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Paradise SL, Estep L, Olson J, Donaldson K. First North American case of Hemoglobin Shepherds Bush (β 74[E18] Gly → Asp) in a central Pennsylvania family. BMC Clin Pathol 2014; 14:4. [PMID: 24428873 PMCID: PMC3898211 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-14-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hemoglobin Shepherds Bush (Human Genome Variation Society name: HBB:c.224G > A) is an unstable hemoglobin variant resulting from a β 74 GGC to GAC mutation (Gly to Asp) that manifests clinically as hemolytic anemia or gall bladder disease due to chronic subclinical hemolysis. Case presentation We report a Pennsylvania family of English descent with this condition, first noticed in a 6-year-old female. The proband presented with splenomegaly, fatigue, dark urine and an elevated indirect bilirubin. Hemoglobin identification studies and subsequent genetic testing performed according to a systematic algorithm elucidated the diagnosis of Hb Shepherds Bush. Conclusions This is the first case of this rare hemoglobin variant identified in North America to our knowledge. It was identified using a systematic algorithm of diagnostic tests that should be followed whenever considering a rare hemoglobinopathy as part of the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jordan Olson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
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Frischknecht H, Troxler H, Dutly F, Walker L, Hohenadel BA, Eng B, Waye JS. Characterization of three novel delta chain hemoglobin variants and two delta-thalassemia alleles. Hemoglobin 2010; 34:374-82. [PMID: 20642335 DOI: 10.3109/03630269.2010.500966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the characterization of five novel delta-globin gene mutations detected during routine screening for thalassemia. Three missense mutations were identified, resulting in the following delta chain hemoglobin (Hb) variants: Hb A(2)-Acacias [delta4 (ACT>AGT), Thr-->Ser, HBD c.14C>G], Hb A(2)-Toronto [delta74 (GGC>GAC), Gly-->Asp, HBD c.224G>A], and Hb A(2)-Calgary [delta99 (GAT>GGT), Asp-->Gly, HBD c.299A>G]. Two other mutations most likely result in delta(0)-thalassemia (delta(0)-thal). One mutation altered the translation initiation codon from ATG to ATA (HBD c.3G>A), and another changed the canonical splice donor sequence of IVS-II from GT to AT (HBD C.315+1G>A).
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Smetanina NS, Huisman TH. MRNA analysis in reticulocytes of subjects with Hb D, Hb Porto Alegre, Hb E, and different types of unstable hemoglobin variants. Am J Hematol 1996; 52:258-63. [PMID: 8701943 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199608)52:4<258::aid-ajh4>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique we determined the alpha 2/alpha 1, alpha/beta, and gamma/beta mRNA ratios in reticulocytes of 11 patients with seven different unstable beta chain variants, of 4 patients with two unstable alpha chain variants, in hemoglobin (Hb) D, Hb Porto Alegre, and Hb E heterozygotes, and in 8 patients with Hb X-beta 0-thalassemia (thal) (three D-beta 0-thal, one Porto Alegre = beta 0-thal, one Lulu Island-beta 0-thal, and three E-beta 0-thal). In addition, we determined the beta X/beta A mRNA ratios (X = unstable) in some Hb D heterozygotes and in 6 subjects with an unstable beta chain variant. Normal alpha/beta and beta X/beta A mRNA ratios were found in all heterozygotes tested, indicating that the respective mutations did not alter the stability of the mRNAs. The alpha/beta mRNA ratio in four Hb E heterozygotes averaged 4.21 (normal, 4.47), and that in 2 patients with Hb E-beta 0-thal and four alpha-globin genes (alpha alpha/alpha alpha) averaged a high 22.4. The gamma mRNA level in the Hb E heterozygotes was < 1% but varied greatly in patients with Hb E-beta 0-thal; the alpha/(gamma + beta) mRNA ratios in the 2 patients were 15.5 and 16.7, respectively. The large differences in alpha/beta and alpha/(gamma + beta) mRNA ratios in reticulocytes of subjects with AE and with E-beta 0-thal may be due to differences in the levels of normally-spliced beta E and abnormally-spliced beta E mRNAs. Only the latter is unstable and is preferentially produced in bone marrow and reticulocytes of Hb E-beta 0-thal patients, where it is rapidly degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Smetanina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2100, USA
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Carreño DL, Villegas A, Sanchez-Varela JM. Hb Shepherds Bush [beta 74(E18)Gly-->Asp]: the first case in a Spanish woman. Hemoglobin 1993; 17:243-6. [PMID: 8330976 DOI: 10.3109/03630269308998898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D L Carreño
- Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Fermi G, Perutz MF, Williamson D, Stein P, Shih DT. Structure-function relationships in the low-affinity mutant haemoglobin Aalborg (Gly74 (E18)beta----Arg). J Mol Biol 1992; 226:883-8. [PMID: 1507231 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(92)90638-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Haemoglobin Aalborg (Gly74 (E18)beta----Arg) has a reduced oxygen affinity, in both the absence and the presence of organic phosphates; it has a raised affinity for organic phosphates, and it is moderately unstable. By contrast, haemoglobin Shepherds Bush (Gly74 (E18)beta----Asp) has an increased oxygen affinity in both the absence and the presence of organic phosphates, a diminished affinity for organic phosphates and is also unstable. We have determined the crystal structure of deoxyhaemoglobin Aalborg at 2.8 A resolution and compared it to the structures of deoxy- and oxyhaemoglobin A and of deoxyhaemoglobin Shepherds Bush. The guanidinium group of Arg74(E18)beta protrudes from the haem pocket and donates hydrogen bonds to the E and F helices. The carboxylate group of Asp74(E18)beta forms a hydrogen bond only with residue EF6 and is partially buried, which may be why haemoglobin Shepherds Bush appears to be more unstable than haemoglobin Aalborg. To discover why the latter has a low oxygen affinity, we superimposed the B, G and H helices of haemoglobin A, whose conformation is known to be unaffected by ligand binding, on those of haemoglobin Aalborg. This also brought helices E and the haems into superposition, but revealed a shift of the F helix of deoxyhaemoglobin Aalborg towards the EF-corner. This shift is opposite to that which occurs on ligand binding and on transition to the quaternary oxy-structure, and is linked to an increased tilt of the proximal histidine residue away from the haem axis. Since the relative positions of helices E and F and of the haem group are thought to be the main determinants of the changes in oxygen affinity, the shift of helix F may account for the reduced oxygen affinity of haemoglobin Aalborg. The shift may be due to a combination of steric and electrostatic effects introduced by the arginine residue's side-chain. The effects of the arginine and aspartate substitutions at position E18 beta on the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate affinity are equal and opposite. They can be quantitatively accounted for by the electrostatic attraction or repulsion by the oppositely charged side-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fermi
- M.R.C. Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K
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Williamson D, Nutkins J, Rosthoj S, Brennan SO, Williams DH, Carrell RW. Characterization of Hb Aalborg, a new unstable hemoglobin variant, by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Hemoglobin 1990; 14:137-45. [PMID: 2272837 DOI: 10.3109/03630269009046955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hb Aalborg is a new unstable hemoglobin variant found in association with mild anemia. Heinz bodies were readily inducible in red cells but there was no specific evidence of hemolysis and the variant therefore appears to be without significant clinical effect. The amino acid replacement was identified by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and is that of Gly----Arg at position beta 74 (E18). Hb Aalborg is moderately unstable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Williamson
- University Department of Haematology, MRC Centre, Cambridge, U.K
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Milner PF, Corley CC, Pomeroy WL, Wilson JB, Gravely M, Huisman TH. Thalassemia intermedia caused by heterozygosity for both beta-thalassemia and hemoglobin Saki [beta 14 (A11) Leu replaced by Pro]. Am J Hematol 1976; 1:283-92. [PMID: 998617 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The syndrome thalassemia intermedia can be the clinical expression of heterozygosity for different tyes of thalassemia, beta-thalassemia and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, beta-thalassemia and Hb-Lepore, and in blacks it may even represent a true beta-thalassemia homozygote. This report describes thalassemia intermedia in a white male due to beta-thalassemia and an unstable hemoglobin. Chain-synthesis studies showed an excess of alpha-chain production over beta-chain production in the propositus and his mother but balanced chain synthesis in the clinically normal father, who is heterozygous for the unstable hemoglobin. The unstable hemoglobin was found to be beta14 (A11) Leu leads to Pro, which has previously been described in a clinically normal African woman, and named Hb-Saki. This hemoglobin is not distinguishable from Hb-A on routine electrophoresis at alkaline or acid pH and tests for unstable hemoglobins are necessary for its detection. The increasing list of such hemoglobin variants and previous cases of heterozygosity for beta-thalassemia and unstable hemoglobins are reviewed.
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Kirschenbaum DM. A compilation of amino acid analyses of proteins. IX. Residues per mole of protein--7. Hemoglobin, part A--human. Anal Biochem 1975; 65:466-99. [PMID: 1093450 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rieder RF, Wolf DJ, Clegg JB, Lee SL. Rapid postsynthetic destruction of unstable haemoglobin Bushwick. Nature 1975; 254:725-7. [PMID: 1124135 DOI: 10.1038/254725a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rucknagel DL, Winter WP. Duplication of structural genes for hemoglobin alpha and beta chains in man. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 241:80-92. [PMID: 4611311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb21868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dickerman JD, Holtzman NA, Zinkham WH. Hemoglobin Zürich. A third family presenting with hemolytic reactions to sulfonamides. Am J Med 1973; 55:638-42. [PMID: 4749206 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(73)90186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Koler RD, Jones RT, Bigley RH, Litt M, Lovrien E, Brooks R, Lahey ME, Fowler R. Hemoglobin Casper: beta 106 (G8) Leu leads to Pro; a contemporary mutation. Am J Med 1973; 55:549-58. [PMID: 4743351 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(73)90213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Honig GR, Green D, Shamsuddin M, Vida LN, Mason RG, Gnarra DJ, Maurer HS. Hemoglobin Abraham Lincoln, beta32 (B14) leucine leads to proline. An unstable variant producing severe hemolytic disease. J Clin Invest 1973; 52:1746-55. [PMID: 4352462 PMCID: PMC302450 DOI: 10.1172/jci107356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An unstable hemoglobin variant was identified in a Negro woman with hemolytic anemia since infancy. A splenectomy had been performed when the patient was a child. The anemia was accompanied by erythrocyte inclusion bodies and excretion of darkly pigmented urine. Neither parent of the proposita demonstrated any hematologic abnormality, and it appeared that this hemoglobin variant arose as a new mutation. Erythrocyte survival in the patient was greatly reduced: the erythrocyte t(1/2) using radiochromium as a tag was 2.4 days, and a reticulocyte survival study performed after labeling the cells with L-[(14)C]leucine indicated a t(1/2) of 7.2 days. When stroma-free hemolysates were heated at 50 degrees C, 16-20% of the hemoglobin precipitated. The thermolability was prevented by the addition of hemin, carbon monoxide, or dithionite, suggesting an abnormality of heme binding. An increased rate of methemoglobin formation was also observed after incubation of erythrocytes at 37 degrees C. The abnormal hemoglobin could not be separated from hemoglobin A by electrophoresis or chromatography, but it was possible to isolate the variant beta-chain by precipitation with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Purification of the beta-chain by column chromatography followed by peptide mapping and amino acid analysis demonstrated a substitution of proline for beta32 leucine. It appears likely that a major effect of this substitution is a disruption of the normal orientation of the adjacent leucine residue at beta31 to impair heme stabilization.
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Cook IA, Lehmann H. Beta-thalassaemia and some rare haemoglobin variants in the highlands of Scotland. Scott Med J 1973; 18:14-20. [PMID: 4717660 DOI: 10.1177/003693307301800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A survey is described of 3968 individuals in the northern and western highlands of Scotland for haemoglobinopathies. Twenty-three abnormalities were found, involving 17 cases of beta-thalassaemia minor, 3 of Haemoglobin Koln, one man with Haemoglobin Lepore, and one case with Haemoglobin Hopkins 2. An infant with multiple birth abnormalities had a persistent high foetal haemoglobin. No examples of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency of the red cells were discovered.
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Lang A, Lehmann H, McCurdy PR, Pierce L. Identification of haemoglobin C Georgetown. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 278:57-61. [PMID: 5069596 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(72)90106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Morimoto H, Lehmann H, Perutz MF. Moleuclar pathology of human haemoglobin: stereochemical interpretation of abnormal oxygen affinities. Nature 1971; 232:408-13. [PMID: 4938842 DOI: 10.1038/232408a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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