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Maxson Jones K, Morgan JR. Lampreys and spinal cord regeneration: "a very special claim on the interest of zoologists," 1830s-present. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1113961. [PMID: 37228651 PMCID: PMC10203415 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1113961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing history of science methods, including analyses of the scientific literature, archival documents, and interviews with scientists, this paper presents a history of lampreys in neurobiology from the 1830s to the present. We emphasize the lamprey's roles in helping to elucidate spinal cord regeneration mechanisms. Two attributes have long perpetuated studies of lampreys in neurobiology. First, they possess large neurons, including multiple classes of stereotypically located, 'identified' giant neurons in the brain, which project their large axons into the spinal cord. These giant neurons and their axonal fibers have facilitated electrophysiological recordings and imaging across biological scales, ranging from molecular to circuit-level analyses of nervous system structures and functions and including their roles in behavioral output. Second, lampreys have long been considered amongst the most basal extant vertebrates on the planet, so they have facilitated comparative studies pointing to conserved and derived characteristics of vertebrate nervous systems. These features attracted neurologists and zoologists to studies of lampreys between the 1830s and 1930s. But, the same two attributes also facilitated the rise of the lamprey in neural regeneration research after 1959, when biologists first wrote about the spontaneous, robust regeneration of some identified CNS axons in larvae after spinal cord injuries, coupled with recovery of normal swimming. Not only did large neurons promote fresh insights in the field, enabling studies incorporating multiple scales with existing and new technologies. But investigators also were able to attach a broad scope of relevance to their studies, interpreting them as suggesting conserved features of successful, and sometimes even unsuccessful, CNS regeneration. Lamprey research demonstrated that functional recovery takes place without the reformation of the original neuronal connections, for instance, by way of imperfect axonal regrowth and compensatory plasticity. Moreover, research performed in the lamprey model revealed that factors intrinsic to neurons are integral in promoting or hindering regeneration. As this work has helped illuminate why basal vertebrates accomplish CNS regeneration so well, whereas mammals do it so poorly, this history presents a case study in how biological and medical value have been, and could continue to be, gleaned from a non-traditional model organism for which molecular tools have been developed only relatively recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Maxson Jones
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of History, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Morgan
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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Baude M, Guihard M, Gault-Colas C, Bénichou L, Coste A, Méningaud JP, Schmitz D, Natella PA, Audureau E, Gracies JM. Guided Self-rehabilitation Contract vs conventional therapy in chronic peripheral facial paresis: VISAGE, a multicenter randomized controlled trial. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:148. [PMID: 37038105 PMCID: PMC10084642 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One year after persistent peripheral facial paresis (PFP), prescriptions of conventional rehabilitation are often downgraded into maintenance rehabilitation or discontinued, the patient entering what is seen as a chronic stage. This therapeutic choice is not consistent with current knowledge about behavior-induced plasticity, which is available all life long and may allow intense sensorimotor rehabilitation to remain effective. This prospective, randomized, multicenter single-blind study in subjects with chronic unilateral PFP evaluates changes in facial motor function with a Guided Self-rehabilitation Contract (GSC) vs. conventional therapy alone, carried out for six months. METHODS Eighty-two adult subjects with chronic unilateral PFP (> 1 year since facial nerve injury) will be included in four tertiary, maxillofacial surgery (2), otolaryngology (1) and rehabilitation (1) centers to be randomized into two rehabilitation groups. In the experimental group, the PM&R specialist will implement the GSC method, which for PFP involves intensive series of motor strengthening performed daily on three facial key muscle groups, i.e. Frontalis, Orbicularis oculi and Zygomatici. The GSC strategy involves: i) prescription of a daily self-rehabilitation program, ii) teaching of the techniques involved in the program, iii) encouragement and guidance of the patient over time, in particular by requesting a quantified diary of the work achieved to be returned by the patient at each visit. In the control group, participants will benefit from community-based conventional therapy only, according to their physician's prescription. The primary outcome measure is the composite score of Sunnybrook Facial Grading System. Secondary outcome measures include clinical and biomechanical facial motor function quantifications (Créteil Scale and 3D facial motion analysis through the Cara system), quality of life (Facial Clinimetric Evaluation and Short-Form 12), aesthetic considerations (FACE-Q scale) and mood representations (Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale). Participants will be evaluated every three months by a blinded investigator, in addition to four phone calls (D30/D60/D120/D150) to monitor compliance and tolerance to treatment. DISCUSSION This study will increase the level of knowledge on the effects of intense facial motor streng- Facial paralysisthening prescribed through a GSC in patients with chronic peripheral facial paresis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04074018 . Registered 29 August 2019. PROTOCOL VERSION Version N°4.0-04/02/2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Baude
- BIOTN Research Unit 7377, Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), 94000, Créteil, France.
- Service de Rééducation Neurolocomotrice, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 1 Rue Gustave Eiffel, 94000, Créteil, France.
| | - Marina Guihard
- BIOTN Research Unit 7377, Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Caroline Gault-Colas
- Service de Rééducation Neurolocomotrice, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 1 Rue Gustave Eiffel, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Ludovic Bénichou
- Hôpital Paris Saint-Joseph, Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale Stomatologie, 75015, Paris, France
| | - André Coste
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Créteil, Service d'ORL, Stomatologie Et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Paul Méningaud
- AP-HP, Service de Chirurgie Plastique, Reconstructrice, Esthétique Et Maxillo-Faciale, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - David Schmitz
- AP-HP, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Pierre-André Natella
- AP-HP, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Etienne Audureau
- AP-HP, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Service de Santé Publique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 94000, Créteil, France
- DHU A-TVB, IRMB- EA 7376 CEpiA (Clinical Epidemiology And Ageing Unit), Université Paris Est-Créteil, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gracies
- BIOTN Research Unit 7377, Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), 94000, Créteil, France
- Service de Rééducation Neurolocomotrice, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, 1 Rue Gustave Eiffel, 94000, Créteil, France
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Dias JW, McClaskey CM, Rumschlag JA, Harris KC. Sensory tetanisation to induce long-term-potentiation-like plasticity: A review and reassessment of the approach. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:6115-6140. [PMID: 36227258 PMCID: PMC9772088 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There is great interest in developing non-invasive approaches for studying cortical plasticity in humans. High-frequency presentation of auditory and visual stimuli, or sensory tetanisation, can induce long-term-potentiation-like (LTP-like) changes in cortical activity. However, contrasting effects across studies suggest that sensory tetanisation may be unreliable. We review these contrasting effects, conduct our own study of auditory and visual tetanisation, and perform meta-analyses to determine the average effect of sensory tetanisation across studies. We measured auditory-evoked amplitude changes in a group of younger (18-29 years of age) and older (55-83 years of age) adults following tetanisation to 1 and 4 kHz tone bursts and following a slow-presentation control. We also measured visual-evoked amplitude changes following tetanisation to horizontal and vertical sign gradients. Auditory and visual response amplitudes decreased following tetanisation, consistent with some studies but contrasting with others finding amplitude increases (i.e. LTP-like changes). Older adults exhibited more modest auditory-evoked amplitude decreases, but visual-evoked amplitude decreases like those of younger adults. Changes in response amplitude were not specific to tetanised stimuli. Importantly, slow presentation of auditory tone bursts produced response amplitude changes approximating those observed following tetanisation in younger adults. Meta-analyses of visual and auditory tetanisation studies found that the overall effect of sensory tetanisation was not significant across studies or study sites. The results suggest that sensory tetanisation may not produce reliable changes in cortical responses and more work is needed to determine the validity of sensory tetanisation as a method for inducing human cortical plasticity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Dias
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carolyn M McClaskey
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Rumschlag
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly C Harris
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Fodor I, Svigruha R, Kemenes G, Kemenes I, Pirger Z. The Great Pond Snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) as a Model of Aging and Age-Related Memory Impairment: An Overview. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:975-982. [PMID: 33453110 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase of life span, normal aging and age-related memory decline are affecting an increasing number of people; however, many aspects of these processes are still not fully understood. Although vertebrate models have provided considerable insights into the molecular and electrophysiological changes associated with brain aging, invertebrates, including the widely recognized molluscan model organism, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), have proven to be extremely useful for studying mechanisms of aging at the level of identified individual neurons and well-defined circuits. Its numerically simpler nervous system, well-characterized life cycle, and relatively long life span make it an ideal organism to study age-related changes in the nervous system. Here, we provide an overview of age-related studies on L. stagnalis and showcase this species as a contemporary choice for modeling the molecular, cellular, circuit, and behavioral mechanisms of aging and age-related memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Réka Svigruha
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
| | - György Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Ildikó Kemenes
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany, Hungary
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Tauc M. [A new paradigm in the treatment of ischemia. Learning from drosophila]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:147-152. [PMID: 32129751 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia is one of the major concerns of clinicians who are constantly confronted with it, both in surgical and pathological aspects. The consequences of ischemic stress are dramatic and can lead to organic, motor or cognitive disabilities. Currently, there is no identified specific molecular target whose targeting could be beneficial in this area. The drosophila melanogaster fly, used as a model animal, has made it possible to highlight a major advance by allowing the identification of a completely new pharmacological target whose inhibition significantly increases tolerance to hypoxia. Applied to a preclinical model of renal transplantation, this new approach significantly improves the functional recovery of the graft in the long term. This mini-synthesis retraces the steps that made it possible to transfer to higher mammals a concept highlighted in Drosophila that clearly shows, beyond basic research, the contribution that a model organism can make to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Tauc
- UMR 6097 Université Côte d'Azur, LP2M faculté de Médecine, 28 avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cedex France
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Patihis L. The Historical Significance of the Discovery of Long-Term Potentiation: An Overview and Evaluation for Nonexperts. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.131.3.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This article evaluates, in nontechnical language for those not familiar with neuroscience jargon, the historical significance of Bliss and Lømo’s (1973) landmark discovery of long term potentiation (LTP) by establishing precedent context, describing the finding, and then looking at the subsequent decades of LTP research. To set the LTP discovery in context, the article briefly reviews the precedent theories of synaptic information storage and the empirical precedents of frequency potentiation, synaptic facilitation, and the identification of the hippocampal area as being memory related. I then discuss and explain Bliss and Lømo’s initial work whereby they found synaptic strengthening that lasted for hours. To better evaluate the importance of their discovery, the article discusses the confirmatory evidence of the decades of LTP research that followed. In this way the article evaluates the replicability, generalizability, and mechanisms behind the phenomena. Perhaps most importantly, I discuss the evidence for LTP being an important mechanism that explains some aspects of learning and memory. The article concludes that at this time Bliss and Lømo’s discovery looks to be a profound discovery in the history of science.
Supplementary color figures are available at https://www.press.uillinois.edu/journals/ajp/media/patihis/long_term_potentiation
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Magiorkinis E, Diamantis A, Sidiropoulou K, Panteliadis C. Highights in the history of epilepsy: the last 200 years. EPILEPSY RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:582039. [PMID: 25210626 PMCID: PMC4158257 DOI: 10.1155/2014/582039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to present the evolution of views on epilepsy as a disease and symptom during the 19th and the 20th century. A thorough study of texts, medical books, and reports along with a review of the available literature in PubMed was undertaken. The 19th century is marked by the works of the French medical school and of John Hughlings Jackson who set the research on epilepsy on a solid scientific basis. During the 20th century, the invention of EEG, the advance in neurosurgery, the discovery of antiepileptic drugs, and the delineation of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, were the most significant advances in the field of research in epilepsy. Among the most prestigious physicians connected with epilepsy one can pinpoint the work of Henry Gastaut, Wilder Penfield, and Herbert Jasper. The most recent advances in the field of epilepsy include the development of advanced imaging techniques, the development of microsurgery, and the research on the connection between genetic factors and epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Magiorkinis
- Office for the Study of Hellenic Naval Medicine, Naval Hospital of Athens, Deinokratous 70, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristidis Diamantis
- Office for the Study of Hellenic Naval Medicine, Naval Hospital of Athens, Deinokratous 70, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Sidiropoulou
- Office for the Study of Hellenic Naval Medicine, Naval Hospital of Athens, Deinokratous 70, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Panteliadis
- Division of Paediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Stilp Kiriakidi 1, 54634 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Markram H, Gerstner W, Sjöström PJ. A history of spike-timing-dependent plasticity. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2011; 3:4. [PMID: 22007168 PMCID: PMC3187646 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2011.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
How learning and memory is achieved in the brain is a central question in neuroscience. Key to today's research into information storage in the brain is the concept of synaptic plasticity, a notion that has been heavily influenced by Hebb's (1949) postulate. Hebb conjectured that repeatedly and persistently co-active cells should increase connective strength among populations of interconnected neurons as a means of storing a memory trace, also known as an engram. Hebb certainly was not the first to make such a conjecture, as we show in this history. Nevertheless, literally thousands of studies into the classical frequency-dependent paradigm of cellular learning rules were directly inspired by the Hebbian postulate. But in more recent years, a novel concept in cellular learning has emerged, where temporal order instead of frequency is emphasized. This new learning paradigm - known as spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) - has rapidly gained tremendous interest, perhaps because of its combination of elegant simplicity, biological plausibility, and computational power. But what are the roots of today's STDP concept? Here, we discuss several centuries of diverse thinking, beginning with philosophers such as Aristotle, Locke, and Ribot, traversing, e.g., Lugaro's plasticità and Rosenblatt's perceptron, and culminating with the discovery of STDP. We highlight interactions between theoretical and experimental fields, showing how discoveries sometimes occurred in parallel, seemingly without much knowledge of the other field, and sometimes via concrete back-and-forth communication. We point out where the future directions may lie, which includes interneuron STDP, the functional impact of STDP, its mechanisms and its neuromodulatory regulation, and the linking of STDP to the developmental formation and continuous plasticity of neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Markram
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wulfram Gerstner
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Per Jesper Sjöström
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College LondonLondon, UK
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General HospitalMontreal, QC, Canada
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Humeau Y, Candiani S, Ghirardi M, Poulain B, Montarolo P. Functional roles of synapsin: Lessons from invertebrates. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:425-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
Ionotropic receptors, including the NMDAR (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor) mediate fast neurotransmission, neurodevelopment, neuronal excitability and learning. In the present article, the structure and function of the NMDAR is reviewed with the aim to condense our current understanding and highlight frontiers where important questions regarding the biology of this receptor remain unanswered. In the second part of the present review, new biochemical and genetic approaches for the investigation of ion channel receptor complexes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Milner
- Montreal Neurologic Institute, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Antonov IN. Mechanisms of heterosynaptic facilitation in molluscan neurons. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01053150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Storozhuk VM, Zinyuk L�. Neuronal responses in the cat substantia innominata during instrumental conditioned reflex. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01051955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The generation and modulation of endogenous rhythmicity in the Aplysia bursting pacemaker neurone R15. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1985; 46:1-49. [PMID: 2410951 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(85)90011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Learning behavior similar to vertebrate classical conditioning was demonstrated for the mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis. Postsynaptic membrane changes within well-defined neural systems that mediate the learning play a casual role in recording the learned association for later recall. Specific ionic currents in neural tissue undergo transformations lasting days after associative training with physiologic stimuli. During acquisition the intracellular calcium increases; this increase is accompanied by specific potassium current reduction that lasts for days after conditioning. The increase of calcium enhances calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of proteins that either regulate or are part of ion channels. These currents and the conditions that precede their transformation occur in many types of vertebrate neurons, and hence this biophysical basis of Hermissenda learning could have relevance for species other than the gastropod studied.
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Abstract
Heterosynaptic facilitation (HF) of different excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) can be recorded in the motor cortex os anesthetized cats following repetitively applied EPSP-spike stimulus pairs. HF turned out to be synapse-specific in many cases, because not all of the stimulated inputs in the same neuron could produce it. Furthermore, membrane depolarization, increase in membrane resistance and firing activity, can appear with or without HF of a test EPSP.
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Baranyi A, Fehér O. Synaptic facilitation requires paired activation of convergent pathways in the neocortex. Nature 1981; 290:413-5. [PMID: 6261140 DOI: 10.1038/290413a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In associative learning, the activated neurones undergo a variety of concomitant functional alterations--increases or decreases of firing activity and modifications of membrane potential or resistance and of synaptic responsiveness. Synaptic transmission which can be strengthened only when there is paired activity in two pathways is of particular interest in relation to mechanisms for associative learning. For the neocortex, there are few observations of the plastic changes, induced by conditioning procedures, in the effectiveness of individual synapses. We now report that various regimes with joint stimulations of convergent excitatory pathways on to intracellularly recorded neurones in the motor cortex of the cat result in synaptic facilitation lasting for up to 30 min.
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Ionic Mechanisms and Behavioral Functions of Presynaptic Facilitation and Presynaptic Inhibition in Aplysia: A Model System for Studying the Modulation of Signal Transmission in Sensory Neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66744-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Reflex behavior of Hermissenda in response to visual and rotational stimuli is described. It is shown that repeated association of light with rotation modifies the subsequent responses of the animals to light. This modification does not occur after the same period of light or rotation alone. The effect of the associative training is strongly dependent on the amount of daily light with which the animals are maintained.
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Mellon D. Integrative and organizational aspects of synaptic function in molluscs. Prog Neurobiol 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(74)90006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Von Baumgarten RJ, Hukuhara T. The role of the interstimulus interval in heterosynaptic facilitation in Aplysia californica. Brain Res 1969; 16:369-81. [PMID: 4311721 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(69)90232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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von Baumgarten R, Jahan-Parvar B. [Contribution on the problem of heterosynaptic facilitation in Aplysia californica]. PFLUGERS ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE PHYSIOLOGIE DES MENSCHEN UND DER TIERE 1967; 295:328-46. [PMID: 5242944 DOI: 10.1007/bf00362956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Von Baumgarten RJ, Djahanparwar B. Time course of repetitive heterosynaptic facilitation in Aplysia californica. Brain Res 1967; 4:295-7. [PMID: 6030110 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(67)90012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kandel ER, Tauc L. Anomalous rectification in the metacerebral giant cells and its consequences for synaptic transmission. J Physiol 1966; 183:287-304. [PMID: 5942815 PMCID: PMC1357579 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp007867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
1. In the central neurones that have so far been examined the passive electrical properties of the extrasynaptic membrane has been shown to be relatively constant in the subthreshold range. Consequently, excitatory synaptic potentials produced by chemical transmission tend to vary in amplitude with changes in membrane potential, decreasing with depolarization and increasing with hyperpolarization.2. In the two symmetrical giant cells of the ventral metacerebrum of the snail, the EPSPs failed to show the expected alterations in amplitude with changes in membrane potential. Near the resting level the EPSP increased slightly with membrane depolarization and decreased slightly with hyperpolarization.3. These paradoxical results were not attributable to a change in transmitter release since similar results were obtained when ACh, the putative transmitter, was released iontophoretically on to the cell membrane by means of an extracellular pipette.4. Measurement of the current-voltage relation of the extrasynaptic membrane revealed two types of rectifying conductance changes. The first, an increase in conductance with depolarization, was turned on at a depolarization of about 15 mV. Its conductance change was similar to the delayed rectification familiar from studies of peripheral nerve and muscle. The second occurred on either side of the resting level, from about 15 mV hyperpolarization to about 10 mV depolarization, and manifested itself as a decrease in conductance with depolarization and an increase with hyperpolarization. By analogy to a similar phenomenon known to occur in skeletal muscle this second rectification has been termed anomalous rectification.5. The average resistance at 25 mV hyperpolarization was 2.3 x 10(6) Omega, while at 10 mV depolarization it was 2.1 x 10(7) Omega, yielding an average rectification ratio of 10 for the anomalous conductance change.6. The anomalous rectifying conductance seems to account for the paradoxical behaviour of the EPSP and ACh response to changes in membrane potential. Moreover, the finding that the sharpest change in the anomalous rectification curve occurred on either side of the resting level suggests that this rectification is functionally important as a postsynaptic determinant of synaptic efficacy. Several additional lines of evidence in support of this suggestion have been obtained.
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Kandel ER, Tauc L. Heterosynaptic facilitation in neurones of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia depilans. J Physiol 1965; 181:1-27. [PMID: 5866283 PMCID: PMC1357435 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Kandel ER, Tauc L. Mechanism of heterosynaptic facilitation in the giant cell of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia depilans. J Physiol 1965; 181:28-47. [PMID: 5866285 PMCID: PMC1357436 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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