1
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Natangelo S, Trapani D, Koukoutzeli C, Boscolo Bielo L, Marvaso G, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Curigliano G. Radiation therapy, tissue radiosensitization, and potential synergism in the era of novel antibody-drug conjugates. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 195:104270. [PMID: 38272150 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a therapeutic class of agents designed to selectively deliver cytotoxic payloads to cancer cells. With the increasingly positioning of ADCs in the clinical practice, combinations with other treatment modalities, including radiation therapy (RT), will open new opportunities but also challenges. This review evaluates ADC-RT interactions, examining therapeutic synergies and potential caveats. ADC payloads can be radiosensitizing, enhancing cytotoxicity when used in combination with RT. Antigens targeted by ADCs can have various tissue expressions, resulting in possible off-target toxicities by tissue radiosensitization. Notably, the HER-2-directed ADC trastuzumab emtansine has appeared to increase the risk of radionecrosis when used concomitantly with brain RT, as glial cells can express HER2, too. Other possible organ-specific effects are discussed, such as pulmonary and cardiac toxicities. The lack of robust clinical data on the ADC-RT combination raises concerns regarding specific side effects and the ultimate trade-off of toxicity and safety of some combined approaches. Clinical studies are needed to assess ADC-RT combination safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Natangelo
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Trapani
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chrysanthi Koukoutzeli
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Boscolo Bielo
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Marvaso
- Division of Radiation Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Division of Radiation Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curigliano
- Division of New Drugs and Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapies, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology (DIPO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Liang Y, Min D, Fan H, Liu K, Tu J, He X, Liu B, Zhou L, Liu S, Sun X. Discovery of a first-in-class ANXA3 degrader for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1686-1698. [PMID: 37139408 PMCID: PMC10149981 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a nasty disease with extremely high malignancy and poor prognosis. Annexin A3 (ANXA3) is a potential prognosis biomarker, displaying an excellent correlation of ANXA3 overexpression with patients' poor prognosis. Silencing the expression of ANXA3 effectively inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of TNBC, suggesting that ANXA3 can be a promising therapeutic target to treat TNBC. Herein, we report a first-in-class ANXA3-targeted small molecule (R)-SL18, which demonstrated excellent anti-proliferative and anti-invasive activities to TNBC cells. (R)-SL18 directly bound to ANXA3 and increased its ubiquitination, thereby inducing ANXA3 degradation with moderate family selectivity. Importantly, (R)-SL18 showed a safe and effective therapeutic potency in a high ANXA3-expressing TNBC patient-derived xenograft model. Furthermore, (R)-SL18 could reduce the β-catenin level, and accordingly inhibit the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in TNBC cells. Collectively, our data suggested that targeting degradation of ANXA3 by (R)-SL18 possesses the potential to treat TNBC.
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3
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Adrover-Castellano ML, Schmidt JJ, Sherman DH. Biosynthetic Cyclization Catalysts for the Assembly of Peptide and Polyketide Natural Products. ChemCatChem 2021; 13:2095-2116. [PMID: 34335987 PMCID: PMC8320681 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many biologically active natural products are synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), polyketide synthases (PKSs) and their hybrids. These megasynthetases contain modules possessing distinct catalytic domains that allow for substrate initiation, chain extension, processing and termination. At the end of a module, a terminal domain, usually a thioesterase (TE), is responsible for catalyzing the release of the NRPS or PKS as a linear or cyclized product. In this review, we address the general cyclization mechanism of the TE domain, including oligomerization and the fungal C-C bond forming Claisen-like cyclases (CLCs). Additionally, we include examples of cyclization catalysts acting within or at the end of a module. Furthermore, condensation-like (CT) domains, terminal reductase (R) domains, reductase-like domains that catalyze Dieckmann condensation (RD), thioesterase-like Dieckmann cyclases, trans-acting TEs from the penicillin binding protein (PBP) enzyme family, product template (PT) domains and others will also be reviewed. The studies summarized here highlight the remarkable diversity of NRPS and PKS cyclization catalysts for the production of biologically relevant, complex cyclic natural products and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer J Schmidt
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA)
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2216 (USA)
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4
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Hadiyal SD, Lalpara JN, Parmar ND, Joshi HS. Microwave Irradiated Targeted Synthesis of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Embrace 1,2,3-Triazole by Click Chemistry Synthetic Aspect and Evaluation of Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1913425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay D. Hadiyal
- Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
- School of Science, Department of Chemistry, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Jaydeep N. Lalpara
- School of Science, Department of Chemistry, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Nilesh D. Parmar
- Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Hitendra S. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
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5
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Recent Advances in the Use of the Dimerization Strategy as a Means to Increase the Biological Potential of Natural or Synthetic Molecules. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082340. [PMID: 33920597 PMCID: PMC8073093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of C2-symmetric biologically active molecules is a subject of interest to the scientific community. It provides the possibility of discovering medicine with higher biological potential than the parent drugs. Such molecules are generally produced by classic chemistry, considering the shortness of reaction sequence and the efficacy for each step. This review describes and analyzes recent advances in the field and emphasizes selected C2-symmetric molecules (or axial symmetric molecules) made during the last 10 years. However, the description of the dimers is contextualized by prior work allowing its development, and they are categorized by their structure and/or by their properties. Hence, this review presents dimers composed of steroids, sugars, and nucleosides; known and synthetic anticancer agents; polyphenol compounds; terpenes, known and synthetic antibacterial agents; and natural products. A special focus on the anticancer potential of the dimers transpires throughout the review, notwithstanding their structure and/or primary biological properties.
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6
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Sakaine G, Ture A, Pedroni J, Smits G. Isolation, chemistry, and biology of pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine natural products. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:5-55. [PMID: 33846985 DOI: 10.1002/med.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of the antitumor antibiotic anthramycin in the 1960s prompted extensive research into pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines (PBD) as potential therapeutics for the treatment of cancers. Since then, nearly 60 PBD natural products have been isolated and evaluated with regard to their biological activity. Synthetic studies and total syntheses have enabled access to PBD analogues, culminating in the development of highly potent anticancer agents. This review provides a summary of the occurrence and biological activity of PBD natural products and covers the strategies employed for their total syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guna Sakaine
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Julia Pedroni
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Gints Smits
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
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7
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Newman DJ. Natural Product Based Antibody Drug Conjugates: Clinical Status as of November 9, 2020. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:917-931. [PMID: 33635651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As of early November 2020, there are 10 approved antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) plus two others that are not usually listed. In addition, there are 70 ADCs at stages from phase I to phase III and 23 that are at the preclinical stage. The warheads of all of these drugs and drug candidates have their origins in natural product structures. The sources and modifications are discussed in general and then specifically commented on in each case with either the generic name if known and/or the ADC's ID names. Interestingly, almost all warheads listed are from microbial sources though initially a number were thought to have been from plants. The latest NCT numbers from Clintrials.gov of all phase I to phase III candidates are also given. Three unusual ADCs are also discussed, two of which (an antitumor agent and one directed against autoimmune diseases) are not usually listed as ADCs, with the third being an anti-infective.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Newman
- NIH Special Volunteer, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087, United States
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8
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Demel I, Bago JR, Hajek R, Jelinek T. Focus on monoclonal antibodies targeting B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) in multiple myeloma: update 2021. Br J Haematol 2020; 193:705-722. [PMID: 33216972 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable advances have been achieved in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) in the last decade, which saw targeted immunotherapy, represented by anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies, successfully incorporated across indications. However, myeloma is still considered curable in only a small subset of patients, and the majority of them eventually relapse. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is expressed exclusively in mature B lymphocytes and plasma cells, and represents an ideal new target for immunotherapy, presented by bispecific antibody (bsAb) constructs, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells. Each of them has proved its efficacy with the potential for deep and long-lasting responses as a single agent therapy in heavily pretreated patients. As a result, belantamab mafodotin was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM, as the first anti-BCMA agent. In the present review, we focus on monoclonal antibodies targeting BCMA - bsAbs and ADCs. The data from preclinical studies as well as first-in-human clinical trials will be reviewed, together with the coverage of their constructs and mechanisms of action. The present results have laid the groundwork for the ongoing or upcoming clinical trials with combinatory regimens, which have always been a cornerstone in the treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Demel
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Julio Rodriguez Bago
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Hajek
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Jelinek
- Department of Haemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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9
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Vlahov IR, Qi L, Santhapuram HKR, Felten A, Parham GL, Zou N, Wang K, You F, Vaughn JF, Hahn SJ, Klein HF, Kleindl PJ, Reddy J, Reno D, Nicoson J, Leamon CP. Design and synthesis of a folate-receptor targeted diazepine-ring-opened pyrrolobenzodiazepine prodrug conjugate. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.126987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Sonzini S, Greco ML, Cailleau T, Adams L, Masterson L, Vijayakrishnan B, Barry C, Howard P, Ravn P, van der Walle CF. Improved Physical Stability of an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Using Host-Guest Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:123-129. [PMID: 31794200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging class of biopharmaceutical products for oncology, with the cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) family of "warheads" well-established in the clinic. While PBDs offer high potency, they are also characterized by their hydrophobicity, which can make formulation of the ADC challenging. Several approaches have been investigated to improve the physicochemical properties of PBD-containing ADCs, and herein a supramolecular approach was explored using cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). The ability of CB[8] to simultaneously encapsulate two guests was exploited to incorporate a 12-mer polyethylene glycol harboring a methyl viologen moiety at one terminus (MV-PEG12), together with a PBD harboring an indole moiety at the C2' position (SG3811). This formulation approach successfully introduced a hydrophilic PEG to mask the hydrophobicity of SG3811, improving the physical stability of the ADC while avoiding any loss of potency related to chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lauren Adams
- Spirogen, Ltd , 42 New Road , London , E1 2AX , U.K
| | | | | | - Conor Barry
- Spirogen, Ltd , 42 New Road , London , E1 2AX , U.K
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11
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. The Role of Organic Synthesis in the Emergence and Development of Antibody–Drug Conjugates as Targeted Cancer Therapies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11206-11241. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of ChemistryBioScience Research CollaborativeRice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of ChemistryBioScience Research CollaborativeRice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA
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12
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Gregson SJ, Tiberghien AC, Masterson LA, Howard PW. Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimers as Antibody–Drug Conjugate (ADC) Payloads. CYTOTOXIC PAYLOADS FOR ANTIBODY – DRUG CONJUGATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/9781788012898-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) ring system was first discovered in the 1960s and is found in several naturally occurring potent anti-tumour antibiotics. The mode of action of PBDs involves sequence-selective [purine–guanine–purine (PuGPu)] alkylation in the minor groove of DNA through covalent binding from guanine N2 to the PBD C11-position. Dimerization of the PBD ring system gives molecules that can cross-link DNA, which leads to a substantial increase in potency and DNA binding affinity and an extension of sequence-selectivity compared with monomers. PBD dimers feature as the cytotoxic component of numerous ADCs being evaluated in clinical trials. PBD-ADC clinical candidates loncastuximab tesirine, camidanlumab tesirine and rovalpituzumab tesirine employ a PBD N10 linkage while vadastuximab talirine uses a C2-linkage. The PBD dimer scaffold is versatile and offers many opportunities to diversify the ADC platform, with extensive research being performed worldwide to develop the next generation of PBD payload–linker molecules. The search for new PBD payload–linker molecules has mainly focused on changes in payload structure (e.g. PBD C2 modification and macrocyclisation), alternative conjugation strategies (e.g. haloacetamides, ‘click’ approaches and pyridyl disulphides), non-peptide triggers in the linker (e.g. disulphides) and non-cleavable derivatives (i.e. payload release through antibody degradation).
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13
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Nicolaou KC, Rigol S. Die Bedeutung der organischen Synthese bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung von Antikörper‐Wirkstoff‐Konjugaten als gezielte Krebstherapien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of ChemistryBioScience Research CollaborativeRice University 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Stephan Rigol
- Department of ChemistryBioScience Research CollaborativeRice University 6100 Main Street Houston TX 77005 USA
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14
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Ma H, Sawas A. Combining Biology and Chemistry for a New Take on Chemotherapy: Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Hematologic Malignancies. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2019; 13:555-569. [PMID: 30362019 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-018-0485-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review is about the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a form of drug delivery consisting of a monoclonal antibody, linker, and cytotoxic payload. We summarize the history of ADC development, highlighting the three FDA-approved ADCs currently available. RECENT FINDINGS Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is a CD33-targeted ADC linked to calicheamicin. It is approved for CD33+ AML in the first line or the relapsed or refractory (R/R) setting. Brentuximab vedotin is a CD30-targeted ADC bound to MMAE. It is approved for the treatment of certain R/R CD30+ lymphomas. Recently, it has been approved for first line therapy with chemotherapy in advanced HL. Inotuzumab ozogamicin is a CD22-directed ADC attached to calicheamicin indicated for the treatment of adults with R/R B cell precursor ALL. Three ADCs have been approved for the treatment of various hematologic malignancies. We discuss the pertinent human trials that led to FDA approval. We include our perspectives about drug resistance, toxicities, and future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ma
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Ahmed Sawas
- Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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15
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Vasudevan A, Argiriadi MA, Baranczak A, Friedman MM, Gavrilyuk J, Hobson AD, Hulce JJ, Osman S, Wilson NS. Covalent binders in drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 58:1-62. [PMID: 30879472 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modulation of protein function can have multiple utilities including therapeutics, and probes to interrogate biology. While this field is still viewed with scepticism due to the potential for (idiosyncratic) toxicities, significant strides have been made in terms of understanding how to tune electrophilicity to selectively target specific residues. Progress has also been made in harnessing the potential of covalent binders to uncover novel biology and to provide an enhanced utility as payloads for Antibody Drug Conjugates. This perspective covers the tenets and applications of covalent binders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- AbbVie Stemcentrx, LLC, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Sami Osman
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
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16
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Haque T, Rahman KM, Thurston DE, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Topical delivery of anthramycin II. Influence of binary and ternary solvent systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 121:59-64. [PMID: 29746912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Anthramycin (ANT) is a member of the pyrolobenzodiazepine family and is a potent cytotoxic agent. Previously, we reported the topical delivery of ANT from a range of solvents that may also act as skin penetration enhancers (SPEs). The skin penetration and uptake was monitored for simple solutions of ANT in propylene glycol (PG), dipropylene glycol (DiPG), Transcutol P (TC), isopropyl myristate (IPM), propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC) and propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML). The amounts of PG, DiPG and TC that were taken up by, and that penetrated the skin were also measured, with a clear dependence of ANT penetration on the rate and extent of PG and TC permeation. The present work investigates ANT skin delivery from a range of binary and ternary systems to determine any potential improvement in skin uptake compared with earlier results for the neat solvents. Following miscibility and stability studies a total of eight formulations were taken forward for evaluation in human skin in vitro. Binary systems of PG and water did not result in any skin permeation of ANT. Combining PG with either PGMC or PGML did promote skin penetration of ANT but no significant improvement was evident compared with PG alone. More complex ternary systems based on PG, DiPG, PGMC, PGML and water also did not show significant improvements on ANT permeation, compared with single solvents. Total skin penetration and retention of ANT ranged from 1 to 6% across all formulations studied. Where ANT was delivered to the receptor phase there were also high amounts of PG permeation with >50% and ~35% PG present for the binary systems and ternary vehicles, respectively. These findings along with our previous paper confirm PG as a suitable solvent / SPE for ANT either alone or in combination with PGML or PGMC. The results also underline the necessity for empirical testing to determine whether or not a vehicle is acting as a SPE for a specific active in a topical formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnuva Haque
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David E Thurston
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Majella E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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17
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Wolff H, Bode HB. The benzodiazepine-like natural product tilivalline is produced by the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus eapokensis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194297. [PMID: 29596433 PMCID: PMC5875774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyrrolobenzodiazepine tilivalline (1) was originally identified in the human gut pathobiont Klebsiella oxytoca, the causative agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. Here we show the identification of tilivalline and analogs thereof in the entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus eapokensis as well as the identification of its biosynthesis gene cluster encoding a bimodular non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. Heterologous expression of both genes in E. coli resulted in the production of 1 and from mutasynthesis and precursor directed biosynthesis 11 new tilivalline analogs were identified in X. eapokensis. These results allowed the prediction of the tilivalline biosynthesis being similar to that in K. oxytoca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Wolff
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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18
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Vlahov IR, Qi L, Kleindl PJ, Santhapuram HK, Felten A, Parham GL, Wang K, You F, Vaughn JF, Hahn SJ, Klein HF, Vetzel M, Reddy JA, Nelson M, Nicoson J, Leamon CP. Latent Warheads for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Design and Synthesis of pro-Pyrrolobenzodiazepines and Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2921-2931. [PMID: 29211454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iontcho R. Vlahov
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Longwu Qi
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Paul J. Kleindl
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Hari K. Santhapuram
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Albert Felten
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Garth L. Parham
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Kevin Wang
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Fei You
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jeremy F. Vaughn
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Spencer J. Hahn
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Hanna F. Klein
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Marilynn Vetzel
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Joseph A. Reddy
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Melissa Nelson
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jeff Nicoson
- Endocyte Inc., 3000 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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19
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Haque T, Rahman KM, Thurston DE, Hadgraft J, Lane ME. Topical delivery of anthramycin I. Influence of neat solvents. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 104:188-195. [PMID: 28373034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthramycin (ANT) was the first pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) molecule to be isolated, and is a potent cytotoxic agent. Although the PBD family has been investigated for use in systemic chemotherapy, their application in the management of actinic keratoses (AK) or skin cancer has not been investigated to date. In the present work, anthramycin (ANT) was selected as a model PBD compound, and the skin penetration of the molecule was investigated using conventional Franz diffusion cells. Finite dose permeation studies of ANT were performed using propylene glycol (PG), 1,3-butanediol (BD), dipropylene glycol (DiPG), Transcutol P® (TC), propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC), propylene glycol monolaurate (PGML) and isopropyl myristate (IPM). The skin penetration of BD, DiPG, PG and TC was also measured. Penetration of ANT through human skin was evident for TC, PG and PGML with the active appearing to "track" the permeation of the vehicle in the case of TC and PG. Deposition of ANT in skin could be correlated with skin retention of the vehicle in the case of IPM, PGMC and PGML. These preliminary findings confirm the ability of ANT to penetrate human skin and, given the potency of the molecule, suggest that further investigation is justified. Additionally, the findings emphasise the critical importance of understanding the fate of the excipient for the rational design of topical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnuva Haque
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Khondaker M Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - David E Thurston
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Hadgraft
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Majella E Lane
- UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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20
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Tiberghien AC, Levy JN, Masterson LA, Patel NV, Adams LR, Corbett S, Williams DG, Hartley JA, Howard PW. Design and Synthesis of Tesirine, a Clinical Antibody-Drug Conjugate Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimer Payload. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:983-987. [PMID: 27882195 PMCID: PMC5108040 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers are an emerging class of warhead in the field of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Tesirine (SG3249) was designed to combine potent antitumor activity with desirable physicochemical properties such as favorable hydrophobicity and improved conjugation characteristics. One of the reactive imines was capped with a cathepsin B-cleavable valine-alanine linker. A robust synthetic route was developed to allow the production of tesirine on clinical scale, employing a flexible, convergent strategy. Tesirine was evaluated in vitro both in stochastic and engineered ADC constructs and was confirmed as a potent and versatile payload. The conjugation of tesirine to anti-DLL3 rovalpituzumab has resulted in rovalpituzumab-tesirine (Rova-T), currently under evaluation for the treatment of small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Neki V. Patel
- QMB Innovation
Centre, Spirogen, 42 New Road, E1 2AX London, U.K.
| | - Lauren R. Adams
- QMB Innovation
Centre, Spirogen, 42 New Road, E1 2AX London, U.K.
| | - Simon Corbett
- QMB Innovation
Centre, Spirogen, 42 New Road, E1 2AX London, U.K.
| | | | - John A. Hartley
- QMB Innovation
Centre, Spirogen, 42 New Road, E1 2AX London, U.K.
| | - Philip W. Howard
- QMB Innovation
Centre, Spirogen, 42 New Road, E1 2AX London, U.K.
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21
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Tearing down to build up: Metalloenzymes in the biosynthesis lincomycin, hormaomycin and the pyrrolo [1,4]benzodiazepines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:724-737. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Özalp A, Yavuz SÇ, Sabancı N, Çopur F, Kökbudak Z, Sarıpınar E. 4D-QSAR investigation and pharmacophore identification of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines using electron conformational-genetic algorithm method. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 27:317-342. [PMID: 27121415 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2016.1174152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present the results of pharmacophore identification and bioactivity prediction for pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine derivatives using the electron conformational-genetic algorithm (EC-GA) method as 4D-QSAR analysis. Using the data obtained from quantum chemical calculations at PM3/HF level, the electron conformational matrices of congruity (ECMC) were constructed by EMRE software. The ECMC of the lowest energy conformer of the compound with the highest activity was chosen as the template and compared with the ECMCs of the lowest energy conformer of the other compounds within given tolerances to reveal the electron conformational submatrix of activity (ECSA, i.e. pharmacophore) by ECSP software. A descriptor pool was generated taking into account the obtained pharmacophore. To predict the theoretical activity and select the best subset of variables affecting bioactivities, the nonlinear least square regression method and genetic algorithm were performed. For four types of activity including the GI50, TGI, LC50 and IC50 of the pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4] benzodiazepine series, the r(2)train, r(2)test and q(2) values were 0.858, 0.810, 0.771; 0.853, 0.848, 0.787; 0.703, 0.787, 0.600; and 0.776, 0.722, 0.687, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Özalp
- a Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty , Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - S Ç Yavuz
- a Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty , Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - N Sabancı
- b Department of Chemistry, Science and Arts Faculty , Siirt University , Siirt , Turkey
| | - F Çopur
- c Information Technology Department , Abdullah Gül University , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - Z Kökbudak
- a Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty , Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - E Sarıpınar
- a Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty , Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey
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23
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Synthesis, anticonvulsant, sedative and anxiolytic activities of novel annulated pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepines. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16500-10. [PMID: 25238414 PMCID: PMC4200843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new pentacyclic benzodiazepine derivatives (PBDTs 13–16) were synthesized by conventional thermal heating and microwave-assisted intramolecular cyclocondensation. Their anticonvulsant, sedative and anxiolytic activities were evaluated by drug-induced convulsion models, a pentobarbital-induced hypnotic model and an elevated plus maze in mice. PBDT 13, a triazolopyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepin-8-one fused with a thiadiazolone ring, exhibited the best anticonvulsant, sedative and anxiolytic effects in our tests. There was no significant difference in potency between PBDT 13 and diazepam, and we proposed that the action mechanism of PBDT 13 could be similar to that of diazepam via benzodiazepine receptors.
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Lindner AS, Geist E, Gjikaj M, Schmidt A. Syntheses of N10-substituted 7-Arylpyrrolo[2,1-c]-[1,4]benzodiazepine-5,11-diones. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Sabine Lindner
- Clausthal University of Technology; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Egor Geist
- Clausthal University of Technology; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Mimoza Gjikaj
- Clausthal University of Technology; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Paul-Ernst-Strasse 4 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leibnizstrasse 6 D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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25
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Kamal A, Prabhakar S, Shankaraiah N, Markandeya N, Venkat Reddy P, Srinivasulu V, Sathish M. AlCl3–NaI assisted cleavage of polymer-bound esters with concomitant amine coupling and azido-reductive cyclization: synthesis of pyrrolobenzodiazepine derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are sequence selective DNA alkylating agents with remarkable antineoplastic activity. They are either naturally produced by actinomycetes or synthetically produced. The remarkable broad spectrum of activities of the naturally produced PBDs encouraged the synthesis of several PBDs, including dimeric and hybrid PBDs yielding to an improvement in the DNA-binding sequence specificity and in the potency of this class of compounds. However, limitation in the chemical synthesis prevented the testing of one of the most potent PBDs, sibiromycin, a naturally produced glycosylated PBDs. Only recently, the biosynthetic gene clusters for PBDs have been identified opening the doors to the production of glycosylated PBDs by mutasynthesis and biosynthetic engineering. This review describes the recent studies on the biosynthesis of naturally produced pyrrolobenzodiazepines. In addition, it provides an overview on the isolation and characterization of naturally produced PBDs, chemical synthesis of PBDs, mechanism of DNA alkylation, and DNA-binding affinity and cytotoxic properties of both naturally produced and synthetic pyrrolobenzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gerratana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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27
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Markandeya N, Shankaraiah N, Reddy CS, Santos LS, Kamal A. Asymmetric syntheses of piperidino-benzodiazepines through ‘cation-pool’ host/guest supramolecular approach and their DNA-binding studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of anilino substituted pyrimidine linked pyrrolobenzodiazepines as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5232-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.06.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Kamal A, Shankaraiah N, Reddy CR, Prabhakar S, Markandeya N, Srivastava HK, Sastry GN. Synthesis of bis-1,2,3-triazolo-bridged unsymmetrical pyrrolobenzodiazepine trimers via ‘click’ chemistry and their DNA-binding studies. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Kamal A, Khan MNA, Srikanth Y, Srinivasa Reddy K, Juvekar A, Sen S, Kurian N, Zingde S. Synthesis, DNA-binding ability and evaluation of antitumour activity of triazolo[1,2,4]benzothiadiazine linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7804-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Kamal A, Prabhakar S, Shankaraiah N, Reddy CR, Reddy PV. Synthesis of C8–C8/C2–C8-linked triazolo pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers by employing ‘click’ chemistry and their DNA-binding affinity. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Kamal A, Ramu R, Tekumalla V, Khanna GBR, Barkume MS, Juvekar AS, Zingde SM. Synthesis, DNA binding, and cytotoxicity studies of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-anthraquinone conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:6868-75. [PMID: 17822905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine-anthraquinone conjugates have been prepared and evaluated for their DNA binding ability as well as anticancer activity. Some of these molecules have shown significant anticancer activity in a number of cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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33
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Kamal A, Khan MNA, Reddy KS, Ahmed SK, Kumar MS, Juvekar A, Sen S, Zingde S. 1,2,4-Benzothiadiazine linked pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine conjugates: Synthesis, DNA-binding affinity and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5345-8. [PMID: 17723301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzothiadiazine-pyrrolobenzodiazepine conjugates linked through different alkane spacers have been prepared. These new classes of hybrid molecules exhibit cytotoxicity against many cancer cell lines. Their DNA thermal denaturation studies have been carried out and one of the compounds (4b) elevates the DNA helix melting temperature of the CT-DNA by 6.7 degrees C after incubation for 36 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Biotransformation Laboratory, Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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34
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Hu Y, Phelan V, Ntai I, Farnet CM, Zazopoulos E, Bachmann BO. Benzodiazepine biosynthesis in Streptomyces refuineus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:691-701. [PMID: 17584616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anthramycin is a benzodiazepine alkaloid with potent antitumor and antibiotic activity produced by the thermophilic actinomycete Streptomyces refuineus sbsp. thermotolerans. In this study, the complete 32.5 kb gene cluster for the biosynthesis of anthramycin was identified by using a genome-scanning approach, and cluster boundaries were estimated via comparative genomics. A lambda-RED-mediated gene-replacement system was developed to provide supporting evidence for critical biosynthetic genes and to validate the boundaries of the proposed anthramycin gene cluster. Sequence analysis reveals that the 25 open reading frame anthramycin cluster contains genes consistent with the biosynthesis of the two halves of anthramycin: 4 methyl-3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and a "dehydroproline acrylamide" moiety. These nonproteinogenic amino acid precursors are condensed by a two-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) terminated by a reductase domain, consistent with the final hemiaminal oxidation state of anthramycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37204, USA
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35
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Azzouzi S, El Messaoudi M, Esseffar M, Jalal R, Cano FH, del Carmen Apreda-Rojas M, Domingo LR. High chemoselectivity of CS dipolarophile in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines and 1,2,4-triazepin-5-one derivatives: experimental, theoretical and X-ray study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Venkatram A, Colley T, Deruiter J, Smith F. Synthesis of 1,2,3,12a,12b-Hexahydrocyclopropa-[1,2-d]benzo[f]pyrrolo[1,2-b]isoquinolin-5,7-dione related to duocarmycins and anthramycin. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Correa A, Tellitu I, Domínguez E, Moreno I, Sanmartin R. An Efficient, PIFA Mediated Approach to Benzo-, Naphtho-, and Heterocycle-Fused Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]diazepines. An Advantageous Access to the Antitumor Antibiotic DC-81. J Org Chem 2005; 70:2256-64. [PMID: 15760213 DOI: 10.1021/jo047872u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The synthesis of a series of optically pure benzo-, naphtho-, and heterocycle-fused pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]-diazepin-5,11-dione derivatives starting from l-proline methyl ester is presented. The synthetic plan includes an aroylation step at the proline nitrogen followed by transformation of the ester residue into a N-methoxyamide group. The subsequent key cyclization step embraces the PIFA mediated formation of a N-acylnitrenium intermediate and its succeeding intramolecular trapping by the aromatic ring. The presented general approach solves the need of starting from not very accessible amino (or a related functionality) aromatic starting materials, and its effectiveness is demonstrated in the synthesis of the antitumor antibiotic DC-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkaitz Correa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica II, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644-48080, Bilbao, Spain
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38
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Kamal A, Ramu R, Khanna GBR, Saxena AK, Shanmugavel M, Pandita RM. Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine–anthraquinone conjugates. Synthesis, DNA binding and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:4907-9. [PMID: 15341949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
New pyrrolobenzodiazepine-anthraquinone hybrids have been designed and synthesized, found to effectively bind to DNA and also exhibit cytotoxicity against many cancer cell lines
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry-I, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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39
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Selective reduction of aromatic azides with hexamethyldisilathiane: synthesis of new 2-azidopyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.02.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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41
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Kamal A, Reddy BSN, Reddy GSK, Ramesh G. Design and synthesis of C-8 linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine-naphthalimide hybrids as anti-tumour agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1933-5. [PMID: 12113812 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The facile synthesis of C-8 linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine-naphthalimide hybrid analogues is described. The compounds are prepared with varying degrees of linker length in order to probe the structural requirements for optimal in vitro anti-tumour activity. Some of these new hybrid compounds showed higher cytotoxic activity than the existing natural and synthetic pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal
- Division of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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42
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Efficient solid-phase synthesis of DNA-interactive pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine antitumour antibiotics. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Hu WP, Wang JJ, Lin FL, Lin YC, Lin SR, Hsu MH. An efficient synthesis of pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine. Synthesis of the antibiotic DC-81. J Org Chem 2001; 66:2881-3. [PMID: 11304219 DOI: 10.1021/jo010043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W P Hu
- School of Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
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44
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Natural products with polyene amide structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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45
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Baraldi PG, Cacciari B, Guiotto A, Romagnoli R, Zaid AN, Spalluto G. DNA minor-groove binders: results and design of new antitumor agents. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1999; 54:15-25. [PMID: 10321026 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA minor-groove binding drugs have been extensively studied in the last years in order to influence the regulation of gene expression in neoplastic disorders by means of specific interactions with DNA bases. Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines (PBDs), CC-1065 and distamycins are three classes of minor-groove alkylating agents which showed interesting cytotoxicity profiles, but they cannot be used in humans for various toxicity problems. For this reason many groups applied heterocyclic substitutions extensively, in order to either modify the reactivity profile or introduce extra interactions within the minor groove, thus changing the binding site or modulating the binding sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Italy.
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46
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Abstract
This review summarises mutagenesis-related research on the major classes of DNA minor groove binding ligands. These compounds can bind to DNA covalently or non-covalently, and span a range of DNA sequence selectivities. Many of the non-covalent binders show effects on topoisomerase enzymes in mammalian cells, with the bisbenzimidazoles being the most active. Mutagenic effects consistent with topoisomerase inhibition are observed in vitro. Many of these compounds induce aneuploidy and polyploidy, properties which may also contribute to carcinogenic processes. Similarly, uvrA trapping by some minor groove binders may alter mutagenetic processes by inhibiting efficient repair. Distamycin has been shown to enhance the mutagenicity of ethidium bromide in bacteria by an undetermined mechanism. However, the inhibitory effects of minor groove binders on human DNA repair systems have not yet been reported. Hoechst 33258 and distamycin cause chromosome decondensation in both mouse and human cells particularly at heterochromatic regions which are rich in AT content. Various minor groove binders have been shown to induce fragile sites in cultured lymphocytes from susceptible individuals, which may have a propensity to develop particular cancers. Investigation of the relationship between fragile site inducing drugs and chromosomal rearrangements in fragile site carriers has not been investigated but may yield interesting results. Some DNA alkylating minor groove binders can generate lesions extremely toxic to mammalian cells (e.g., CC-1065 and analogues), and induce a range of DNA sequence changes in vivo, both at the site of covalent bonding as well as at surrounding sequences. This may be typical of alkylating minor groove binders which have a binding site size of several base pairs, and which stabilise helical structure. Minor groove binders have effects on gene expression in vitro by inhibiting the sequence selective binding of various transcription factors to DNA. These effects may result in expression or repression of downstream genes also. This class of ligand thus offers the possibility of mutations targeted to specific genes or genomic regions. It will be interesting to determine whether such examples of targeted mutagenesis, as has already been observed with CC-1065 and adozelesin, will result in an enhanced or in a lowered capacity to promote neoplastic disease. However it should be noted that pentamidine, a minor groove binder used in the treatment of AIDS-related PCP, has thus far shown no mutagenic effects in nuclear DNA and only a weak effect in mitochondrial DNA of yeast. These results suggest that minor groove binding does not necessarily lead to mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Turner
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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47
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Farmer JD, Gustafson GR, Conti A, Zimmt MB, Suggs JW. DNA binding properties of a new class of linked anthramycin analogs. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:899-903. [PMID: 1708126 PMCID: PMC333728 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.4.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the DNA binding properties of the anthramycin analogues 4, 5, and 6 using fluorescence spectroscopy. A considerable fluorescence enhancement occurs when pyrrolo [1,4] benzodiazepines (P[1,4]Bs) are covalently attached to duplex DNA, which was used to show that neither the presence of RNA, single-stranded DNA, or protein had any effect on the degree of fluorescence enhancement resulting from the incubation of 5 and 6 with DNA. The enhancement was found to be dependent on the presence of the imine functionality in each of the compounds. A wavelength of 320 nm was used to excite the chromophore and its emission wavelength maximum was 420 nm. Additionally, we have discovered that the P[1,4]B ring system exhibits exceptionally favorable fluorescence polarization anisotropy (FPA) decay characteristics. For these more detailed fluorescence measurements, we used the structurally simpler analogue 4,. The time resolved maximum FPA for 4 in glycerol at 25 degrees C is 0.28. This result indicates that the P[1,4]B family of antibiotics could serve as sensitive probes of DNA dynamics in the 0.1 to 35 ns time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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48
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Chapter 2 Benzodiazepine Alkaloids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(08)60164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kubota K, Sugaya K, Koizumi Y, Toda M. Cholecystokinin antagonism by anthramycin, a benzodiazepine antibiotic, in the central nervous system in mice. Brain Res 1989; 485:62-6. [PMID: 2720404 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthramycin (ATM) which is a product of some streptomyces micro-organisms was shown to antagonize the central effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) such as antinociception and satiety and to displace CCK bound to the slices from the brains of mice. Sulfated octapeptide CCK (CCK8) was administered intracisternally to mice at doses of 1 microgram/mouse for inducing antinociception and 200 ng/mouse for satiety. ATM was administered intraperitoneally to mice at doses such as 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg. CCK8-induced antinociception and satiety were significantly reversed by ATM in those doses. [125I]CCK8 binding to the brain slices was observed autoradiographically. The autoradiograms from the slices were converted to false color images by using a microcomputer. The radioactivity in the autoradiograms was expressed by color spectra in the false color images. Comparison of the binding of [125I]CCK8 to the brain slices in the presence and the absence of ATM revealed that ATM (10(-6) M) clearly displaced the CCK8 binding in the various regions, especially in the cortex, of the brain. These findings suggest that ATM acts as an potent antagonist of CCK in the central nervous system in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kubota
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science University of Tokyo, Japan
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R. Peña M, Stille J. Attachment of the anthramycin acrylamide side chain by the palladium catalyzed coupling reaction of a vinyl triflate. Tetrahedron Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)96916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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