HL‑1 cells. Finally, the mRNA analysis revealed that SWT significantly attenuated apoptosis‑inducing factor mitochondrion‑associated 3 and caspase 8 associated protein 2 mRNA expression levels in cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia, which were two targets of miR‑210. SWT could exert cardioprotective effects against hypoxia‑induced cardiac injury by modulating miR‑210.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Qiu
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Tao Shen
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Que Wang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Yu
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Na Jia
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Qing He
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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13
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Wang B, Gu TX, Yu FM, Zhang GW, Zhao Y. Overexpression of miR-210 promotes the potential of cardiac stem cells against hypoxia. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2019; 52:367-371. [PMID: 30668175 DOI: 10.1080/14017431.2019.1567932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of miR-210 on cardiac stem cells (CSCs) against hypoxia-induced injury. METHODS CSCs were isolated from rat ventricular wall and cultured until passage 4. After exposure to hypoxia for 6 h, the expression of miR-210 was determined. Thereafter, transfection of miR-210 mimic and inhibitor was carried out. 1 week later, in vitro experiments were performed to measure the expression of caspase-8-associated protein 2 (Casp8ap2), Caspase 8, protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), as well as migration and apoptosis of CSCs under hypoxic condition. RESULTS Hypoxia induced a significant up-regulation of miR-210 expression in CSCs. Notably, the expression of Casp8ap2, Caspase8, PTPN2 was dramatically inhibited by overexpression of miR-210 in CSCsmiR-210 Group (P < .05), but no changes in CXCR4 (P > .05), compared with the control. Additionally, a decreased apoptosis of CSCs was detected in CSCsmiR-210 Group (26.22 ± 1.15%, P < .001), compared with Control Group (34.97 ± 0.63%). Moreover, the migration of CSCs was significantly promoted in CSCsmiR-210 Group (45.73 ± 2.4, P < .001), compared with Control Group (19.6 ± 1.11). Meanwhile, down-regulation of miR-210 reversed these results (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS miR-210 was a hypoxia responsive element in CSCs, and its up-regulation inhibited apoptosis of CSCs and promoted their migration under hypoxic condition, through regulating its target genes Casp8ap2/Caspase 8 and PTPN2, which may provide a new strategy for cell therapy of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- a Department of Cardiac Surgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China.,b Department of Cardiac Surgery , Harrison International Pease Hospital , Hengshui , China
| | - Tian-Xiang Gu
- a Department of Cardiac Surgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Fu-Min Yu
- a Department of Cardiac Surgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Guang-Wei Zhang
- a Department of Cardiac Surgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Ye Zhao
- a Department of Cardiac Surgery , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
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14
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Lee J, Oh S, Sael L. GIFT: Guided and Interpretable Factorization for Tensors with an application to large-scale multi-platform cancer analysis. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:4151-4158. [PMID: 29931238 PMCID: PMC6289137 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Given multi-platform genome data with prior knowledge of functional gene sets, how can we extract interpretable latent relationships between patients and genes? More specifically, how can we devise a tensor factorization method which produces an interpretable gene factor matrix based on functional gene set information while maintaining the decomposition quality and speed? Results We propose GIFT, a Guided and Interpretable Factorization for Tensors. GIFT provides interpretable factor matrices by encoding prior knowledge as a regularization term in its objective function. We apply GIFT to the PanCan12 dataset (TCGA multi-platform genome data) and compare the performance with P-Tucker, our baseline method without prior knowledge constraint, and Silenced-TF, our naive interpretable method. Results show that GIFT produces interpretable factorizations with high scalability and accuracy. Furthermore, we demonstrate how results of GIFT can be used to reveal significant relations between (cancer, gene sets, genes) and validate the findings based on literature evidence. Availability and implementation The code and datasets used in the paper are available at https://github.com/leesael/GIFT. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lee Sael
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Aik WS, Lin MH, Tan D, Tripathy A, Marzluff WF, Dominski Z, Chou CY, Tong L. The N-terminal domains of FLASH and Lsm11 form a 2:1 heterotrimer for histone pre-mRNA 3'-end processing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186034. [PMID: 29020104 PMCID: PMC5636114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike canonical pre-mRNAs, animal replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs lack introns and are processed at the 3'-end by a mechanism distinct from cleavage and polyadenylation. They have a 3' stem loop and histone downstream element (HDE) that are recognized by stem-loop binding protein (SLBP) and U7 snRNP, respectively. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of Lsm11, a component of U7 snRNP, interacts with FLASH NTD and these two proteins recruit the histone cleavage complex containing the CPSF-73 endonuclease for the cleavage reaction. Here, we determined crystal structures of FLASH NTD and found that it forms a coiled-coil dimer. Using solution light scattering, we characterized the stoichiometry of the FLASH NTD-Lsm11 NTD complex and found that it is a 2:1 heterotrimer, which is supported by observations from analytical ultracentrifugation and crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen Aik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Min-Han Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dazhi Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashutosh Tripathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William F. Marzluff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zbigniew Dominski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chi-Yuan Chou
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Protection of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells against Oxidative Stress by MicroRNA-210. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3565613. [PMID: 28367268 PMCID: PMC5359453 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3565613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress induces endothelial cell apoptosis and promotes atherosclerosis development. MicroRNA-210 (miR-210) is linked with apoptosis in different cell types. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-210 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under oxidative stress and to determine the underlying mechanism. HUVECs were treated with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and cell viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and ATP assay. To evaluate the role of miR-210 in H2O2-mediated apoptosis, gain-and-loss-of-function approaches were used, and the effects on apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level were assayed using flow cytometry. Moreover, miR-210 expression was detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and expression of the following apoptosis-related genes was assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blot at the RNA and protein level, respectively: caspase-8-associated protein 2 (CASP8AP2), caspase-8, and caspase-3. The results showed that H2O2 induced apoptosis in HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner and increased miR-210 expression. Overexpression of miR-210 inhibited apoptosis and reduced ROS level in HUVECs treated with H2O2. Furthermore, miR-210 downregulated CASP8AP2 and related downstream caspases at protein level. Thus, under oxidative stress, miR-210 has a prosurvival and antiapoptotic effect on HUVECs by reducing ROS generation and downregulating the CASP8AP2 pathway.
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17
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Sokolova M, Turunen M, Mortusewicz O, Kivioja T, Herr P, Vähärautio A, Björklund M, Taipale M, Helleday T, Taipale J. Genome-wide screen of cell-cycle regulators in normal and tumor cells identifies a differential response to nucleosome depletion. Cell Cycle 2016; 16:189-199. [PMID: 27929715 PMCID: PMC5283814 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1261765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify cell cycle regulators that enable cancer cells to replicate DNA and divide in an unrestricted manner, we performed a parallel genome-wide RNAi screen in normal and cancer cell lines. In addition to many shared regulators, we found that tumor and normal cells are differentially sensitive to loss of the histone genes transcriptional regulator CASP8AP2. In cancer cells, loss of CASP8AP2 leads to a failure to synthesize sufficient amount of histones in the S-phase of the cell cycle, resulting in slowing of individual replication forks. Despite this, DNA replication fails to arrest, and tumor cells progress in an elongated S-phase that lasts several days, finally resulting in death of most of the affected cells. In contrast, depletion of CASP8AP2 in normal cells triggers a response that arrests viable cells in S-phase. The arrest is dependent on p53, and preceded by accumulation of markers of DNA damage, indicating that nucleosome depletion is sensed in normal cells via a DNA-damage -like response that is defective in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sokolova
- a Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Mikko Turunen
- a Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Oliver Mortusewicz
- b Science for Life laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Teemu Kivioja
- a Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Patrick Herr
- b Science for Life laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anna Vähärautio
- a Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Mikael Björklund
- a Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Minna Taipale
- c Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Thomas Helleday
- b Science for Life laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jussi Taipale
- a Genome-Scale Biology Program, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,c Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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18
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Abstract
As an indispensable process of cell life, apoptosis is essential for keeping homeostasis at cell level. Dysregulation of apoptosis is usually involved in the pathological processes of many complex diseases including cancer. With the properties such as high affinity and specificity to their targets, easy of synthesis and modification and good biocompatibility, aptamers have been attractive molecules applied in basic research, diagnostics and therapeutics. This review mainly focuses on the recent researches on application of aptamers in interference of cell apoptosis. Key targets along the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways were respectively dissected using aptamers as a tool, providing an insight into the pathological processes, especially for cancer.
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19
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Maternal expression and early induction of histone gene transcription factor Hinfp sustains development in pre-implantation embryos. Dev Biol 2016; 419:311-320. [PMID: 27609454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fidelity of histone gene expression is important for normal cell growth and differentiation that is stringently controlled during development but is compromised during tumorigenesis. Efficient production of histones for packaging newly replicated DNA is particularly important for proper cell division and epigenetic control during the initial pre-implantation stages of embryonic development. Here, we addressed the unresolved question of when the machinery for histone gene transcription is activated in the developing zygote to accommodate temporal demands for histone gene expression. We examined induction of Histone Nuclear Factor P (HINFP), the only known transcription factor required for histone H4 gene expression, that binds directly to a unique H4 promoter-specific element to regulate histone H4 transcription. We show that Hinfp gene transcripts are stored in oocytes and maternally transmitted to the zygote. Transcripts from the paternal Hinfp gene, which reflect induction of zygotic gene expression, are apparent at the 4- to 8-cell stage, when most maternal mRNA pools are depleted. Loss of Hinfp expression due to gene ablation reduces cell numbers in E3.5 stage embryos and compromises implantation. Reduced cell proliferation is attributable to severe reduction in histone mRNA levels accompanied by reduced cell survival and genomic damage as measured by cleaved Caspase 3 and phospho-H2AX staining, respectively. We conclude that transmission of maternal Hinfp transcripts and zygotic activation of the Hinfp gene together are necessary to control H4 gene expression in early pre-implantation embryos in order to support normal embryonic development.
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20
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FLASH protects ZEB1 from degradation and supports cancer cells' epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e254. [PMID: 27526108 PMCID: PMC5007829 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis remains a significant challenge and the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths. It is postulated that during metastasis cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process characterized by loss of cell–cell contacts and increased migratory and invasive potential. ZEB1 is one the most prominent transcriptional repressors of genes associated with EMT. We identified caspase-8-associated protein 2 (CASP8AP2 or FLASH) as a novel posttranscriptional regulator of ZEB1. Here we demonstrate that FLASH protects ZEB1 from proteasomal degradation brought by the action of the ubiquitin ligases SIAH1 and F-box protein FBXO45. As a result, loss of FLASH rapidly destabilized ZEB1 and reversed EMT cellular characteristics. Importantly, loss of FLASH blocked transforming growth factor-β-induced EMT and enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapy. Thus, we propose that FLASH–ZEB1 interplay may be a protective mechanism against ZEB1 degradation in cells undergoing EMT and may be an efficacious target for therapies aimed to block EMT progression.
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21
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Tatomer DC, Terzo E, Curry KP, Salzler H, Sabath I, Zapotoczny G, McKay DJ, Dominski Z, Marzluff WF, Duronio RJ. Concentrating pre-mRNA processing factors in the histone locus body facilitates efficient histone mRNA biogenesis. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:557-70. [PMID: 27241916 PMCID: PMC4896052 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201504043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentrating factors in nuclear bodies is thought to promote efficient gene expression. Tatomer et al. show that the histone locus body (HLB) concentrates pre-mRNA processing factors at replication-dependent histone genes, resulting in optimal 3′ end formation of histone mRNAs coupled with transcription termination. The histone locus body (HLB) assembles at replication-dependent histone genes and concentrates factors required for histone messenger RNA (mRNA) biosynthesis. FLASH (Flice-associated huge protein) and U7 small nuclear RNP (snRNP) are HLB components that participate in 3′ processing of the nonpolyadenylated histone mRNAs by recruiting the endonuclease CPSF-73 to histone pre-mRNA. Using transgenes to complement a FLASH mutant, we show that distinct domains of FLASH involved in U7 snRNP binding, histone pre-mRNA cleavage, and HLB localization are all required for proper FLASH function in vivo. By genetically manipulating HLB composition using mutations in FLASH, mutations in the HLB assembly factor Mxc, or depletion of the variant histone H2aV, we find that failure to concentrate FLASH and/or U7 snRNP in the HLB impairs histone pre-mRNA processing. This failure results in accumulation of small amounts of polyadenylated histone mRNA and nascent read-through transcripts at the histone locus. Thus, the HLB concentrates FLASH and U7 snRNP, promoting efficient histone mRNA biosynthesis and coupling 3′ end processing with transcription termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre C Tatomer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Esteban Terzo
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Kaitlin P Curry
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Harmony Salzler
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Ivan Sabath
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Grzegorz Zapotoczny
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Daniel J McKay
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Zbigniew Dominski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - William F Marzluff
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Robert J Duronio
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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22
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Prokhorova EA, Zamaraev AV, Kopeina GS, Zhivotovsky B, Lavrik IN. Role of the nucleus in apoptosis: signaling and execution. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4593-612. [PMID: 26346492 PMCID: PMC11113907 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since their establishment in the early 1970s, the nuclear changes upon apoptosis induction, such as the condensation of chromatin, disassembly of nuclear scaffold proteins and degradation of DNA, were, and still are, considered as the essential steps and hallmarks of apoptosis. These are the characteristics of the execution phase of apoptotic cell death. In addition, accumulating data clearly show that some nuclear events can lead to the induction of apoptosis. In particular, if DNA lesions resulting from deregulation during the cell cycle or DNA damage induced by chemotherapeutic drugs or viral infection cannot be efficiently eliminated, apoptotic mechanisms, which enable cellular transformation to be avoided, are activated in the nucleus. The functional heterogeneity of the nuclear organization allows the tight regulation of these signaling events that involve the movement of various nuclear proteins to other intracellular compartments (and vice versa) to initiate and govern apoptosis. Here, we discuss how these events are coordinated to execute apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia A Prokhorova
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V Zamaraev
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Inna N Lavrik
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Department of Translational Inflammation, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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23
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Genome-wide RNAi screening identifies host restriction factors critical for in vivo AAV transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11276-81. [PMID: 26305933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503607112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors based on the adeno-associated virus (AAV) hold great promise for in vivo gene transfer; several unknowns, however, still limit the vectors' broader and more efficient application. Here, we report the results of a high-throughput, whole-genome siRNA screening aimed at identifying cellular factors regulating AAV transduction. We identified 1,483 genes affecting vector efficiency more than 4-fold and up to 50-fold, either negatively or positively. Most of these factors have not previously been associated to AAV infection. The most effective siRNAs were independent from the virus serotype or analyzed cell type and were equally evident for single-stranded and self-complementary AAV vectors. A common characteristic of the most effective siRNAs was the induction of cellular DNA damage and activation of a cell cycle checkpoint. This information can be exploited for the development of more efficient AAV-based gene delivery procedures. Administration of the most effective siRNAs identified by the screening to the liver significantly improved in vivo AAV transduction efficiency.
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24
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Decker B, Davis BW, Rimbault M, Long AH, Karlins E, Jagannathan V, Reiman R, Parker HG, Drögemüller C, Corneveaux JJ, Chapman ES, Trent JM, Leeb T, Huentelman MJ, Wayne RK, Karyadi DM, Ostrander EA. Comparison against 186 canid whole-genome sequences reveals survival strategies of an ancient clonally transmissible canine tumor. Genome Res 2015; 25:1646-55. [PMID: 26232412 PMCID: PMC4617961 DOI: 10.1101/gr.190314.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a parasitic cancer clone that has propagated for thousands of years via sexual transfer of malignant cells. Little is understood about the mechanisms that converted an ancient tumor into the world's oldest known continuously propagating somatic cell lineage. We created the largest existing catalog of canine genome-wide variation and compared it against two CTVT genome sequences, thereby separating alleles derived from the founder's genome from somatic mutations that must drive clonal transmissibility. We show that CTVT has undergone continuous adaptation to its transmissible allograft niche, with overlapping mutations at every step of immunosurveillance, particularly self-antigen presentation and apoptosis. We also identified chronologically early somatic mutations in oncogenesis- and immune-related genes that may represent key initiators of clonal transmissibility. Thus, we provide the first insights into the specific genomic aberrations that underlie CTVT's dogged perseverance in canids around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Decker
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, United Kingdom
| | - Brian W Davis
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Maud Rimbault
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Adrienne H Long
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Eric Karlins
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Reiman
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
| | - Heidi G Parker
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3001, Switzerland
| | - Jason J Corneveaux
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
| | - Erica S Chapman
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jeffery M Trent
- The Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, CH-3001, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert K Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Danielle M Karyadi
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Hirano T, Murakami T, Ono H, Sakurai A, Tominaga T, Takahashi T, Nagai K, Doi T, Abe H. A Novel Interaction between FLICE-Associated Huge Protein (FLASH) and E2A Regulates Cell Proliferation and Cellular Senescence via Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Alpha-p21WAF1/CIP1 Axis. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208142 PMCID: PMC4514670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the cell proliferation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases. Cellular senescence limits proliferation of cancer cells, preventing tumorigenesis and restricting tissue damage. However, the role of cellular senescence in proliferative nephritis has not been determined. The proliferative peak in experimental rat nephritis coincided with a peak in E2A expression in the glomeruli. Meanwhile, E12 (an E2A-encoded transcription factor) did not promote proliferation of Mesangial cells (MCs) by itself. We identified caspase-8-binding protein FLICE-associated huge protein (FLASH) as a novel E2A-binding partner by using a yeast two-hybrid screening. Knockdown of FLASH suppressed proliferation of MCs. This inhibitory effect was partially reversed by the knockdown of E2A. In addition, the knockdown of FLASH induced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 (p21) expression, but did not affect p53 expression. Furthermore, overexpression of E12 and E47 induced p21, but not p53 in MCs, in the absence of FLASH. We also demonstrated that E2A and p21 expression at the peak of proliferation was followed by significant induction of FLASH in mesangial areas in rat proliferative glomerulonephritis. Moreover, we revealed that FLASH negatively regulates cellular senescence via the interaction with E12. We also demonstrated that FLASH is involved in the TNF-α-induced p21 expressions. These results suggest that the functional interaction of E2A and FLASH play an important role in cell proliferation and cellular senescence via regulation of p21 expression in experimental glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hirano
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Taichi Murakami
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ono
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Sakurai
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Takahashi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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26
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Choi MR, Gwak M, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Regional Bias of Intratumoral Genetic Heterogeneity of Apoptosis-Related Genes BAX, APAF1, and FLASH in Colon Cancers with High Microsatellite Instability. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1674-9. [PMID: 25599959 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis inactivation and intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) are common features of cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Inactivation of apoptosis prolongs cancer cell survival, and ITH may contribute to CRC progression. AIM To examine the presence and extent of mutational ITH in the pro-apoptotic genes APAF1, BAX, and FLASH and the association of mutational ITH with pathologic parameters of CRC. METHODS The ITH of mutations in the mononucleotide repeats of APAF1, BAX and FLASH in different tumors were analyzed in 16 cases of CRC with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) and 41 cases of CRC with stable MSI/low MSI (MSS/MSI-L) by single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing analyses. RESULTS Frameshift mutations of APAF1, BAX, and FLASH were identified in 19, 31, and 6 % of CRC with MSI-H, respectively, but also in cases of CRC with MSS/MSI-L. All but one CRC with a mutation (8/9) harbored regional ITH of the APAF1, BAX and FLASH frameshift mutations. ITH, however, was not associated with histopathologic features of CRC with MSI-H, suggesting that ITH might not be related to development of the MSI-H phenotype itself, but rather to disease progression. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the APAF1, BAX, and FLASH genes not only harbor frameshift mutations but also demonstrate mutational ITH, which together might play a role in the tumorigenesis of CRC with MSI-H by affecting the apoptosis of cancer cells. Our data also suggest that multiregional mutation analysis is needed for a better evaluation of the mutation status in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ryoung Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Socho-gu, Seoul, 137-701, Korea
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27
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Yang XC, Sabath I, Kunduru L, van Wijnen AJ, Marzluff WF, Dominski Z. A conserved interaction that is essential for the biogenesis of histone locus bodies. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33767-82. [PMID: 25339177 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.616466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear protein, ataxia-telangiectasia locus (NPAT) and FLICE-associated huge protein (FLASH) are two major components of discrete nuclear structures called histone locus bodies (HLBs). NPAT is a key co-activator of histone gene transcription, whereas FLASH through its N-terminal region functions in 3' end processing of histone primary transcripts. The C-terminal region of FLASH contains a highly conserved domain that is also present at the end of Yin Yang 1-associated protein-related protein (YARP) and its Drosophila homologue, Mute, previously shown to localize to HLBs in Drosophila cells. Here, we show that the C-terminal domain of human FLASH and YARP interacts with the C-terminal region of NPAT and that this interaction is essential and sufficient to drive FLASH and YARP to HLBs in HeLa cells. Strikingly, only the last 16 amino acids of NPAT are sufficient for the interaction. We also show that the C-terminal domain of Mute interacts with a short region at the end of the Drosophila NPAT orthologue, multi sex combs (Mxc). Altogether, our data indicate that the conserved C-terminal domain shared by FLASH, YARP, and Mute recognizes the C-terminal sequence of NPAT orthologues, thus acting as a signal targeting proteins to HLBs. Finally, we demonstrate that the C-terminal domain of human FLASH can be directly joined with its N-terminal region through alternative splicing. The resulting 190-amino acid MiniFLASH, despite lacking 90% of full-length FLASH, contains all regions necessary for 3' end processing of histone pre-mRNA in vitro and accumulates in HLBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-cui Yang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Integrative Program in Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
| | - Ivan Sabath
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Integrative Program in Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
| | - Lalitha Kunduru
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Integrative Program in Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - William F Marzluff
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Integrative Program in Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
| | - Zbigniew Dominski
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Integrative Program in Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and
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28
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Minamida Y, Someda M, Yonehara S. FLASH/casp8ap2 is indispensable for early embryogenesis but dispensable for proliferation and differentiation of ES cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108032. [PMID: 25238250 PMCID: PMC4169604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FLICE/caspase-8-associated huge protein (FLASH)/casp8ap2 is involved in various cellular functions, such as cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, the regulation of apoptosis, and the regulation of histone gene expression. The down-regulated expression of FLASH has been shown to inhibit cell cycle progression in the S phase in many kinds of mice and human cell lines and the inhibition of cell cycle progression may be attributed to the suppressed expression of replication-dependent histone genes. We here demonstrated that the induced knockout of FLASH never affected cell cycle progression in ES cells, in which the expression of core histone genes was decreased to levels similar to those in human KB cells sensitive to the knockdown of FLASH. In addition, the FLASH conditional knockout ES cells could differentiate normally into not only mesodermal and endodermal cells, but also trophoblasts. In order to investigate the function of FLASH in early embryogenesis in vivo, we also examined a FLASH mutant mouse, in which FLASH mutant allele did not express FLASH mRNA in embryos and most adult organs, except for the testis. FLASH mutant embryos died between E3.5 and E8.5. Furthermore, the in vitro cultivation of FLASH mutant embryos generated by in vitro fertilization showed embryonic lethality at the pre-implantation stage by inhibiting the hatching of embryos and their adherence to substrates. Taken together, these results indicate that FLASH plays an important role in early embryogenesis, but is not essential for either the proliferation or differentiation of ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Minamida
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Someda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shin Yonehara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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29
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Transcriptional analysis of apoptotic cerebellar granule neurons following rescue by gastric inhibitory polypeptide. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5596-622. [PMID: 24694544 PMCID: PMC4013584 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis triggered by exogenous or endogenous stimuli is a crucial phenomenon to determine the fate of neurons, both in physiological and in pathological conditions. Our previous study established that gastric inhibitory polypeptide (Gip) is a neurotrophic factor capable of preventing apoptosis of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), during its pre-commitment phase. In the present study, we conducted whole-genome expression profiling to obtain a comprehensive view of the transcriptional program underlying the rescue effect of Gip in CGNs. By using DNA microarray technology, we identified 65 genes, we named survival related genes, whose expression is significantly de-regulated following Gip treatment. The expression levels of six transcripts were confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The proteins encoded by the survival related genes are functionally grouped in the following categories: signal transduction, transcription, cell cycle, chromatin remodeling, cell death, antioxidant activity, ubiquitination, metabolism and cytoskeletal organization. Our data outline that Gip supports CGNs rescue via a molecular framework, orchestrated by a wide spectrum of gene actors, which propagate survival signals and support neuronal viability.
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30
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Jurado AR, Tan D, Jiao X, Kiledjian M, Tong L. Structure and function of pre-mRNA 5'-end capping quality control and 3'-end processing. Biochemistry 2014; 53:1882-98. [PMID: 24617759 PMCID: PMC3977584 DOI: 10.1021/bi401715v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNAs)
are produced as the nascent
transcripts of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in eukaryotes and must undergo
extensive maturational processing, including 5′-end capping,
splicing, and 3′-end cleavage and polyadenylation. This review
will summarize the structural and functional information reported
over the past few years on the large machinery required for the 3′-end
processing of most pre-mRNAs, as well as the distinct machinery for
the 3′-end processing of replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs,
which have provided great insights into the proteins and their subcomplexes
in these machineries. Structural and biochemical studies have also
led to the identification of a new class of enzymes (the DXO family
enzymes) with activity toward intermediates of the 5′-end capping
pathway. Functional studies demonstrate that these enzymes are part
of a novel quality surveillance mechanism for pre-mRNA 5′-end
capping. Incompletely capped pre-mRNAs are produced in yeast and human
cells, in contrast to the general belief in the field that capping
always proceeds to completion, and incomplete capping leads to defects
in splicing and 3′-end cleavage in human cells. The DXO family
enzymes are required for the detection and degradation of these defective
RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R Jurado
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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31
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Benzene-poly-carboxylic acid complex, a novel anti-cancer agent induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85156. [PMID: 24523856 PMCID: PMC3921106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Some cases of breast cancer are composed of clones of hormonal-independent growing cells, which do not respond to therapy. In the present study, the effect of Benzene-Poly-Carboxylic Acid Complex (BP-C1) on growth of human breast-cancer cells was tested. BP-C1 is a novel anti-cancer complex of benzene-poly-carboxylic acids with a very low concentration of cis-diammineplatinum (II) dichloride. Human breast cancer cells, MCF-7 and T47D, were used. Cell viability was detected by XTT assay and apoptosis was detected by Flow Cytometry and by annexin V/FITC/PI assay. Caspases were detected by western blot analysis and gene expression was measured by using the Applied Biosystems® TaqMan® Array Plates. The results showed that exposure of the cells to BP-C1 for 48 h, significantly (P<0.001) reduced cell viability, induced apoptosis and activated caspase 8 and caspace 9. Moreover, gene expression experiments indicated that BP-C1 increased the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (CASP8AP1, TNFRSF21, NFkB2, FADD, BCL10 and CASP8) and lowered the level of mRNA transcripts of inhibitory apoptotic genes (BCL2L11, BCL2L2 and XIAP. These findings may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for treatment of human cancer using BP-C1 analog.
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32
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In vitro infection of bovine monocytes with Mycoplasma bovis delays apoptosis and suppresses production of gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha but not interleukin-10. Infect Immun 2013; 82:62-71. [PMID: 24126524 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00961-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis is one of the major causative pathogens of bovine respiratory complex disease (BRD), which is characterized by enzootic pneumonia, mastitis, pleuritis, and polyarthritis. M. bovis enters and colonizes bovine respiratory epithelial cells through inhalation of aerosol from contaminated air. The nature of the interaction between M. bovis and the bovine innate immune system is not well understood. We hypothesized that M. bovis invades blood monocytes and regulates cellular function to support its persistence and systemic dissemination. We used bovine-specific peptide kinome arrays to identify cellular signaling pathways that could be relevant to M. bovis-monocyte interactions in vitro. We validated these pathways using functional, protein, and gene expression assays. Here, we show that infection of bovine blood monocytes with M. bovis delays spontaneous or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)/staurosporine-driven apoptosis, activates the NF-κB p65 subunit, and inhibits caspase-9 activity. We also report that M. bovis-infected bovine monocytes do not produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and TNF-α, although the level of production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) is elevated. Our findings suggest that M. bovis takes over the cellular machinery of bovine monocytes to prolong bacterial survival and to possibly facilitate subsequent systemic distribution.
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33
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Li ZG, Jiao Y, Li WJ, Deng GR, Cui L, Gao C, Zhao XX, Wu MY, Jia HT. Hypermethylation of two CpG sites upstream of CASP8AP2 promoter influences gene expression and treatment outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2013; 37:1287-93. [PMID: 23953914 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation of Caspase 8 associated protein 2 (CASP8AP2) and its role in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is unclear. We analyzed methylation status of CpG sites upstream of CASP8AP2 gene in 86 children with ALL by bisulfite sequencing and quantitative PCR. Methylation percentage of two CpG sites at positions of -1189 and -1176 was inversely correlated with mRNA expression (Spearman correlation: -0.333, P=0.002). High methylation was associated with the existence of minimal residual disease (MRD) at day 78 (P=0.035), The patients in high methylation group had a poor treatment outcome. The combination of methylation level and MRD at day 33 might improve current risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education; Hematology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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34
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Lakkaraju A, van der Goot F. Calnexin Controls the STAT3-Mediated Transcriptional Response to EGF. Mol Cell 2013; 51:386-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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35
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Vennemann A, Hofmann TG. SUMO regulates proteasome-dependent degradation of FLASH/Casp8AP2. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1914-21. [PMID: 23673342 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
FLASH/Casp8AP2 is a huge multifunctional protein involved in multiple cellular processes, reaching from death receptor signaling to regulation of histone gene transcription and histone mRNA processing. Previous work has shown that FLASH localizes to Cajal bodies and promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies. However, the function of its nuclear body association remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that murine FLASH is covalently modified by SUMO at Lys residue 1792. Interestingly, ectopic expression of SUMO results in proteasome-dependent degradation of FLASH. A point mutant of FLASH with a mutated SUMO acceptor lysine residue, FLASH(K1792R), is resistant to SUMO-induced degradation. Finally, we show that arsenic trioxide, a drug known to potentiate SUMO modification and degradation of PML, triggers recruitment of FLASH to PML bodies and concomitant loss of FLASH protein. Our data suggest that SUMO targets FLASH for proteasome-dependent degradation, which is associated with recruitment of FLASH to PML bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Vennemann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Research Group Cellular Senescence, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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McCaffrey TA, Tziros C, Lewis J, Katz R, Siegel R, Weglicki W, Kramer J, Mak IT, Toma I, Chen L, Benas E, Lowitt A, Rao S, Witkin L, Lian Y, Lai Y, Yang Z, Fu SW. Genomic profiling reveals the potential role of TCL1A and MDR1 deficiency in chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:350-60. [PMID: 23630447 PMCID: PMC3638290 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin (Adriamycin), are highly effective chemotherapeutic agents, but are well known to cause myocardial dysfunction and life-threatening congestive heart failure (CHF) in some patients. METHODS To generate new hypotheses about its etiology, genome-wide transcript analysis was performed on whole blood RNA from women that received doxorubicin-based chemotherapy and either did, or did not develop CHF, as defined by ejection fractions (EF)≤40%. Women with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy unrelated to chemotherapy were compared to breast cancer patients prior to chemo with normal EF to identify heart failure-related transcripts in women not receiving chemotherapy. Byproducts of oxidative stress in plasma were measured in a subset of patients. RESULTS The results indicate that patients treated with doxorubicin showed sustained elevations in oxidative byproducts in plasma. At the RNA level, women who exhibited low EFs after chemotherapy had 260 transcripts that differed >2-fold (p<0.05) compared to women who received chemo but maintained normal EFs. Most of these transcripts (201) were not altered in non-chemotherapy patients with low EFs. Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes indicated enrichment in apoptosis-related transcripts. Notably, women with chemo-induced low EFs had a 4.8-fold decrease in T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1A (TCL1A) transcripts. TCL1A is expressed in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, and is a known co-activator for AKT, one of the major pro-survival factors for cardiomyocytes. Further, women who developed low EFs had a 2-fold lower level of ABCB1 transcript, encoding the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), which is an efflux pump for doxorubicin, potentially leading to higher cardiac levels of drug. In vitro studies confirmed that inhibition of MDR1 by verapamil in rat H9C2 cardiomyocytes increased their susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced toxicity. CONCLUSIONS It is proposed that chemo-induced cardiomyopathy may be due to a reduction in TCL1A levels, thereby causing increased apoptotic sensitivity, and leading to reduced cardiac MDR1 levels, causing higher cardiac levels of doxorubicin and intracellular free radicals. If so, screening for TCL1A and MDR1 SNPs or expression level in blood, might identify women at greatest risk of chemo-induced heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A McCaffrey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, USA
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37
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Dominski Z, Carpousis AJ, Clouet-d'Orval B. Emergence of the β-CASP ribonucleases: highly conserved and ubiquitous metallo-enzymes involved in messenger RNA maturation and degradation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:532-51. [PMID: 23403287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The β-CASP ribonucleases, which are found in the three domains of life, have in common a core of 460 residues containing seven conserved sequence motifs involved in the tight binding of two catalytic zinc ions. A hallmark of these enzymes is their ability to catalyze both endo- and exo-ribonucleolytic degradation. Exo-ribonucleolytic degradation proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction and is sensitive to the phosphorylation state of the 5' end of a transcript. Recent phylogenomic analyses have shown that the β-CASP ribonucleases can be partitioned into two major subdivisions that correspond to orthologs of eukaryal CPSF73 and bacterial RNase J. We discuss the known functions of the CPSF73 and RNase J orthologs, their association into complexes, and their structure as it relates to mechanism of action. Eukaryal CPSF73 is part of a large multiprotein complex that is involved in the maturation of the 3' end of RNA Polymerase II transcripts and the polyadenylation of messenger RNA. RNase J1 and J2 are paralogs in Bacillus subtilis that are involved in the degradation of messenger RNA and the maturation of non-coding RNA. RNase J1 and J2 co-purify as a heteromeric complex and there is recent evidence that they interact with other enzymes to form a bacterial RNA degradosome. Finally, we speculate on the evolutionary origin of β-CASP ribonucleases and on their functions in Archaea. Orthologs of CPSF73 with endo- and exo-ribonuclease activity are strictly conserved throughout the archaea suggesting a role for these enzymes in the maturation and/or degradation of messenger RNA. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA Decay mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Dominski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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38
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Sun H, Hunter T. Poly-small ubiquitin-like modifier (PolySUMO)-binding proteins identified through a string search. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42071-83. [PMID: 23086935 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.410985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysumoylation is a crucial cellular response to stresses against genomic integrity or proteostasis. Like the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-targeted ubiquitin ligase RNF4, proteins with clustered SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) can be important signal transducers downstream of polysumoylation. To identify novel polySUMO-binding proteins, we conducted a computational string search with a custom Python script. We found clustered SIMs in another RING domain protein Arkadia/RNF111. Detailed biochemical analysis of the Arkadia SIMs revealed that dominant SIMs in a SIM cluster often contain a pentameric VIDLT ((V/I/L/F/Y)(V/I)DLT) core sequence that is also found in the SIMs in PIAS family E3s and is likely the best-fitted structure for SUMO recognition. This idea led to the identification of additional novel SIM clusters in FLASH/CASP8AP2, C5orf25, and SOBP/JXC1. We suggest that the clustered SIMs in these proteins form distinct SUMO binding domains to recognize diverse forms of protein sumoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Sun
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Kim HW, Mallick F, Durrani S, Ashraf M, Jiang S, Haider KH. Concomitant activation of miR-107/PDCD10 and hypoxamir-210/Casp8ap2 and their role in cytoprotection during ischemic preconditioning of stem cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1053-65. [PMID: 22482882 PMCID: PMC3423870 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To establish a functional link between microRNA-107 (miR-107) and stem cell survival during ischemic preconditioning (IPC) of stem cells with multiple cycles of brief anoxia/re-oxygenation (10 or 30 min, one to three cycles) and show that the cytoprotective effects were independent of hypoxamir-210. RESULTS We demonstrated the induction of miR-107 in response to the IPC-induced activation of Akt/hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in preconditioned mesenchymal stem cells ((PC)MSC), which showed improved survival during subsequent exposure to 6 h of lethal anoxia (p<0.05 vs. non-preconditioned MSC[(non-PC)MSC]). In silico analysis and luciferase activity assay confirmed programmed cell death-10 (PDCD10) as a putative target of miR-107 in (PC)MSC, which was significantly reduced during IPC and inversely related to stem cell survival under 6 h of lethal anoxia. Loss-of-function studies with miR-107 antagomir showed a significantly reduced survival of (PC)MSC. A comparison of miR-107 and miR-210 showed that both miRs participated independently via their respective putative target genes Pdcd10 and Casp8ap2. The simultaneous abrogation of Pdcd10 and Casp8ap2 had a stronger effect on (PC)MSC survival under lethal anoxia. The transplantation of (PC)MSC in an acute model of myocardial infarction showed a significantly improved survival of transplanted (PC)MSC with concomitantly enhanced miR-107 expression in (PC)MSC-transplanted animal hearts. INNOVATION Cytoprotection afforded by IPC is regulated by miR-107 induction via Pdcd10 independent of miR-210/Casp8ap2 signaling, and the simultaneous abrogation miR-107/miR-210 has a stronger effect on the loss of (PC)MSC survival. CONCLUSION IPC enhances stem cell survival via the combined participation of hypoxia responsive miRs miR-107 and miR-210 via their respective putative target genes Pdcd10 and Casp8ap2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Won Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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A complex containing the CPSF73 endonuclease and other polyadenylation factors associates with U7 snRNP and is recruited to histone pre-mRNA for 3'-end processing. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:28-37. [PMID: 23071092 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00653-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs are processed at the 3' end by endonucleolytic cleavage that is not followed by polyadenylation. The cleavage reaction is catalyzed by CPSF73 and depends on the U7 snRNP and its integral component, Lsm11. A critical role is also played by the 220-kDa protein FLASH, which interacts with Lsm11. Here we demonstrate that the N-terminal regions of these two proteins form a platform that tightly interacts with a unique combination of polyadenylation factors: symplekin, CstF64, and all CPSF subunits, including the endonuclease CPSF73. The interaction is inhibited by alterations in each component of the FLASH/Lsm11 complex, including point mutations in FLASH that are detrimental for processing. The same polyadenylation factors are associated with the endogenous U7 snRNP and are recruited in a U7-dependent manner to histone pre-mRNA. Collectively, our studies identify the molecular mechanism that recruits the CPSF73 endonuclease to histone pre-mRNAs, reveal an unexpected complexity of the U7 snRNP, and suggest that in animal cells polyadenylation factors assemble into two alternative complexes-one specifically crafted to generate polyadenylated mRNAs and the other to generate nonpolyadenylated histone mRNAs that end with the stem-loop.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs implicated mainly in post-transcriptional gene silencing by interacting with the untranslated region of the transcript. miR-210 represents major hypoxia-inducible miRs, also known as hypoxamirs, which is ubiquitously expressed in a wide range of cells, serving versatile functions. This review article summarizes the current progress on biogenesis of miR-210 and its physiological roles including arrest of cell proliferation, repression of mitochondrial respiration, arrest of DNA repair, vascular biology, and angiogenesis. Given the fact that miR-210 is aberrantly expressed in a number of diseases such as tumor progression, myocardial infarction and cutaneous ischemic wounds, miR-210 could serve as an excellent candidate for prognostic purposes and therapeutic intervention. With the advancement of computational prediction, high-throughput target validation methodology, sequencing, proteomic analysis, and microarray, it is anticipated that more down-stream targets of miR-210 and its associated biological consequences under hypoxia will be unveiled establishing miR-210 as a major hub in the biology of hypoxia-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk C Chan
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Wu M, Shi L, Cimic A, Romero L, Sui G, Lees CJ, Cline JM, Seals DF, Sirintrapun JS, McCoy TP, Liu W, Kim JW, Hawkins GA, Peehl DM, Xu J, Cramer SD. Suppression of Tak1 promotes prostate tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2833-43. [PMID: 22467172 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
More than 30% of primary prostate cancers contain a consensus deletion of an approximately 800 kb locus on chromosome 6q15.1. The MAP3K7 gene, which encodes TGF-β activated kinase-1 (Tak1), is a putative prostate tumor suppressor gene within this region whose precise function remains obscure. In this study, we investigated the role of Tak1 in human and murine prostate cancers. In 50 well-characterized human cancer specimens, we found that Tak1 expression was progressively lost with increasing Gleason grade, both within each cancer and across all cancers. In murine prostate stem cells and Tak1-deficient prostatic epithelial cells, Tak1 loss increased proliferation, migration, and invasion. When prostate stem cells attenuated for Tak1 were engrafted with fetal urogenital mesenchyme, the histopathology of the grafts reflected the natural history of prostate cancer leading from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive carcinoma. In the grafts containing Tak1-suppressed prostate stem cells, p38 and c-jun-NH(2)-kinase activity was attenuated and proliferation was increased. Together, our findings functionally validate the proposed tumor suppressor role of Tak1 in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Chen S, Evans HG, Evans DR. FLASH knockdown sensitizes cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis via down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins, MCL-1 and Cflip short. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32971. [PMID: 22427918 PMCID: PMC3302898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
FLASH (FLICE-associated huge protein or CASP8AP2) is a large multifunctional protein that is involved in many cellular processes associated with cell death and survival. It has been reported to promote apoptosis, but we show here that depletion of FLASH in HT1080 cells by siRNA interference can also accelerate the process. As shown previously, depletion of FLASH halts growth by down-regulating histone biosynthesis and arrests the cell cycle in S-phase. FLASH knockdown followed by stimulating the cells with Fas ligand or anti-Fas antibodies was found to be associated with a more rapid cleavage of PARP, accelerated activation of caspase-8 and the executioner caspase-3 and rapid progression to cellular disintegration. As is the case for most anti-apoptotic proteins, FLASH was degraded soon after the onset of apoptosis. Depletion of FLASH also resulted in the reduced intracellular levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins, MCL-1 and the short isoform of cFLIP. FLASH knockdown in HT1080 mutant cells defective in p53 did not significantly accelerate Fas mediated apoptosis indicating that the effect was dependent on functional p53. Collectively, these results suggest that under some circumstances, FLASH suppresses apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hedeel Guy Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David R. Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hummon AB, Pitt JJ, Camps J, Emons G, Skube SB, Huppi K, Jones TL, Beissbarth T, Kramer F, Grade M, Difilippantonio MJ, Ried T, Caplen NJ. Systems-wide RNAi analysis of CASP8AP2/FLASH shows transcriptional deregulation of the replication-dependent histone genes and extensive effects on the transcriptome of colorectal cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:1. [PMID: 22216762 PMCID: PMC3281783 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal carcinomas (CRC) carry massive genetic and transcriptional alterations that influence multiple cellular pathways. The study of proteins whose loss-of-function (LOF) alters the growth of CRC cells can be used to further understand the cellular processes cancer cells depend upon for survival. Results A small-scale RNAi screen of ~400 genes conducted in SW480 CRC cells identified several candidate genes as required for the viability of CRC cells, most prominently CASP8AP2/FLASH. To understand the function of this gene in maintaining the viability of CRC cells in an unbiased manner, we generated gene specific expression profiles following RNAi. Silencing of CASP8AP2/FLASH resulted in altered expression of over 2500 genes enriched for genes associated with cellular growth and proliferation. Loss of CASP8AP2/FLASH function was significantly associated with altered transcription of the genes encoding the replication-dependent histone proteins as a result of the expression of the non-canonical polyA variants of these transcripts. Silencing of CASP8AP2/FLASH also mediated enrichment of changes in the expression of targets of the NFκB and MYC transcription factors. These findings were confirmed by whole transcriptome analysis of CASP8AP2/FLASH silenced cells at multiple time points. Finally, we identified and validated that CASP8AP2/FLASH LOF increases the expression of neurofilament heavy polypeptide (NEFH), a protein recently linked to regulation of the AKT1/ß-catenin pathway. Conclusions We have used unbiased RNAi based approaches to identify and characterize the function of CASP8AP2/FLASH, a protein not previously reported as required for cell survival. This study further defines the role CASP8AP2/FLASH plays in the regulating expression of the replication-dependent histones and shows that its LOF results in broad and reproducible effects on the transcriptome of colorectal cancer cells including the induction of expression of the recently described tumor suppressor gene NEFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Hummon
- Gene Silencing Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Jiao Y, Cui L, Gao C, Li W, Zhao X, Liu S, Wu M, Deng G, Li Z. CASP8AP2 is a promising prognostic indicator in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2011; 36:67-71. [PMID: 21696825 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of caspase 8 associated protein 2 (CASP8AP2) in pediatric ALL is controversial. We determined a cut-off of CASP8AP2 expression in bone marrow samples of 39 newly diagnosed patients, and found a significantly poor bone marrow relapse-free survival (p=0.019) in low-expression group and verified it in another cohort of 106 patients (p=0.002). Furthermore, as an independent prognostic factor, CASP8AP2 expression was correlated to minimal residual disease (MRD), and incorporating it with MRD would help to identify patients at greater risk of bone marrow relapse. We also developed an algorithm comprised of clinical risk and CASP8AP2 expression, which could predict bone marrow relapse more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education & National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education & Department of Hematology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 56 Nanlishi Road, Beijing, China
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Burch BD, Godfrey AC, Gasdaska PY, Salzler HR, Duronio RJ, Marzluff WF, Dominski Z. Interaction between FLASH and Lsm11 is essential for histone pre-mRNA processing in vivo in Drosophila. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 17:1132-47. [PMID: 21525146 PMCID: PMC3096045 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2566811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan replication-dependent histone mRNAs are the only nonpolyadenylated cellular mRNAs. Formation of the histone mRNA 3' end requires the U7 snRNP, which contains Lsm10 and Lsm11, and FLASH, a processing factor that binds Lsm11. Here, we identify sequences in Drosophila FLASH (dFLASH) that bind Drosophila Lsm11 (dLsm11), allow localization of dFLASH to the nucleus and histone locus body (HLB), and participate in histone pre-mRNA processing in vivo. Amino acids 105-154 of dFLASH bind to amino acids 1-78 of dLsm11. A two-amino acid mutation of dLsm11 that prevents dFLASH binding but does not affect localization of U7 snRNP to the HLB cannot rescue the lethality or histone pre-mRNA processing defects resulting from an Lsm11 null mutation. The last 45 amino acids of FLASH are required for efficient localization to the HLB in Drosophila cultured cells. Removing the first 64 amino acids of FLASH has no effect on processing in vivo. Removal of 13 additional amino acids of dFLASH results in a dominant negative protein that binds Lsm11 but inhibits processing of histone pre-mRNA in vivo. Inhibition requires the Lsm11 binding site, suggesting that the mutant dFLASH protein sequesters the U7 snRNP in an inactive complex and that residues between 64 and 77 of dFLASH interact with a factor required for processing. Together, these studies demonstrate that direct interaction between dFLASH and dLsm11 is essential for histone pre-mRNA processing in vivo and for proper development and viability in flies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Drosophila/genetics
- Drosophila/metabolism
- Drosophila Proteins/chemistry
- Drosophila Proteins/genetics
- Drosophila Proteins/metabolism
- Histones/genetics
- Histones/metabolism
- RNA Precursors/metabolism
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
- RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear/genetics
- RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Ribonucleoprotein, U7 Small Nuclear/genetics
- Ribonucleoprotein, U7 Small Nuclear/metabolism
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/chemistry
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Burch
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Alm-Kristiansen AH, Lorenzo PI, Molværsmyr AK, Matre V, Ledsaak M, Sæther T, Gabrielsen OS. PIAS1 interacts with FLASH and enhances its co-activation of c-Myb. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:21. [PMID: 21338522 PMCID: PMC3050860 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FLASH is a huge nuclear protein involved in various cellular functions such as apoptosis signalling, NF-κB activation, S-phase regulation, processing of histone pre-mRNAs, and co-regulation of transcription. Recently, we identified FLASH as a co-activator of the transcription factor c-Myb and found FLASH to be tightly associated with active transcription foci. As a huge multifunctional protein, FLASH is expected to have many interaction partners, some which may shed light on its function as a transcriptional regulator. Results To find additional FLASH-associated proteins, we performed a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening with FLASH as bait and identified the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 as an interaction partner. The association appears to involve two distinct interaction surfaces in FLASH. We verified the interaction by Y2H-mating, GST pulldowns, co-IP and ChIP. FLASH and PIAS1 were found to co-localize in nuclear speckles. Functional assays revealed that PIAS1 enhances the intrinsic transcriptional activity of FLASH in a RING finger-dependent manner. Furthermore, PIAS1 also augments the specific activity of c-Myb, and cooperates with FLASH to further co-activate c-Myb. The three proteins, FLASH, PIAS1, and c-Myb, are all co-localized with active RNA polymerase II foci, resembling transcription factories. Conclusions We conclude that PIAS1 is a common partner for two cancer-related nuclear factors, c-Myb and FLASH. Our results point to a functional cooperation between FLASH and PIAS1 in the enhancement of c-Myb activity in active nuclear foci.
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FLASH is required for the endonucleolytic cleavage of histone pre-mRNAs but is dispensable for the 5' exonucleolytic degradation of the downstream cleavage product. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:1492-502. [PMID: 21245389 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00979-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3'-end cleavage of histone pre-mRNAs is catalyzed by CPSF-73 and requires the interaction of two U7 snRNP-associated proteins, FLASH and Lsm11. Here, by using scanning mutagenesis we identify critical residues in human FLASH and Lsm11 that are involved in the interaction between these two proteins. We also demonstrate that mutations in the region of FLASH located between amino acids 50 and 99 do not affect binding of Lsm11. Interestingly, these mutations convert FLASH into an inhibitory protein that reduces in vitro processing efficiency of highly active nuclear extracts. Our results suggest that this region in FLASH in conjunction with Lsm11 is involved in recruiting a yet-unknown processing factor(s) to histone pre-mRNA. Following endonucleolytic cleavage of histone pre-mRNA, the downstream cleavage product (DCP) is degraded by the 5'-3' exonuclease activity of CPSF-73, which also depends on Lsm11. Strikingly, while cleavage of histone pre-mRNA is stimulated by FLASH and inhibited by both dominant negative mutants of FLASH and anti-FLASH antibodies, the 5'-3' degradation of the DCP is not affected. Thus, the recruitment of FLASH to the processing complex plays a critical role in activating the endonuclease mode of CPSF-73 but is dispensable for its 5'-3' exonuclease activity. These results suggest that CPSF-73, the catalytic component in both reactions, can be recruited to histone pre-mRNA largely in a manner independent of FLASH, possibly by a separate domain in Lsm11.
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Tanaka M, Kamitani T. Cytoplasmic relocation of Daxx induced by Ro52 and FLASH. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 134:297-306. [PMID: 20697732 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The RING-finger protein Ro52/TRIM21 is known to be an autoantigen and is recognized by anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, which are commonly found in patients with Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. We recently showed that Ro52 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and localizes to cytoplasmic bodies that are highly motile along the microtubule network. To expand our knowledge of Ro52, we searched partners co-operating with Ro52. We performed a yeast two-hybrid screening of a human brain cDNA library with Ro52 as bait. This screening identified several genes encoding Ro52-interacting proteins, including the apoptosis-related proteins, Daxx and FLASH. Further yeast two-hybrid assays revealed that Daxx binds to the B30.2 domain of Ro52 and that FLASH binds to coiled-coil domains of Ro52 through its death-effector domain-recruiting domain. These results suggest that Ro52, Daxx, and FLASH form heteromeric protein complexes. Indeed, this was supported by results of immunoprecipitation experiments in which we found that Daxx is co-immunoprecipitated with Ro52 in the presence of overexpressed FLASH. Importantly, our fluorescence microscopy revealed that, although Daxx is predominantly located in the nucleus, overexpression of both Ro52 and FLASH leads to relocation of Daxx into the cytoplasm. Thus, Ro52 seems to co-operate with FLASH to induce cytoplasmic localization of Daxx in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Chaperone/Radiobiology and Cancer Virology, MCG Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN-3141, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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MiR-210--micromanager of the hypoxia pathway. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:230-7. [PMID: 20434954 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) regulate a variety of genes to prepare cells to adapt and survive under a hypoxic environment. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a new class of genes regulated by HIFs in response to hypoxia, of which miR-210 is the most consistently and predominantly upregulated miRNA. Functional studies have demonstrated that miR-210 is a versatile gene that regulates many aspects of hypoxia pathways, both in physiological and malignant conditions. Here, we summarize recent findings on the mechanism of hypoxia regulation of miR-210 expression and its multifaceted biological functions in normal physiological and malignant conditions, and discuss the challenges we face in elucidating the biological functions of miR-210 and exploring its potential use for therapeutics.
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