1
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Corbett JJ, Trussell GC. Local and regional geographic variation in inducible defenses. Ecology 2024; 105:e4207. [PMID: 37948134 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasive predators can cause substantial evolutionary change in native prey populations. Although invasions by predators typically occur over large scales, their distributions are usually characterized by substantial spatiotemporal heterogeneity that can lead to patchiness in the response of native prey species. Our ability to understand how local variation shapes patterns of inducible defense expression has thus far been limited by insufficient replication of populations within regions. Here, we examined local and regional variation in the inducible defenses of 12 native marine snail (Littorina obtusata) populations within two geographic regions in the Gulf of Maine that are characterized by vastly different contact histories with the invasive predatory green crab (Carcinus maenas). When exposed in the field to waterborne risk cues from the green crab for 90 days, snails expressed plastic increases in shell thickness that reduced their vulnerability to this shell-crushing predator. Despite significant differences in contact history with this invasive predator, snail populations from both regions produced similar levels of shell thickness and shell thickness plasticity in response to risk cues. Such phenotypic similarity emerged even though there were substantial geographic differences in the shell thickness of juvenile snails at the beginning of the experiment, and we suggest that it may reflect the effects of warming ocean temperatures and countergradient variation. Consistent with plasticity theory, a trend in our results suggests that southern snail populations, which have a longer contact history with the green crab, paid less in the form of reduced tissue mass for thicker shells than northern populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Corbett
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences and Coastal Sustainability Institute, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Trussell
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences and Coastal Sustainability Institute, Northeastern University, Nahant, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Barazandeh M, Cameron CB, Miyashita T. Zoological Endeavors Inspired by A. Richard Palmer: Interview. CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Barazandeh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 2405 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher B. Cameron
- Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, 1375, avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada
| | - Tetsuto Miyashita
- Canadian Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, Canada
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3
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Clark MS, Peck LS, Arivalagan J, Backeljau T, Berland S, Cardoso JCR, Caurcel C, Chapelle G, De Noia M, Dupont S, Gharbi K, Hoffman JI, Last KS, Marie A, Melzner F, Michalek K, Morris J, Power DM, Ramesh K, Sanders T, Sillanpää K, Sleight VA, Stewart-Sinclair PJ, Sundell K, Telesca L, Vendrami DLJ, Ventura A, Wilding TA, Yarra T, Harper EM. Deciphering mollusc shell production: the roles of genetic mechanisms through to ecology, aquaculture and biomimetics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1812-1837. [PMID: 32737956 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most molluscs possess shells, constructed from a vast array of microstructures and architectures. The fully formed shell is composed of calcite or aragonite. These CaCO3 crystals form complex biocomposites with proteins, which although typically less than 5% of total shell mass, play significant roles in determining shell microstructure. Despite much research effort, large knowledge gaps remain in how molluscs construct and maintain their shells, and how they produce such a great diversity of forms. Here we synthesize results on how shell shape, microstructure, composition and organic content vary among, and within, species in response to numerous biotic and abiotic factors. At the local level, temperature, food supply and predation cues significantly affect shell morphology, whilst salinity has a much stronger influence across latitudes. Moreover, we emphasize how advances in genomic technologies [e.g. restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) and epigenetics] allow detailed examinations of whether morphological changes result from phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation, or a combination of these. RAD-Seq has already identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with temperature and aquaculture practices, whilst epigenetic processes have been shown significantly to modify shell construction to local conditions in, for example, Antarctica and New Zealand. We also synthesize results on the costs of shell construction and explore how these affect energetic trade-offs in animal metabolism. The cellular costs are still debated, with CaCO3 precipitation estimates ranging from 1-2 J/mg to 17-55 J/mg depending on experimental and environmental conditions. However, organic components are more expensive (~29 J/mg) and recent data indicate transmembrane calcium ion transporters can involve considerable costs. This review emphasizes the role that molecular analyses have played in demonstrating multiple evolutionary origins of biomineralization genes. Although these are characterized by lineage-specific proteins and unique combinations of co-opted genes, a small set of protein domains have been identified as a conserved biomineralization tool box. We further highlight the use of sequence data sets in providing candidate genes for in situ localization and protein function studies. The former has elucidated gene expression modularity in mantle tissue, improving understanding of the diversity of shell morphology synthesis. RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats - CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) experiments have provided proof of concept for use in the functional investigation of mollusc gene sequences, showing for example that Pif (aragonite-binding) protein plays a significant role in structured nacre crystal growth and that the Lsdia1 gene sets shell chirality in Lymnaea stagnalis. Much research has focused on the impacts of ocean acidification on molluscs. Initial studies were predominantly pessimistic for future molluscan biodiversity. However, more sophisticated experiments incorporating selective breeding and multiple generations are identifying subtle effects and that variability within mollusc genomes has potential for adaption to future conditions. Furthermore, we highlight recent historical studies based on museum collections that demonstrate a greater resilience of molluscs to climate change compared with experimental data. The future of mollusc research lies not solely with ecological investigations into biodiversity, and this review synthesizes knowledge across disciplines to understand biomineralization. It spans research ranging from evolution and development, through predictions of biodiversity prospects and future-proofing of aquaculture to identifying new biomimetic opportunities and societal benefits from recycling shell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody S Clark
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K
| | - Lloyd S Peck
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K
| | - Jaison Arivalagan
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.,Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, 710 N Fairbanks Ct, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Thierry Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, Brussels, B-1000, Belgium.,Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Sophie Berland
- UMR 7208 CNRS/MNHN/UPMC/IRD Biologie des Organismes Aquatiques et Ecosystèmes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Joao C R Cardoso
- Centro de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Carlos Caurcel
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, U.K
| | - Gauthier Chapelle
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, Brussels, B-1000, Belgium
| | - Michele De Noia
- Department of Animal Behavior, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Sam Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Göteburg, Box 463, Göteburg, SE405 30, Sweden
| | - Karim Gharbi
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, U.K
| | - Joseph I Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behavior, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Kim S Last
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - Arul Marie
- UMR 7245 CNRS/MNHN Molécules de Communications et Adaptations des Micro-organismes, Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Frank Melzner
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Kati Michalek
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - James Morris
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Rue Vautier 29, Brussels, B-1000, Belgium
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centro de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Kirti Ramesh
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Trystan Sanders
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Kirsikka Sillanpää
- Swemarc, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, Gothenburg, SE405 30, Sweden
| | - Victoria A Sleight
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, U.K
| | | | - Kristina Sundell
- Swemarc, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, Gothenburg, SE405 30, Sweden
| | - Luca Telesca
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, U.K
| | - David L J Vendrami
- Department of Animal Behavior, University of Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, Bielefeld, 33615, Germany
| | - Alexander Ventura
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Göteburg, Box 463, Göteburg, SE405 30, Sweden
| | - Thomas A Wilding
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, Argyll, PA37 1QA, U.K
| | - Tejaswi Yarra
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, U.K.,Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, U.K
| | - Elizabeth M Harper
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, U.K
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4
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Mancuso A, Stagioni M, Prada F, Scarponi D, Piccinetti C, Goffredo S. Environmental influence on calcification of the bivalve Chamelea gallina along a latitudinal gradient in the Adriatic Sea. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11198. [PMID: 31371745 PMCID: PMC6671978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors are encoded in shells of marine bivalves in the form of geochemical properties, shell microstructure and shell growth rate. Few studies have investigated how shell growth is affected by habitat conditions in natural populations of the commercial clam Chamelea gallina. Here, skeletal parameters (micro-density and apparent porosity) and growth parameters (bulk density, linear extension and net calcification rates) were investigated in relation to shell sizes and environmental parameters along a latitudinal gradient in the Adriatic Sea (400 km). Net calcification rates increased with increasing solar radiation, sea surface temperature and salinity and decreasing Chlorophyll concentration in immature and mature shells. In immature shells, which are generally more porous than mature shells, enhanced calcification was due to an increase in bulk density, while in mature shells was due to an increase in linear extension rates. The presence of the Po river in the Northern Adriatic Sea was likely the main driver of the fluctuations observed in environmental parameters, especially salinity and Chlorophyll concentration, and seemed to negatively affect the growth of C. gallina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Mancuso
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, I-40126 Bologna, European Union, Italy.,Laboratory of Fisheries and Marine Biology at Fano, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Adriatico 1/N, I-61032, Fano, PU, European Union, Italy
| | - Marco Stagioni
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Marine Biology at Fano, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Adriatico 1/N, I-61032, Fano, PU, European Union, Italy
| | - Fiorella Prada
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, I-40126 Bologna, European Union, Italy
| | - Daniele Scarponi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, I-40126 Bologna, European Union, Italy
| | - Corrado Piccinetti
- Laboratory of Fisheries and Marine Biology at Fano, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Adriatico 1/N, I-61032, Fano, PU, European Union, Italy
| | - Stefano Goffredo
- Marine Science Group, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, I-40126 Bologna, European Union, Italy. .,Laboratory of Fisheries and Marine Biology at Fano, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Adriatico 1/N, I-61032, Fano, PU, European Union, Italy.
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5
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Newson O, Basi R, Palmer AR. Lamellose Axial Shell Sculpture Reduces Gastropod Vulnerability to Sea Star Predation. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 235:24-29. [PMID: 30160997 DOI: 10.1086/698972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marine gastropods exhibit a stunning diversity of shell sculpture, but the functional significance of many sculpture types remains unknown. Unfortunately, experimental tests of the functional significance of differences between species are complicated by other morphological differences, such as shell microstructure, aperture shape, and shell thickness, that may confound interpretation. The most robust experimental tests are therefore performed using different shell forms within a species. We took advantage of the extensive intraspecific shell variation in the common intertidal gastropod Nucella lamellosa to test the adaptive significance of axial lamellae, a type of shell sculpture found in numerous marine gastropod subfamilies. We offered three forms of N. lamellosa (lamellose, artificially smooth, and naturally smooth) to the predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus under controlled laboratory conditions. Pisaster ochraceus consumed significantly fewer lamellose snails than either artificially or naturally smooth snails. We suggest that shell lamellae deter sea star predation by impairing their ability to capture or manipulate snail prey or by increasing prey effective size. These results suggest a credible hypothesis for the adaptive significance of lamellar sculpture in marine gastropods and provide a valuable missing piece to the story about adaptive phenotypic plasticity in N. lamellosa shell form.
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6
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Strathmann RR, Fenaux L, Strathmann MF. HETEROCHRONIC DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY IN LARVAL SEA URCHINS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR EVOLUTION OF NONFEEDING LARVAE. Evolution 2017; 46:972-986. [PMID: 28564401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/1991] [Accepted: 12/02/1991] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard R. Strathmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories and Department of Zoology University of Washington 620 University Road Friday Harbor WA 98250 USA
| | - Lucienne Fenaux
- CNRS Station Zoologique B.P. 28 06230 Villefranche‐sur‐Mer FRANCE
| | - Megumi F. Strathmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories and Department of Zoology University of Washington 620 University Road Friday Harbor WA 98250 USA
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7
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Trussell GC. PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN AN INTERTIDAL SNAIL: THE ROLE OF A COMMON CRAB PREDATOR. Evolution 2017; 50:448-454. [PMID: 28568849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb04507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/1993] [Accepted: 10/14/1994] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Lowell RB. SAFETY FACTORS OF TROPICAL VERSUS TEMPERATE LIMPET SHELLS: MULTIPLE SELECTION PRESSURES ON A SINGLE STRUCTURE. Evolution 2017; 41:638-650. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/1985] [Accepted: 12/24/1986] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Lowell
- Department of Zoology; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
- Bamfield Marine Station; Bamfield BC V0R 1B0 Canada
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9
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Boulding EG, Hay TK. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF SHELL FORM OF AN INTERTIDAL SNAIL: CONSTRAINTS ON SHORT-TERM RESPONSE TO SELECTION. Evolution 2017; 47:576-592. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1993.tb02114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/1992] [Accepted: 08/11/1992] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Boulding
- Department of Zoology NJ-15 and Friday Harbor Laboratories; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Toby K. Hay
- Department of Zoology NJ-15 and Friday Harbor Laboratories; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
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10
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Parsons KE. CONTRASTING PATTERNS OF HERITABLE GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN SHELL MORPHOLOGY AND GROWTH POTENTIAL IN THE MARINE GASTROPODBEMBICIUM VITTATUM: EVIDENCE FROM FIELD EXPERIMENTS. Evolution 2017; 51:784-796. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/1995] [Accepted: 12/20/1996] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E. Parsons
- Department of Zoology; University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia 6907
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11
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Collins TM, Frazer K, Palmer AR, Vermeij GJ, Brown WM. EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE NUCELLA (GASTROPODA, MURICIDAE): MOLECULAR, MORPHOLOGICAL, ECOLOGICAL, AND PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE. Evolution 2017; 50:2287-2304. [PMID: 28565690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/1995] [Accepted: 06/20/1996] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining data from a variety of sources we explore patterns of evolution and speciation in Nucella, a widely studied genus of shallow-water marine neogastropods. We present a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for all of the currently recognized species of northern hemisphere Nucella, based on an analysis of 718 base pairs of nucleotide sequence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The order of appearance of species in the fossil record is congruent with this hypothesis. The topology of the inferred phylogeny of Nucella, coupled with ecological, morphological, and fossil evidence, was used to address three main questions: (1) At what time and by which route was the North Atlantic invaded from the North Pacific compared to prior studies of the trans-Arctic interchange? (2) Do patterns of molecular variation within species corroborate the importance of climatic cycles in driving speciation in north temperate marine animals? (3) Was radiation in the direction of increased or decreased ecological specialization, body size, or vulnerability to predation? Molecular evidence confirmed that the sole North Atlantic species, N. lapillus, arose from a North Pacific ancestor. Biogeographic and paleontological evidence supported the dispersal of Nucella, and perhaps other interchange species, via the Eurasian Arctic. Rather intriguingly, the linkage of N. lapillus to a western as opposed to eastern Pacific clade, and the biogeographic origins of the eastern Pacific species, parallel closely similar patterns observed in another genus of rocky-shore gastropods, Littorina. This congruence, in conjunction with information on the climatic and geographic histories of the region, as well as the geographic arrangement of mtDNA haplotypes within Nucella species, supports a model of speciation in Nucella driven by cycles of climatic amelioration and deterioration that began during the Miocene. Calibrations from the fossil record of Nucella suggest that third position transitions and transversions accrue at a rate of 3-4% and 0.5% respectively per million yr. This supports an early participation by Nucella in the trans-Arctic interchange, as suggested by paleobiogeographic studies. Consistent with the unstable taxonomic history of species of Nucella, we found few nonmolecular traits to be phylogenetically informative. Among North Pacific species, more recently derived species (N. canaliculata and the N. emarginata clade) were more ecologically specialized (narrower diet and habitat range). Consistent with extensive intraspecific variation, shell traits were quite labile evolutionarily: neither overall size nor development of antipredatory traits exhibited consistent evolutionary trends over the history of the genus. Nurse eggs (unfertilized eggs consumed by developing embryos) were an ancestral trait that was lost evolutionarily in the two clades that also exhibited increased body size, suggesting that these two life-history traits may be coupled. The reduced number of chromosomes in N. lapillus is clearly a derived state and is consistent with White's (1978) observations on chromosome evolution in other clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Collins
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1048
| | - Kenneth Frazer
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1048
| | - A Richard Palmer
- Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Station, British Columbia, V0R 1BO, Canada
| | - Geerat J Vermeij
- Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Wesley M Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1048
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12
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Boulding EG, Rivas MJ, González‐Lavín N, Rolán‐Alvarez E, Galindo J. Size selection by a gape-limited predator of a marine snail: Insights into magic traits for speciation. Ecol Evol 2016; 7:674-688. [PMID: 28116062 PMCID: PMC5243190 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis has repeatedly evolved two parallel ecotypes assumed to be wave adapted and predatory shore crab adapted, but the magnitude and targets of predator‐driven selection are unknown. In Spain, a small, wave ecotype with a large aperture from the lower shore and a large, thick‐shelled crab ecotype from the upper shore meet in the mid‐shore and show partial size‐assortative mating. We performed complementary field tethering and laboratory predation experiments; the first set compared the survival of two different size‐classes of the crab ecotype while the second compared the same size‐class of the two ecotypes. In the first set, the large size‐class of the crab ecotype survived significantly better than the small size‐class both on the upper shore and in the laboratory. In the second set, the small size‐class of the crab ecotype survived substantially better than that of the wave ecotype both on the upper shore and in the laboratory. Shell‐breaking predation on tethered snails was almost absent within the lower shore. In the laboratory shore crabs (Pachygrapsus marmoratus) with larger claw heights selected most strongly against the small size‐class of the crab ecotype, whereas those with medium claw heights selected most strongly against the thin‐shelled wave ecotype. Sexual maturity occurred at a much larger size in the crab ecotype than in the wave ecotype. Our results showed that selection on the upper shore for rapid attainment of a size refuge from this gape‐limited predator favors large size, thick shells, and late maturity. Model parameterization showed that size‐selective predation restricted to the upper shore resulted in the evolution of the crab ecotype despite gene flow from the wave ecotype snails living on the lower shore. These results on gape‐limited predation and previous ones showing size‐assortative mating between ecotypes suggest that size may represent a magic trait for the thick‐shelled ecotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Boulding
- Integrative BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e InmunologíaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidade de VigoVigoSpain
- ECIMAT, Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de TorallaUniversidade de VigoVigoSpain
| | - María José Rivas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e InmunologíaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidade de VigoVigoSpain
- ECIMAT, Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de TorallaUniversidade de VigoVigoSpain
| | - Nerea González‐Lavín
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e InmunologíaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidade de VigoVigoSpain
- ECIMAT, Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de TorallaUniversidade de VigoVigoSpain
| | - Emilio Rolán‐Alvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e InmunologíaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidade de VigoVigoSpain
- ECIMAT, Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de TorallaUniversidade de VigoVigoSpain
| | - Juan Galindo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Genética e InmunologíaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidade de VigoVigoSpain
- ECIMAT, Estación de Ciencias Mariñas de TorallaUniversidade de VigoVigoSpain
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13
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Pfister CA, Roy K, Wootton JT, McCoy SJ, Paine RT, Suchanek TH, Sanford E. Historical baselines and the future of shell calcification for a foundation species in a changing ocean. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2016.0392. [PMID: 27306049 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Seawater pH and the availability of carbonate ions are decreasing due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, posing challenges for calcifying marine species. Marine mussels are of particular concern given their role as foundation species worldwide. Here, we document shell growth and calcification patterns in Mytilus californianus, the California mussel, over millennial and decadal scales. By comparing shell thickness across the largest modern shells, the largest mussels collected in the 1960s-1970s and shells from two Native American midden sites (∼1000-2420 years BP), we found that modern shells are thinner overall, thinner per age category and thinner per unit length. Thus, the largest individuals of this species are calcifying less now than in the past. Comparisons of shell thickness in smaller individuals over the past 10-40 years, however, do not show significant shell thinning. Given our sampling strategy, these results are unlikely to simply reflect within-site variability or preservation effects. Review of environmental and biotic drivers known to affect shell calcification suggests declining ocean pH as a likely explanation for the observed shell thinning. Further future decreases in shell thickness could have significant negative impacts on M. californianus survival and, in turn, negatively impact the species-rich complex that occupies mussel beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Pfister
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Timothy Wootton
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sophie J McCoy
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Robert T Paine
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas H Suchanek
- US Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Kats LB, Dill LM. The scent of death: Chemosensory assessment of predation risk by prey animals. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1998.11682468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Sitnikova T, Maximova N. On morphological and ecological evidence of adaptive differentiation among stony cliff littoral Baikal gastropods. J NAT HIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1059961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Webster NB, Palmer AR. Shaving a Shell: Effect of Manipulated Sculpture and Feeding on Shell Growth and Sculpture Development in Nucella lamellosa (Muricidae: Ocenebrinae). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2016; 230:1-14. [PMID: 26896173 DOI: 10.1086/bblv230n1p1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastropod shell sculpture offers a novel tool for studying morphological patterning. Existing shell features may be manipulated experimentally to test how alteration affects subsequent shell growth and form. Axial sculpture occurs in many gastropod groups, and spacing of sculpture may be regular or irregular. But how gastropods control sculpture placement during shell growth is unknown. We studied the growth and positioning of axial lamellae in the muricid Nucella lamellosa, and compared these to the superficially similar axial varices seen in other muricids. First, we tested whether the feeding rate had any effect on the rate of addition or positioning of new lamellae. Second, we tested what effect previous shell sculpture had on lamellar placement, and shell growth in general, by removing all shell sculpture and allowing snails to grow over the "shaved" shell surface. Lamellar growth appeared to be relatively plastic; spacing was highly variable both within and among individual snails, and 1-2 weeks were required to complete the addition of a new lamella. Body growth rate was the primary determinant of lamellar growth; past lamellae had no effect on placement of new lamellae or rate of shell length increase. Feeding rate and body size affected only growth in shell length, and had no direct effect on spacing or on the rate of addition of new lamellae. The growth of axial lamellae in N. lamellosa differed from that of varices by exhibiting neither a) regular spacing nor b) a growth hiatus after completion of a lamella. Significantly, despite the obvious impediment of previous sculpture to future shell growth, removal of this sculpture had no observable effect on the rate of body growth or on any aspect of subsequent lamellar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Webster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9; and Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada V0R 1B0
| | - A Richard Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9; and Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada V0R 1B0
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Bonel N, Lorda J. Growth and Body Weight Variability of the Invasive MusselLimnoperna fortunei(Mytilidae) Across Habitat and Season. MALACOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.4002/040.058.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Hirsch PE, Cayon D, Svanbäck R. Plastic responses of a sessile prey to multiple predators: a field and experimental study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115192. [PMID: 25517986 PMCID: PMC4269437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Theory predicts that prey facing a combination of predators with different feeding modes have two options: to express a response against the feeding mode of the most dangerous predator, or to express an intermediate response. Intermediate phenotypes protect equally well against several feeding modes, rather than providing specific protection against a single predator. Anti-predator traits that protect against a common feeding mode displayed by all predators should be expressed regardless of predator combination, as there is no need for trade-offs. Principal Findings We studied phenotypic anti-predator responses of zebra mussels to predation threat from a handling-time-limited (crayfish) and a gape-size-limited (roach) predator. Both predators dislodge mussels from the substrate but diverge in their further feeding modes. Mussels increased expression of a non-specific defense trait (attachment strength) against all combinations of predators relative to a control. In response to roach alone, mussels showed a tendency to develop a weaker and more elongated shell. In response to crayfish, mussels developed a harder and rounder shell. When exposed to either a combination of predators or no predator, mussels developed an intermediate phenotype. Mussel growth rate was positively correlated with an elongated weaker shell and negatively correlated with a round strong shell, indicating a trade-off between anti-predator responses. Field observations of prey phenotypes revealed the presence of both anti-predator phenotypes and the trade-off with growth, but intra-specific population density and bottom substrate had a greater influence than predator density. Conclusions Our results show that two different predators can exert both functionally equivalent and inverse selection pressures on a single prey. Our field study suggests that abiotic factors and prey population density should be considered when attempting to explain phenotypic diversity in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Emanuel Hirsch
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - David Cayon
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Limnology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Picoche C, Le Gendre R, Flye-Sainte-Marie J, Françoise S, Maheux F, Simon B, Gangnery A. Towards the determination of Mytilus edulis food preferences using the dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109796. [PMID: 25340793 PMCID: PMC4207687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, is a commercially important species, with production based on both fisheries and aquaculture. Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) models have been extensively applied to study its energetics but such applications require a deep understanding of its nutrition, from filtration to assimilation. Being filter feeders, mussels show multiple responses to temporal fluctuations in their food and environment, raising questions that can be investigated by modeling. To provide a better insight into mussel–environment interactions, an experiment was conducted in one of the main French growing zones (Utah Beach, Normandy). Mussel growth was monitored monthly for 18 months, with a large number of environmental descriptors measured in parallel. Food proxies such as chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon and phytoplankton were also sampled, in addition to non-nutritious particles. High-frequency physical data recording (e.g., water temperature, immersion duration) completed the habitat description. Measures revealed an increase in dry flesh mass during the first year, followed by a high mass loss, which could not be completely explained by the DEB model using raw external signals. We propose two methods that reconstruct food from shell length and dry flesh mass variations. The former depends on the inversion of the growth equation while the latter is based on iterative simulations. Assemblages of food proxies are then related to reconstructed food input, with a special focus on plankton species. A characteristic contribution is attributed to these sources to estimate nutritional values for mussels. M. edulis shows no preference between most plankton life history traits. Selection is based on the size of the ingested particles, which is modified by the volume and social behavior of plankton species. This finding reveals the importance of diet diversity and both passive and active selections, and confirms the need to adjust DEB models to different populations and sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Picoche
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie, IFREMER, Port en Bessin, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Romain Le Gendre
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie, IFREMER, Port en Bessin, France
| | - Jonathan Flye-Sainte-Marie
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire des sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), UMR 6539 CNRS/UBO/IRD/IFREMER, Plouzané, France
| | - Sylvaine Françoise
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie, IFREMER, Port en Bessin, France
| | - Frank Maheux
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie, IFREMER, Port en Bessin, France
| | - Benjamin Simon
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie, IFREMER, Port en Bessin, France
| | - Aline Gangnery
- Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Normandie, IFREMER, Port en Bessin, France
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Le Cam S, Riquet F, Pechenik JA, Viard F. Paternity and gregariousness in the sex-changing sessile marine gastropod Crepidula convexa: comparison with other protandrous Crepidula species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 105:397-406. [PMID: 24489076 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In sex-changing animals with internal fertilization, gregarious behavior may increase mating opportunities and the frequency of multiple paternity, thus increasing maternal reproductive success. Crepidula convexa is a direct-developing protandrous gastropod characterized by only modest gregarious behavior compared with previously studied members of the genus: females are frequently found isolated. Using 6 microsatellite markers, we analyzed paternity profiles in 10 broods (25 embryos per mother). The number of assigned fathers varied among families from 1 to 4 fathers per brood. Interestingly, polyandry was not detected in solitary females but only in females grouped with conspecific individuals. Overall, we found an average of 1.8 fathers per brood, but this increased to 2.6 fathers per brood when considering only the nonisolated females. Among 18 unambiguously identified fathers, only 5 were collected in our samples, suggesting substantial male mobility. Comparison with previous paternity analyses in Crepidula fornicata and Crepidula coquimbensis revealed that polyandry appears as a common trait of these sex-changing gastropods despite their different grouping behaviors and life histories. As expected, the level of polyandry was nevertheless lower in the modestly gregarious C. convexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Le Cam
- the UPMC Univ Paris 06, Adaptation & Diversity in the Marine Environment, UMR 7144 and CNRS, UMR 7144, Team Diversity & Connectivity in Coastal Marine Landscapes, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff, France
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21
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Charrier M, Marie A, Guillaume D, Bédouet L, Le Lannic J, Roiland C, Berland S, Pierre JS, Le Floch M, Frenot Y, Lebouvier M. Soil calcium availability influences shell ecophenotype formation in the sub-antarctic land snail, Notodiscus hookeri. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84527. [PMID: 24376821 PMCID: PMC3869943 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecophenotypes reflect local matches between organisms and their environment, and show plasticity across generations in response to current living conditions. Plastic responses in shell morphology and shell growth have been widely studied in gastropods and are often related to environmental calcium availability, which influences shell biomineralisation. To date, all of these studies have overlooked micro-scale structure of the shell, in addition to how it is related to species responses in the context of environmental pressure. This study is the first to demonstrate that environmental factors induce a bi-modal variation in the shell micro-scale structure of a land gastropod. Notodiscus hookeri is the only native land snail present in the Crozet Archipelago (sub-Antarctic region). The adults have evolved into two ecophenotypes, which are referred to here as MS (mineral shell) and OS (organic shell). The MS-ecophenotype is characterised by a thick mineralised shell. It is primarily distributed along the coastline, and could be associated to the presence of exchangeable calcium in the clay minerals of the soils. The Os-ecophenotype is characterised by a thin organic shell. It is primarily distributed at high altitudes in the mesic and xeric fell-fields in soils with large particles that lack clay and exchangeable calcium. Snails of the Os-ecophenotype are characterised by thinner and larger shell sizes compared to snails of the MS-ecophenotype, indicating a trade-off between mineral thickness and shell size. This pattern increased along a temporal scale; whereby, older adult snails were more clearly separated into two clusters compared to the younger adult snails. The prevalence of glycine-rich proteins in the organic shell layer of N. hookeri, along with the absence of chitin, differs to the organic scaffolds of molluscan biominerals. The present study provides new insights for testing the adaptive value of phenotypic plasticity in response to spatial and temporal environmental variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryvonne Charrier
- Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Arul Marie
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Plateforme de Spectrométrie de Masse et de Protéomique, UMR CNRS 7245, Département Régulation Développement et Diversité Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | - Damien Guillaume
- Université de Toulouse, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, UMR 5563 (CNRS/UPS/IRD/CNES), Toulouse, France.
| | - Laurent Bédouet
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, UMR CNRS 7208 / IRD 207, Paris, France
| | - Joseph Le Lannic
- Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Service Commun de Microscopie Electronique à Balayage et micro-Analyse, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Roiland
- Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Berland
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques, UMR CNRS 7208 / IRD 207, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Pierre
- Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6553, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Le Floch
- Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Frenot
- Institut Polaire Français Paul Émile Victor, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Plouzané, France
| | - Marc Lebouvier
- Université de Rennes 1, Université Européenne de Bretagne, UMR CNRS 6553, Station Biologique, Paimpont, France
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22
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Predator diversity effects in an exotic freshwater food web. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72599. [PMID: 23991126 PMCID: PMC3749145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cascading trophic interactions are often defined as the indirect effects of a predator on primary producers through the effect of the predator on herbivores. These effects can be both direct through removal of herbivores [density-mediated indirect interactions (DMIIs)] or indirect through changes in the behavior of the herbivores [trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs)]. How the relative importance of these two indirect interactions varies with predator diversity remains poorly understood. We tested the effect of predator diversity on both TMIIs and DMIIs on phytoplankton using two competitive invasive dreissenid mussel species (zebra mussel and quagga mussel) as the herbivores and combinations of one, two or all three species of the predators pumpkinseed sunfish, round goby, and rusty crayfish. Predators had either direct access to mussels and induced both TMII and DMII, or no direct access and induced only TMII through the presence of risk cues. In both sets of treatments, the predators induced a trophic cascade which resulted in more phytoplankton remaining with predators present than with only mussels present. The trophic cascade was weaker in three-predator and two-predator treatments than in one-predator treatments when predators had direct access to dreissenids (DMIIs and TMIIs). Crayfish had higher cascading effects on phytoplankton than both pumpkinseed and round goby. Increased predator diversity decreased the strength of DMIIs but had no effect on the strength of TMIIs. The strength of TMIIs was higher with zebra than quagga mussels. Our study suggests that inter-specific interference among predators in multi-species treatments weakens the consumptive cascading effects of predation on lower trophic levels whereas the importance of predator diversity on trait mediated effects depends on predator identity.
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23
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Manríquez PH, Jara ME, Mardones ML, Navarro JM, Torres R, Lardies MA, Vargas CA, Duarte C, Widdicombe S, Salisbury J, Lagos NA. Ocean acidification disrupts prey responses to predator cues but not net prey shell growth in Concholepas concholepas (loco). PLoS One 2013; 8:e68643. [PMID: 23844231 PMCID: PMC3700904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most research on Ocean Acidification (OA) has largely focused on the process of calcification and the physiological trade-offs employed by calcifying organisms to support the building of calcium carbonate structures. However, there is growing evidence that OA can also impact upon other key biological processes such as survival, growth and behaviour. On wave-swept rocky shores the ability of gastropods to self-right after dislodgement, and rapidly return to normal orientation, reduces the risk of predation. Methodology/Principal Findings The impacts of OA on this self-righting behaviour and other important parameters such as growth, survival, shell dissolution and shell deposition in Concholepas concholepas (loco) were investigated under contrasting pCO2 levels. Although no impacts of OA on either growth or net shell calcification were found, the results did show that OA can significantly affect self-righting behaviour during the early ontogeny of this species with significantly faster righting times recorded for individuals of C. concholepas reared under increased average pCO2 concentrations (± SE) (716±12 and 1036±14 µatm CO2) compared to those reared at concentrations equivalent to those presently found in the surface ocean (388±8 µatm CO2). When loco were also exposed to the predatory crab Acanthocyclus hassleri, righting times were again increased by exposure to elevated CO2, although self-righting times were generally twice as fast as those observed in the absence of the crab. Conclusions and Significance These results suggest that self-righting in the early ontogeny of C. concholepas will be positively affected by pCO2 levels expected by the end of the 21st century and beginning of the next one. However, as the rate of self-righting is an adaptive trait evolved to reduce lethal predatory attacks, our result also suggest that OA may disrupt prey responses to predators in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio H Manríquez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana and Laboratorio Costero de Recursos Acuáticos de Calfuco. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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24
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Zhu T, Zhang T, Wang Y, Chen Y, Hu W, Zhu Z. Effects of growth hormone (GH) transgene and nutrition on growth and bone development in common carp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 319:451-60. [PMID: 23744555 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is available on effects of growth hormone transgene and nutrition on growth and development of aquatic animals. Here, we present a study to test these effects with growth-enhanced transgenic common carp under two nutritional conditions or feeding rations (i.e., 5% and 10% of fish body weight per day). Compared with the nontransgenic fish, the growth rates of the transgenic fish increased significantly in both feeding rations. The shape of the pharyngeal bone was similar among treatments, but the transgenic fish had relatively smaller and lighter pharyngeal bone compared with the nontransgenic fish. Calcium content of the pharyngeal bone of the transgenic fish was significantly lower than that of the nontransgenic fish. Feeding ration also affected growth rate but less of an effect on bone development. By manipulating intrinsic growth and controlling for both environment (e.g., feeding ration) and genetic background or genotype (e.g., transgenic or not), this study provides empirical evidence that the genotype has a stronger effect than the environment on pharyngeal bone development. The pharyngeal bone strength could be reduced by decreased calcium content and calcification in the transgenic carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Zuykov M, Pelletier E, Kolyuchkina G. SEM observation of structural (non-mineralogical) alteration inside the previously crystallized nacreous layer of Crenomytilus grayanus (Bivalvia: Mytilidae). Micron 2013; 44:479-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Sokolova IM, Frederich M, Bagwe R, Lannig G, Sukhotin AA. Energy homeostasis as an integrative tool for assessing limits of environmental stress tolerance in aquatic invertebrates. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 79:1-15. [PMID: 22622075 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Energy balance is a fundamental requirement of stress adaptation and tolerance. We explore the links between metabolism, energy balance and stress tolerance using aquatic invertebrates as an example and demonstrate that using key parameters of energy balance (aerobic scope for growth, reproduction and activity; tissue energy status; metabolic rate depression; and compensatory onset of anaerobiosis) can assist in integrating the effects of multiple stressors and their interactions and in predicting the whole-organism and population-level consequences of environmental stress. We argue that limitations of both the amount of available energy and the rates of its acquisition and metabolic conversions result in trade-offs between basal maintenance of a stressed organism and energy costs of fitness-related functions such as reproduction, development and growth and can set limit to the tolerance of a broad range of environmental stressors. The degree of stress-induced disturbance of energy balance delineates transition from moderate stress compatible with population persistence (pejus range) to extreme stress where only time-limited existence is possible (pessimum range). It also determines the predominant adaptive strategy of metabolic responses (energy compensation vs. conservation) that allows an organism to survive the disturbance. We propose that energy-related biomarkers can be used to determine the conditions when these metabolic transitions occur and thus predict ecological consequences of stress exposures. Bioenergetic considerations can also provide common denominator for integrating stress responses and predicting tolerance limits under the environmentally realistic scenarios when multiple and often variable stressors act simultaneously on an organism. Determination of bioenergetic sustainability at the organism's level (or lack thereof) has practical implications. It can help identify the habitats and/or conditions where a population can survive (even if at the cost of reduced reproduction and growth) and those that are incapable of supporting viable populations. Such an approach will assist in explaining and predicting the species' distribution limits in the face of the environmental change and informing the conservation efforts and resource management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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27
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Bourdeau PE. Intraspecific trait cospecialization of constitutive and inducible morphological defences in a marine snail from habitats with different predation risk. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:849-58. [PMID: 22320427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Studies examining the integration of constitutive and inducible aspects of multivariate defensive phenotypes are rare. 2. I asked whether marine snails (Nucella lamellosa) from habitats with and without abundant predatory crabs differed in constitutive and inducible aspects of defensive shell morphology. 3. I examined multivariate shell shape development of snails from each habitat in the presence and absence of waterborne cues from feeding crabs (Cancer productus). I also examined the influence of constitutive and inducible shell morphology on resistance to crushing. 4. Regardless of the presence of crabs, snails from high-risk (HR) habitats developed rotund, short-spired shells, while snails from low-risk habitats developed elongate shells, tall-spired shells, indicating among-habitat divergence in constitutive shell shape. Moreover, allometry analyses indicated that constitutive developmental patterns underlying this variation also differed between habitats. However, snails from HR habitats showed greater plasticity for apertural lip thickness and apertural area in the presence of crab cues, indicating among-habitat variation in defence inducibility. 5. Both shell shape and apertural lip thickness contributed to shell strength suggesting that constitutive shell shape development and inducible lip thickening have evolved jointly to form an effective defence in habitats where predation risk is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Bourdeau
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA.
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28
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Hautier L, Stansfield FJ, Allen WRT, Asher RJ. Skeletal development in the African elephant and ossification timing in placental mammals. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:2188-95. [PMID: 22298853 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide here unique data on elephant skeletal ontogeny. We focus on the sequence of cranial and post-cranial ossification events during growth in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Previous analyses on ossification sequences in mammals have focused on monotremes, marsupials, boreoeutherian and xenarthran placentals. Here, we add data on ossification sequences in an afrotherian. We use two different methods to quantify sequence heterochrony: the sequence method and event-paring/Parsimov. Compared with other placentals, elephants show late ossifications of the basicranium, manual and pedal phalanges, and early ossifications of the ischium and metacarpals. Moreover, ossification in elephants starts very early and progresses rapidly. Specifically, the elephant exhibits the same percentage of bones showing an ossification centre at the end of the first third of its gestation period as the mouse and hamster have close to birth. Elephants show a number of features of their ossification patterns that differ from those of other placental mammals. The pattern of the initiation of the ossification evident in the African elephant underscores a possible correlation between the timing of ossification onset and gestation time throughout mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Hautier
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
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Bourdeau PE. Constitutive and inducible defensive traits in co‐occurring marine snails distributed across a vertical rocky intertidal gradient. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pakes D, Boulding EG. Changes in the selection differential exerted on a marine snail during the ontogeny of a predatory shore crab. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1613-22. [PMID: 20524948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Empirical estimates of selection gradients caused by predators are common, yet no one has quantified how these estimates vary with predator ontogeny. We used logistic regression to investigate how selection on gastropod shell thickness changed with predator size. Only small and medium purple shore crabs (Hemigrapsus nudus) exerted a linear selection gradient for increased shell-thickness within a single population of the intertidal snail (Littorina subrotundata). The shape of the fitness function for shell thickness was confirmed to be linear for small and medium crabs but was humped for large male crabs, suggesting no directional selection. A second experiment using two prey species to amplify shell thickness differences established that the selection differential on adult snails decreased linearly as crab size increased. We observed differences in size distribution and sex ratios among three natural shore crab populations that may cause spatial and temporal variation in predator-mediated selection on local snail populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pakes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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31
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Nienhuis S, Palmer AR, Harley CDG. Elevated CO2 affects shell dissolution rate but not calcification rate in a marine snail. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:2553-8. [PMID: 20392726 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As CO(2) levels increase in the atmosphere, so too do they in the sea. Although direct effects of moderately elevated CO(2) in sea water may be of little consequence, indirect effects may be profound. For example, lowered pH and calcium carbonate saturation states may influence both deposition and dissolution rates of mineralized skeletons in many marine organisms. The relative impact of elevated CO(2) on deposition and dissolution rates are not known for many large-bodied organisms. We therefore tested the effects of increased CO(2) levels--those forecast to occur in roughly 100 and 200 years--on both shell deposition rate and shell dissolution rate in a rocky intertidal snail, Nucella lamellosa. Shell weight gain per day in live snails decreased linearly with increasing CO(2) levels. However, this trend was paralleled by shell weight loss per day in empty shells, suggesting that these declines in shell weight gain observed in live snails were due to increased dissolution of existing shell material, rather than reduced production of new shell material. Ocean acidification may therefore have a greater effect on shell dissolution than on shell deposition, at least in temperate marine molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nienhuis
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada, V0R 1B0.
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Bourdeau PE. An inducible morphological defence is a passive by-product of behaviour in a marine snail. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 277:455-62. [PMID: 19846462 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms have evolved inducible defences in response to spatial and temporal variability in predation risk. These defences are assumed to incur large costs to prey; however, few studies have investigated the mechanisms and costs underlying these adaptive responses. I examined the proximate cause of predator-induced shell thickening in a marine snail (Nucella lamellosa) and tested whether induced thickening leads to an increase in structural strength. Results indicate that although predators (crabs) induce thicker shells, the response is a passive by-product of reduced feeding and somatic growth rather than an active physiological response to predation risk. Physical tests indicate that although the shells of predator-induced snails are significantly stronger, the increase in performance is no different than that of snails with limited access to food. Increased shell strength is attributable to an increase in the energetically inexpensive microstructural layer rather than to material property changes in the shell. This mechanism suggests that predator-induced shell defences may be neither energetically nor developmentally costly. Positive correlations between antipredator behaviour and morphological defences may explain commonly observed associations between growth reduction and defence production in other systems and could have implications for the evolutionary potential of these plastic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Bourdeau
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, , 650 Life Sciences Building, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA.
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Brandwood A, Jayes AS, Alexander RM. Incidence of healed fracture in the skeletons of birds, molluscs and primates. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb04708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brandwood A. The effects of environment upon shell construction and strength in the Rough periwinkle Littorina rudis Maton (Mollusca: Gastropoda). J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb03558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Freeman AS, Meszaros J, Byers JE. Poor phenotypic integration of blue mussel inducible defenses in environments with multiple predators. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Marshall DJ, Santos JH, Leung KMY, Chak WH. Correlations between gastropod shell dissolution and water chemical properties in a tropical estuary. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 66:422-9. [PMID: 18752843 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although poorly reported in the scientific literature, acidic waters characterize many South East Asian estuaries. The observation of shell dissolution in a typically marine gastropod whelk (Thais) prompted investigation into determining relationships between shell properties of this whelk and the water chemistry (including pH) of the Sungai Brunei estuary (Borneo) in which it occurs. Shell weight, shell length and topographical shell features were determined for populations of Thais gradata distributed along a gradient of pH and salinity ranging between 5.78 and 8.3 pH units, and 3.58 and 31.2psu. Shell weight varied independently of the co-varying acidity, salinity and calcium levels experienced. In contrast, shell length and a semi-quantitative variable based on shell sculpturing (shell erosion rank, SER) were significantly correlated with these water chemistry variables. This study brings attention to the potential use of estuarine organisms and systems in investigating current marine acidification questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marshall
- Department of Biology, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
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YEAP KL, BLACK R, JOHNSON MS. The complexity of phenotypic plasticity in the intertidal snail Nodilittorina australis. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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KIRBY RICHARDR, BAYNE BRIANL, BERRY RJ. Phenotypic variation along a cline in allozyme and karyotype frequencies, and its relationship with habitat, in the dog-whelk Nucella lapillus, L. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1994.tb01012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brookes JI, Rochette R. Mechanism of a plastic phenotypic response: predator-induced shell thickening in the intertidal gastropod Littorina obtusata. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:1015-27. [PMID: 17465912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity has been the object of considerable interest over the past several decades, but in few cases are mechanisms underlying plastic responses well understood. For example, it is unclear whether predator-induced changes in gastropod shell morphology represent an active physiological response or a by-product of reduced feeding. We address this question by manipulating feeding and growth of intertidal snails, Littorina obtusata, using two approaches: (i) exposure to predation cues from green crabs Carcinus maenas and (ii) reduced food availability, and quantifying growth in shell length, shell mass, and body mass, as well as production of faecal material and shell micro-structural characteristics (mineralogy and organic fraction) after 96 days. We demonstrate that L. obtusata actively increases calcification rate in response to predation threat, and that this response entails energetic and developmental costs. That this induced response is not strictly tied to the animal's behaviour should enhance its evolutionary potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Brookes
- University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
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Bishop MJ, Peterson CH. When r-selection may not predict introduced-species proliferation: predation of a nonnative oyster. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2006; 16:718-30. [PMID: 16711058 DOI: 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0718:wrmnpi]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Predicting outcomes of species introductions may be enhanced by integrating life-history theory with results of contained experiments that compare ecological responses of exotic and analogue native species to dominant features of the recipient environment. An Asian oyster under consideration for introduction to the Chesapeake Bay, USA, the rapidly growing Suminoe oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis), may not be as successful an invader as its r-selected life history suggests if the trade-off for rapid growth and maturation is lower investment in defenses against blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) predation than the native Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). In laboratory trials, blue crabs simultaneously offered equal numbers of Suminoe and Eastern oysters consumed more nonnatives, irrespective of whether the crabs had previous experience with Suminoe oysters as prey. Satiated blue crabs consumed nearly three times as many Suminoe oysters as Eastern oysters of 25-mm shell height, and eight times as many of 35-mm shell height. Despite blue crabs consuming small (30 mm) Suminoe oysters at twice the rate of large (40 mm) Suminoe oysters, when 40-mm Suminoe were paired with 30-mm Eastern oysters, seven times as many of the larger (Suminoe) oysters were consumed. The greater susceptibility of C. ariakensis than C. virginica to blue crab predation appears to be based upon the biomechanics of shell strength rather than active selection of a more attractive food. Much less force was required to crush shells of Suminoe than Eastern oysters of similar shell height. Tissue transplant experiments demonstrated greater predation on oyster tissues in weaker C. ariakensis shells independent of tissue identity, and duration of handling time before rejection of C. virginica exceeded the time to crush C. ariakensis. These results, coupled with the present importance of blue crab predation in limiting recovery of native Eastern oysters, imply a role for blue crabs in inhibiting Suminoe oysters, if introduced, from attaining high adult densities required to restore a fishery, provide appreciable reef habitat, and reduce turbidity through filtration. Thus, in high-predation environments, allocation of resources to rapid growth and development rather than to predation defenses reflects a life-history trade-off that may promote early stages of invasion, yet prevent attainment of dense adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Bishop
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, USA.
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41
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Trussell GC, Ewanchuk PJ, Bertness MD. TRAIT-MEDIATED EFFECTS IN ROCKY INTERTIDAL FOOD CHAINS: PREDATOR RISK CUES ALTER PREY FEEDING RATES. Ecology 2003. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084%5b0629:tmeiri%5d2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Trussell GC, Ewanchuk PJ, Bertness MD. TRAIT-MEDIATED EFFECTS IN ROCKY INTERTIDAL FOOD CHAINS: PREDATOR RISK CUES ALTER PREY FEEDING RATES. Ecology 2003. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0629:tmeiri]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rundle SD, Brönmark C. Inter- and intraspecific trait compensation of defence mechanisms in freshwater snails. Proc Biol Sci 2001; 268:1463-8. [PMID: 11454289 PMCID: PMC1088764 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait compensation occurs when mechanically independent adaptations are negatively correlated. Here, we report the first study to demonstrate trait compensation in predator-defence adaptations across several species. Freshwater pulmonate snails exposed experimentally to predation chemical cues from fishes and crushed conspecifics showed clear interspecific differences in their behavioural avoidance responses, which were negatively correlated with shell crush resistance. The type of avoidance response varied between species: thin-shelled species (Lymnaea stagnalis and Physa fontinalis) moved to the water-line or out of the water, while those with thick shells moved under cover or showed a mixed response. There were also intraspecific size-linked differences, with an ontogenetic increase in shell strength accompanied by a decrease in behavioural avoidance. Such trait compensation in response to predation has important implications for interspecific interactions and food-web dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Rundle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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46
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47
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Trussell GC, Etter RJ. Integrating genetic and environmental forces that shape the evolution of geographic variation in a marine snail. MICROEVOLUTION RATE, PATTERN, PROCESS 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0585-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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48
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Trussell GC, Smith LD. Induced defenses in response to an invading crab predator: an explanation of historical and geographic phenotypic change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2123-7. [PMID: 10681425 PMCID: PMC15764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.040423397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of defensive morphologies in prey often is correlated with predator abundance or diversity over a range of temporal and spatial scales. These patterns are assumed to reflect natural selection via differential predation on genetically determined, fixed phenotypes. Phenotypic variation, however, also can reflect within-generation developmental responses to environmental cues (phenotypic plasticity). For example, water-borne effluents from predators can induce the production of defensive morphologies in many prey taxa. This phenomenon, however, has been examined only on narrow scales. Here, we demonstrate adaptive phenotypic plasticity in prey from geographically separated populations that were reared in the presence of an introduced predator. Marine snails exposed to predatory crab effluent in the field increased shell thickness rapidly compared with controls. Induced changes were comparable to (i) historical transitions in thickness previously attributed to selection by the invading predator and (ii) present-day clinal variation predicted from water temperature differences. Thus, predator-induced phenotypic plasticity may explain broad-scale geographic and temporal phenotypic variation. If inducible defenses are heritable, then selection on the reaction norm may influence coevolution between predator and prey. Trade-offs may explain why inducible rather than constitutive defenses have evolved in several gastropod species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Trussell
- School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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Abstract
Understanding the genetic and environmental bases of phenotypic variation and how they covary on local and broad geographic scales is an important goal of evolutionary ecology. Such information can shed light on how organisms adapt to different and changing environments and how life-history trade-offs arise. Surveys of phenotypic variation in 25 Littorina obtusata populations across an approximately 400-km latitudinal gradient in the Gulf of Maine revealed pronounced clines. The shells of snails from northern habitats weighed less and were thinner and weaker in compression than those of conspecifics from southern habitats. In contrast, body size (as measured by soft tissue mass) followed an opposite pattern; northern snails weighed more than southern snails. A reciprocal transplant between a northern and southern habitat revealed substantial plasticity in shell form and body mass and their respective measures of growth. Southern snails transplanted to the northern habitat produced lighter, thinner shells and more body mass than controls raised in their native habitat. In contrast, northern snails transplanted to the southern site produced heavier, thicker shells and less body mass than controls raised in their native habitat. Patterns of final phenotypic variation for all traits were consistent with cogradient variation (i.e., a positive covariance between genetic and environmental influences). However, growth in shell traits followed a countergradient pattern (i.e., a negative covariance between genetic and environmental influences). Interestingly, body growth followed a cogradient pattern, which may reflect constraints imposed by cogradient variation in final shell size and thickness. This result suggests the existence of potential life-history trade-offs associated with increased shell production. Differences in L. obtusata shell form, body mass, and their respective measures of growth are likely induced by geographic differences in both water temperature and the abundance of an invading crab predator (Carcinus maenas). Water temperatures averaged 6.8 degrees C warmer during the transplant experiment and C. maenas abundance is greater in the southern Gulf of Maine. Because both increased water temperature and crab effluent affect shell form in the same way, future experiments are needed to determine the relative importance of each. Nevertheless, it is clear that phenotypic plasticity has an important role in producing geographic variation in L. obtusata shell form. Moreover, the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in L. obtusata and other marine gastropods may be driven by architectural constraints imposed by shell form on body mass and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Trussell
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA.
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