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Neill R, Hickey I. An attempt to select pseudonormal revertants of Friend erythroleukaemia cells using cytochalasin B. Leuk Res 1989; 13:629-32. [PMID: 2761294 DOI: 10.1016/0145-2126(89)90132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of Friend erythroleukaemia cells with cytochalasin B (CB) resulted in multinucleation and loss of viability characteristic of a virus-transformed cell line. In an attempt to isolate pseudonormal revertants of this cell line mutagenized cultures were exposed to CB and surviving clones isolated. Many of these were found to be mutants resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of CB. The proportion of such mutants was reduced by simultaneous selection in CB and cytosine arabinoside. Of 699 clones examined none consistently exhibited reduced levels of multinucleation in the presence of CB. The inability of CB to select for revertants displaying a phenotype closer to normal cells is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cell Separation/methods
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/radiation effects
- Cell Transformation, Viral/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Viral/radiation effects
- Cytarabine/pharmacology
- Cytochalasin B/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance
- Friend murine leukemia virus
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mutation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/radiation effects
- Ultraviolet Rays
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Affiliation(s)
- R Neill
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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2
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Noda M, Kitayama H, Matsuzaki T, Sugimoto Y, Okayama H, Bassin RH, Ikawa Y. Detection of genes with a potential for suppressing the transformed phenotype associated with activated ras genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:162-6. [PMID: 2463620 PMCID: PMC286424 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.1.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven morphologically nontransformed (flat) revertants with reduced tumorigenicity in vivo have been isolated from populations of Kirsten sarcoma virus-transformed NIH 3T3 cells transfected with a cDNA expression library of normal human fibroblasts. Each revertant harbors 1-10 recombinant plasmids per cell and retains a rescuable transforming virus as well as high level expression of v-Ki-ras-specific RNA and the viral oncogene product, p21v-Ki-ras. Transformed phenotypes are suppressed in cell hybrids generated by fusing each revertant to v-Ki-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells. From two of the revertant lines, plasmids capable of giving rise to flat secondary transfectants have been recovered. Thus, in some, if not all, of the revertants, transfected cDNAs seem to be responsible for the suppression of specific transformed phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noda
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Tsukuba Life Science Center, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Ibaraki, Japan
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3
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Growth inhibition of transformed cells correlates with their junctional communication with normal cells. Cell 1986; 44:187-96. [PMID: 2416473 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The growth of various chemically and virally transformed cell types in culture is inhibited when they are in contact with normal cell types. We show that this growth inhibition is contingent on the presence of junctional communication between the normal and transformed cells (heterologous communication), as probed with a 443 dalton microinjected fluorescent tracer. In cell combinations where heterologous communication is weak or absent there is no detectable growth inhibition; the inhibition appears when communication is induced by cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation, and only then. In cell combinations where heterologous communication is spontaneously strong, the growth inhibition is present, but it is abolished when the communication is blocked by retinol or retinoic acid. The cell-to-cell membrane channels of gap junctions are the likely conduits of the signals for this growth control.
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Azarnia R, Loewenstein WR. Intercellular communication and the control of growth: XI. Alteration of junctional permeability by the src gene in a revertant cell with normal cytoskeleton. J Membr Biol 1984; 82:207-12. [PMID: 6099421 DOI: 10.1007/bf01871630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To learn whether the reduction of cell-to-cell communication in transformation is a possible primary effect of pp60src phosphorylation or secondary to a cytoskeletal alteration, we examined the junctional permeability in transformed cells with normal cytoskeleton. The permeability to fluorescent-labelled mono- and diglutamate was compared in clones of Faras' vole cells--clones transformed by Rous sarcoma virus and reverted from that transformation. One revertant clone (partial revertant), had the high level of pp60src kinase activity and tumorigenicity of the fully transformed parent clone, but had lost the cytoskeletal alterations of that clone. Another revertant clone (full revertant) had lost the tumorigenicity and most of the pp60src kinase activity, in addition (J.F. Nawrocki et al., 1984, Mol. Cell Biol. 4:212). The junctional permeability of the partial revertant with normal cytoskeleton was similar to that of the fully transformed parent clone with abnormal cytoskeleton. The permeabilities of both were lower than those of the full revertant and the normal uninfected cell, demonstrating that the junctional change by the src gene is independent of the cytoskeletal one.
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5
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Noda M, Selinger Z, Scolnick EM, Bassin RH. Flat revertants isolated from Kirsten sarcoma virus-transformed cells are resistant to the action of specific oncogenes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:5602-6. [PMID: 6604274 PMCID: PMC384306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.18.5602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Two flat revertants have been isolated from mutagen-treated populations of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (Ki-MuSV)-transformed NIH/3T3 cells. These revertants, which appear to be cellular variants resistant to transformation by the Ki-MuSV oncogene v-Ki-ras, contain Ki-MuSV-specific DNA, elevated levels of the v-Ki-ras gene product p21, and rescuable transforming virus. Cell hybridization studies indicated that the revertant phenotype is dominant in hybrids between revertant cells and cells transformed by Ki-MuSV or the closely related Harvey MuSV and BALB MuSV. Analysis of hybrid cells resulting from the fusion of these revertants to cell lines transformed by other retroviruses showed that the action of certain oncogenes structurally unrelated to v-Ki-ras also could be suppressed. Thus, there appear to be functional relationships and diversities among transforming genes (oncogenes) not readily apparent from their structural characteristics.
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Tatò F, Alemà S, Dlugosz A, Boettiger D, Holtzer H, Cossu G, Pacifici M. Development of 'revertant' myotubes in cultures of Rous sarcoma virus transformed avian myogenic cells. Differentiation 1983; 24:131-9. [PMID: 6309590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1983.tb01312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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7
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Chiswell DJ, Enrietto PJ, Evans S, Quade K, Wyke JA. Molecular mechanisms involved in morphological variation of avian sarcoma virus-infected rat cells. Virology 1982; 116:428-40. [PMID: 6278722 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Quade K, Saule S, Stéhelin D, Kitchener G, Hayman MJ. Revertants of rats cells transformed by avian erythroblastosis virus. Virology 1981; 115:322-33. [PMID: 6274087 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Morphological revertants of the avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV)-transformed rat cell line ATla were isolated and characterised. The revertants are similar to the uninfected parental rat cell line in that they have regained an organized cytoskeleton and they are no longer capable of anchorage-independent growth. The pattern of integrated viral DNA in the revertants is indistinguishable from that of the transformed parent. However, the revertants do not express the integrated viral genome at either the mRNA or protein level. Phenotypic reversion thus is probably .due to reduced transcription of the AEV-transforming gene below a threshold necessary to induce morphological transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Quade
- Imperial Cancer Reearch Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, P. 0. Box 123, London WC2A 3PX, England
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Varmus HE, Quintrell N, Wyke J. Revertants of an ASV-transformed rat cell line have lost the complete provius or sustained mutations in src. Virology 1981; 108:28-46. [PMID: 6168094 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Spector DH. Gene-specific probes for avian retroviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1981; 91:41-80. [PMID: 6273070 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-68058-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Krzyzek RA, Mitchell RL, Lau AF, Faras AJ. Association of pp60src and src protein kinase activity with the plasma membrane of nonpermissive and permissive avian sarcoma virus-infected cells. J Virol 1980; 36:805-15. [PMID: 6257928 PMCID: PMC353708 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.36.3.805-815.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular localization of pp60src and src protein kinase activity in avian sarcoma virus (ASV)-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts and transformed and morphologically reverted field vole cells was examined by subcellular fractionation procedures. Fractionation by differential centrifugation of Dounce-homogenized cellular extracts prepared from vole cells showed that 83 to 91% of pp60src sedimented with particulate subcellular components from both transformed and revertant vole cells. A slightly lesser amount (60 to 70%) of pp60src was found associated with the particulate fraction from ASV-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. The distribution of src protein kinase activity in the cytosol and particulate cell fractions was identical to that of pp60src, indicating no detectable differences in the activity of cytosol- and particulate-associated pp60src. When subcellular components of the cell were fractionated by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation, similar amounts of both pp60src and src protein kinase activity cosedimented with the plasma membrane fractions from both transformed and revertant vole cells, as well as from ASV-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts. src protein kinase activity associated with plasma membrane fractions prepared from vole cells and ASV-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts was resistant to extraction with high salt concentrations, but partial elution was achieved with nonionic detergent. Thus, in both transformed and morphologically reverted vole cells, pp60src is intimately associated with the plasma membrane. Since transforming virus can be rescued from revertant vole cells by fusion to chicken embryo fibroblasts, revertant vole cell pp60src is capable of inducing morphological transformation. Thus, although the data presented herein suggest that transformation requires the association of pp60src with the plasma membrane, the binding of pp60src to the plasma membrane per se is insufficient to induce morphological transformation and requires the additional interaction with a specific target membrane protein which appears to be defective in revertant vole cells.
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12
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Wyke JA, Quade K. Infection of rat cells by avian sarcoma virus: factors affecting transformation and subsequent reversion. Virology 1980; 106:217-33. [PMID: 6254248 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Abstract
The transformation of a rat cell line, 3Y1, by nonmammalian tropic strains of avian sarcoma virus was tested using cell-virus fusion mediated by Sendai virus or polyethylene glycol. Furthermore, the establishment of several transformed 3Y1 cell clones induced by the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), its derivative mutants, and the Bryan high-titer strain of RSV is reported. The presence and expression of the viral genomes in these cells were examined, and all transformed cell clones tested were found to contain rescuable RSV genomes when they had been fused with normal chicken embryo fibroblast cells or those preinfected with Rous-associated virus type 1. However, the gag gene product, pr76, was barely detectable in wild-type RSV-transformed cells, whereas it was produced in considerable amounts in cells transformed by env-deleted mutants, the Bryan high-titer strain of RSV and NY8 derived from the Schmidt-Ruppin strain of RSV.
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Marshall CJ. Suppression of the transformed phenotype with retention of the viral 'src' gene in cell hybrids between Rous sarcoma virus-transformed rat cells and untransformed mouse cells. Exp Cell Res 1980; 127:373-84. [PMID: 6247175 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(80)90442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Yang F, Montoya AL, Merlo DJ, Drummond MH, Chilton MD, Nester EW, Gordon MP. Foreign DNA sequences in crown gall teratomas and their fate during the loss of the tumorous traits. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1980; 177:707-14. [PMID: 6929944 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Collett MS, Brugge JS, Erikson RL, Lau AF, Krzyzek RA, Faras AJ. The src gene product of transformed and morphologically reverted ASV-infected mammalian cells. Nature 1979; 281:195-8. [PMID: 225672 DOI: 10.1038/281195a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Morphological revertants of avian sarcoma virus transformed vole cells contain the sarcoma gene product (pp60src) in an enzymatically active form, suggesting that the presence of pp60src protein kinase activity is infussicient to induce morphological transformation. Structural analyses of pp60src from infected vole cell clones suggest that in one of the revertant clones on alteration in pp60src may be responsible for morphological reversion while in a second clone, reversion may result from an alteration in a cell gene product with which pp60src must interact. As these morphological revertant cells are tumorigenic, different cell components are required to interact with pp60src to facilitate the two events.
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Cho HY, Rhim JS. Cycloheximide-dependent reversion of human cells transformed by MSV and chemical carcinogen. Science 1979; 205:691-3. [PMID: 223242 DOI: 10.1126/science.223242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, at a concentration of 0.08 microgram per milliliter, induced flat morphology within 24 to 48 hours and low saturation density in human osteosarcoma cells transformed by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (Ki-MSV) or N-methyl-N' nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Removal of the protein synthesis inhibitor caused both transformed cells to revert to the transformed phenotype. The demonstration of cell-surface antigens, cross-reacted with antiserums induced by extracts of both types of transformed human cells, was dependent on the presence or absence of cycloheximide in the culture medium. The results show that protein synthesis is required to maintain the transformed state in virally or chemically transformed human cells.
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Porzig KJ, Robbins KC, Aaronson SA. Cellular regulation of mammalian sarcoma virus expression: a gene regulation model for oncogenesis. Cell 1979; 16:875-84. [PMID: 222469 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Investigations aimed at defining cellular functions required for expression of transformation by mammalian sarcoma viruses have led to the isolation of a class of revertants that contain biologically active feline sarcoma virus, yet possess in vitro and in vivo properties of normal cells. The block to expression of the transformed state in these cellular revertants was spontaneously reversible at low frequency. Moreover, infection with certain helper viruses reversed the block at very high efficiency. Helper virus complementation was shown not to be a direct effect of helper virus functions expressed in the initially infected revertant cell. Rather, the helper virus acted indirectly by rescuing sarcoma virus and allowing it to infect and transform another cell within the revertant population. Using biochemical and immunologic techniques, it was possible to demonstrate a specific and very marked reduction in transcriptional and translational products of the sarcoma viral genome in the revertant cells. Findings that the reversal of this block was associated with reacquisition of the transformed phenotype, together with other evidence, suggest that reversion results from cellular transcriptional regulation of the integrated sarcoma virus genome. Reversion in this virus transformation system provides a model for oncogenesis resulting from derepression of cellular genes that possess malignant potential.
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Erikson RL, Brugge JS, Erikson E, Collett MS. Studies on the structure and function of the avian sarcoma virus transforming gene product. HAEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD TRANSFUSION 1979; 23:261-9. [PMID: 232457 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67057-2_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Nomura S. Revertants of mouse cells transformed by murine sarcoma virus. V. Loss of MSV-specific nucleotide sequences from cellular RNA. Virology 1978; 91:444-52. [PMID: 217157 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Royer-Pokora B, Beug H, Claviez M, Winkhardt HJ, Friis RR, Graf T. Transformation parameters in chicken fibroblasts transformed by AEV and MC29 avian leukemia viruses. Cell 1978; 13:751-60. [PMID: 207439 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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