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Schaefer N, Bishop MJ, Bugnot AB, Foster-Thorpe C, Herbert B, Hoey AS, Mayer-Pinto M, Nakagawa S, Sherman CDH, Vozzo ML, Dafforn KA. Influence of habitat features on the colonisation of native and non-indigenous species. Mar Environ Res 2024; 198:106498. [PMID: 38631225 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Marine artificial structures provide substrates on which organisms can settle and grow. These structures facilitate establishment and spread of non-indigenous species, in part due to their distinct physical features (substrate material, movement, orientation) compared to natural habitat analogues such as rocky shores, and because following construction, they have abundant resources (space) for species to colonise. Despite the perceived importance of these habitat features, few studies have directly compared distributions of native and non-indigenous species or considered how functional identity and associated environmental preferences drive associations. We undertook a meta-analysis to investigate whether colonisation of native and non-indigenous species varies between artificial structures with features most closely resembling natural habitats (natural substrates, fixed structures, surfaces oriented upwards) and those least resembling natural habitats (artificial materials, floating structures, downfacing or vertical surfaces), or whether functional identity is the primary driver of differences. Analyses were done at global and more local (SE Australia) scales to investigate if patterns held regardless of scale. Our results suggest that functional group (i.e., algae, ascidians. barnacles, bryozoans, polychaetes) rather than species classification (i.e., native or non-indigenous) are the main drivers of differences in communities between different types of artificial structures. Specifically, there were differences in the abundance of ascidians, barnacles, and polychaetes between (1) upfacing and downfacing/vertical surfaces, and (2) floating and fixed substrates. When differences were detected, taxa were most abundant on features least resembling natural habitats. Results varied between global and SE Australian analyses, potentially due to reduced variability across studies in the SE Australian dataset. Thus, the functional group and associated preferences of the highest threat NIS in the area should be considered in design strategies (e.g., ecological engineering) to limit their establishment on newly built infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schaefer
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ana B Bugnot
- CSIRO Environment, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | | | - Brett Herbert
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Mariana Mayer-Pinto
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Craig D H Sherman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | - Katherine A Dafforn
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde NSW 2109, Australia
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Morris RL, Campbell-Hooper E, Waters E, Bishop MJ, Lovelock CE, Lowe RJ, Strain EMA, Boon P, Boxshall A, Browne NK, Carley JT, Fest BJ, Fraser MW, Ghisalberti M, Gillanders BM, Kendrick GA, Konlechner TM, Mayer-Pinto M, Pomeroy AWM, Rogers AA, Simpson V, Van Rooijen AA, Waltham NJ, Swearer SE. Current extent and future opportunities for living shorelines in Australia. Sci Total Environ 2024; 917:170363. [PMID: 38308900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Living shorelines aim to enhance the resilience of coastlines to hazards while simultaneously delivering co-benefits such as carbon sequestration. Despite the potential ecological and socio-economic benefits of living shorelines over conventional engineered coastal protection structures, application is limited globally. Australia has a long and diverse coastline that provides prime opportunities for living shorelines using beaches and dunes, vegetation, and biogenic reefs, which may be either natural ('soft' approach) or with an engineered structural component ('hybrid' approach). Published scientific studies, however, have indicated limited use of living shorelines for coastal protection in Australia. In response, we combined a national survey and interviews of coastal practitioners and a grey and peer-reviewed literature search to (1) identify barriers to living shoreline implementation; and (2) create a database of living shoreline projects in Australia based on sources other than scientific literature. Projects included were those that had either a primary or secondary goal of protection of coastal assets from erosion and/or flooding. We identified 138 living shoreline projects in Australia through the means sampled starting in 1970; with the number of projects increasing through time particularly since 2000. Over half of the total projects (59 %) were considered to be successful according to their initial stated objective (i.e., reducing hazard risk) and 18 % of projects could not be assessed for their success based on the information available. Seventy percent of projects received formal or informal monitoring. Even in the absence of peer-reviewed support for living shoreline construction in Australia, we discovered local and regional increases in their use. This suggests that coastal practitioners are learning on-the-ground, however more generally it was stated that few examples of living shorelines are being made available, suggesting a barrier in information sharing among agencies at a broader scale. A database of living shoreline projects can increase knowledge among practitioners globally to develop best practice that informs technical guidelines for different approaches and helps focus attention on areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Morris
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Erin Campbell-Hooper
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elissa Waters
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Catherine E Lovelock
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ryan J Lowe
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Elisabeth M A Strain
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7053, Australia
| | - Paul Boon
- School of Geography, Atmospheric and Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony Boxshall
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nicola K Browne
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - James T Carley
- Water Research Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Manly Vale, NSW 2093, Australia
| | - Benedikt J Fest
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Centre for eResearch and Digital Innovation, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia
| | - Matthew W Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Oceanomics, The Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Marco Ghisalberti
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Bronwyn M Gillanders
- School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Teresa M Konlechner
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Geography | Te Iho Whenua, The University of Otago | Te Whare Wānanga o Otāgo, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Mariana Mayer-Pinto
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation and Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew W M Pomeroy
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Abbie A Rogers
- Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy, School of Agriculture and Environment and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Viveka Simpson
- School of Geography, Atmospheric and Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Arnold A Van Rooijen
- Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nathan J Waltham
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research (TropWATER), College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Mayer-Pinto M, Caley A, Knights AM, Airoldi L, Bishop MJ, Brooks P, Coutinho R, Crowe T, Mancuso P, Naval-Xavier LPD, Firth LB, Menezes R, de Messano LVR, Morris R, Ross DJ, Wong JXW, Steinberg P, Strain EMA. Complexity-functioning relationships differ across different environmental conditions. J Environ Manage 2024; 354:120370. [PMID: 38387353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Habitat complexity is widely considered an important determinant of biodiversity, and enhancing complexity can play a key role in restoring degraded habitats. However, the effects of habitat complexity on ecosystem functioning - as opposed to biodiversity and community structure - are relatively poorly understood for artificial habitats, which dominate many coastlines. With Greening of Grey Infrastructure (GGI) approaches, or eco-engineering, increasingly being applied around the globe, it is important to understand the effects that modifying habitat complexity has on both biodiversity and ecological functioning in these highly modified habitats. We assessed how manipulating physical (primary substrate) and/or biogenic habitat (bivalves) complexity on intertidal artificial substrata affected filtration rates, net and gross primary productivity (NPP and GPP, respectively) and community respiration (CR) - as well as abundance of filter feeders and macro-algae and habitat use by cryptobenthic fish across six locations in three continents. We manipulated both physical and biogenic complexity using 1) flat or ridged (2.5 cm or 5 cm) settlement tiles that were either 2) unseeded or seeded with oysters or mussels. Across all locations, increasing physical and biogenic complexity (5 cm seeded tiles) had a significant effect on most ecological functioning variables, increasing overall filtration rates and community respiration of the assemblages on tiles but decreasing productivity (both GPP and NPP) across all locations. There were no overall effects of increasing either type of habitat complexity on cryptobenthic fish MaxN, total time in frame or macro-algal cover. Within each location, there were marked differences in the effects of habitat complexity. In Hobart, we found higher filtration, filter feeder biomass and community respiration on 5 cm tiles compared to flat tiles. However, at this location, both macro-algae cover and GPP decreased with increasing physical complexity. Similarly in Dublin, filtration, filter feeder biomass and community respiration were higher on 5 cm tiles compared to less complex tiles. In Sydney, filtration and filter feeder biomass were higher on seeded than unseeded tiles, and fish MaxN was higher on 5 cm tiles compared to flat tiles. On unseeded tiles in Sydney, filter feeder biomass also increased with increasing physical complexity. Our findings suggest that GGI solutions via increased habitat complexity are likely to have trade-offs among potentially desired functions, such as productivity and filtration rates, and variable effects on cryptobenthic fish communities. Importantly, our results show that the effects of GGI practices can vary markedly according to the environmental context and therefore should not be blindly and uniformly applied across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Mayer-Pinto
- Centre of Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Amelia Caley
- Centre of Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Antony M Knights
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Airoldi
- Chioggia Hydrobiological Station "Umberto D'Ancona", Department of Biology, University of Padova, UO CoNISMa, Chioggia, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Paul Brooks
- Earth Institute & School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ricardo Coutinho
- Marine Biotechnology Program, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo, Brazil and Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil; Marine Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Arraial do Cabo, Brazil
| | - Tasman Crowe
- Earth Institute & School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paolo Mancuso
- Chioggia Hydrobiological Station "Umberto D'Ancona", Department of Biology, University of Padova, UO CoNISMa, Chioggia, Italy; NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, 90133, Italy
| | - Lais P D Naval-Xavier
- Marine Biotechnology Program, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo, Brazil and Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil; Marine Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Arraial do Cabo, Brazil
| | - Louise B Firth
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Menezes
- Marine Biotechnology Program, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira (IEAPM), Arraial do Cabo, Brazil and Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil; Marine Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Arraial do Cabo, Brazil
| | - Luciana V R de Messano
- Marine Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Arraial do Cabo, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Morris
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Donald J Ross
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Joanne X W Wong
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (CIRSA), Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita' di Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, 48123, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Peter Steinberg
- Centre of Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Elisabeth M A Strain
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7053, Australia
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Schaefer N, Bishop MJ, Bugnot AB, Herbert B, Hoey AS, Mayer-Pinto M, Sherman CDH, Foster-Thorpe C, Vozzo ML, Dafforn KA. Variable effects of substrate colour and microtexture on sessile marine taxa in Australian estuaries. Biofouling 2024; 40:223-234. [PMID: 38526167 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2024.2332710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Concrete infrastructure in coastal waters is increasing. While adding complex habitat and manipulating concrete mixtures to enhance biodiversity have been studied, field investigations of sub-millimetre-scale complexity and substrate colour are lacking. Here, the interacting effects of 'colour' (white, grey, black) and 'microtexture' (smooth, 0.5 mm texture) on colonisation were assessed at three sites in Australia. In Townsville, no effects of colour or microtexture were observed. In Sydney, spirorbid polychaetes occupied more space on smooth than textured tiles, but there was no effect of microtexture on serpulid polychaetes, bryozoans and algae. In Melbourne, barnacles were more abundant on black than white tiles, while serpulid polychaetes showed opposite patterns and ascidians did not vary with treatments. These results suggest that microtexture and colour can facilitate colonisation of some taxa. The context-dependency of the results shows that inclusion of these factors into marine infrastructure designs needs to be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schaefer
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ana B Bugnot
- CSIRO Environment, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Herbert
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mariana Mayer-Pinto
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig D H Sherman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cian Foster-Thorpe
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Katherine A Dafforn
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Wernberg T, Thomsen MS, Baum JK, Bishop MJ, Bruno JF, Coleman MA, Filbee-Dexter K, Gagnon K, He Q, Murdiyarso D, Rogers K, Silliman BR, Smale DA, Starko S, Vanderklift MA. Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Foundation Species. Ann Rev Mar Sci 2024; 16:247-282. [PMID: 37683273 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-042023-093037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems, providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as many ecosystem services. However, climate change poses a significant threat to foundation species and the ecosystems they support. We review the impacts of climate change on common marine foundation species, including corals, kelps, seagrasses, salt marsh plants, mangroves, and bivalves. It is evident that marine foundation species have already been severely impacted by several climate change drivers, often through interactive effects with other human stressors, such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development. Despite considerable variation in geographical, environmental, and ecological contexts, direct and indirect effects of gradual warming and subsequent heatwaves have emerged as the most pervasive drivers of observed impact and potent threat across all marine foundation species, but effects from sea level rise, ocean acidification, and increased storminess are expected to increase. Documented impacts include changes in the genetic structures, physiology, abundance, and distribution of the foundation species themselves and changes to their interactions with other species, with flow-on effects to associated communities, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. We discuss strategies to support marine foundation species into the Anthropocene, in order to increase their resilience and ensure the persistence of the ecosystem services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wernberg
- Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia;
- Flødevigen Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
| | - Mads S Thomsen
- Marine Ecology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Julia K Baum
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John F Bruno
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melinda A Coleman
- National Marine Science Centre, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Filbee-Dexter
- Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia;
- Flødevigen Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
| | - Karine Gagnon
- Flødevigen Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
| | - Qiang He
- Coastal Ecology Lab, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daniel Murdiyarso
- Center for International Forestry Research-World Agroforestry (CIFOR-ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia
- Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Kerrylee Rogers
- School of Earth, Atmospheric, and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brian R Silliman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dan A Smale
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Starko
- Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia;
| | - Mathew A Vanderklift
- Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Schaefer N, Sedano F, Bishop MJ, Dunn K, Haeusler MH, Yu KD, Zavoleas Y, Dafforn KA. Facilitation of non-indigenous ascidian by marine eco-engineering interventions at an urban site. Biofouling 2023; 39:80-93. [PMID: 36912169 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2186785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Marine artificial structures often support lower native species diversity and more non-indigenous species (NIS), but adding complex habitat and using bioreceptive materials have the potential to mitigate these impacts. Here, the interacting effects of structural complexity (flat, complex with pits) and concrete mixture (standard, or with oyster shell or vermiculite aggregate) on recruitment were assessed at two intertidal levels at an urban site. Complex tiles had less green algal cover, oyster shell mixtures had less brown (Ralfsia sp.) algal cover. At a low tidal elevation, the non-indigenous ascidian Styela plicata dominated complex tiles. Additionally, mixtures with oyster shell supported higher total cover of sessile species, and a higher cover of S. plicata. There were no effects of complexity or mixture on biofilm communities and native and NIS richness. Overall, these results suggest that habitat complexity and some bioreceptive materials may facilitate colonisation by a dominant invertebrate invader on artificial structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schaefer
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francisco Sedano
- Laboratorio de Biología Marina, Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Sevilla, Facultad de Biología, Sevilla, España
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Dunn
- Computational Design, School of Built Environment, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Hank Haeusler
- Computational Design, School of Built Environment, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Daniel Yu
- Computational Design, School of Built Environment, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yannis Zavoleas
- Computational Design, School of Built Environment, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Architecture, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katherine A Dafforn
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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McAfee D, McLeod IM, Alleway HK, Bishop MJ, Branigan S, Connell SD, Copeland C, Crawford CM, Diggles BK, Fitzsimons JA, Gilby BL, Hamer P, Hancock B, Pearce R, Russell K, Gillies CL. Turning a lost reef ecosystem into a national restoration program. Conserv Biol 2022; 36:e13958. [PMID: 35621094 PMCID: PMC10087571 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Achieving a sustainable socioecological future now requires large-scale environmental repair across legislative borders. Yet, enabling large-scale conservation is complicated by policy-making processes that are disconnected from socioeconomic interests, multiple sources of knowledge, and differing applications of policy. We considered how a multidisciplinary approach to marine habitat restoration generated the scientific evidence base, community support, and funding needed to begin the restoration of a forgotten, functionally extinct shellfish reef ecosystem. The key actors came together as a multidisciplinary community of researchers, conservation practitioners, recreational fisher communities, and government bodies that collaborated across sectors to rediscover Australia's lost shellfish reefs and communicate the value of its restoration. Actions undertaken to build a case for large-scale marine restoration included synthesizing current knowledge on Australian shellfish reefs and their historical decline, using this history to tell a compelling story to spark public and political interest, integrating restoration into government policy, and rallying local support through community engagement. Clearly articulating the social, economic, and environmental business case for restoration led to state and national funding for reef restoration to meet diverse sustainability goals (e.g., enhanced biodiversity and fisheries productivity) and socioeconomic goals (e.g., job creation and recreational opportunities). A key lesson learned was the importance of aligning project goals with public and industry interests so that projects could address multiple political obligations. This process culminated in Australia's largest marine restoration initiative and shows that solutions for large-scale ecosystem repair can rapidly occur when socially valued science acts on political opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic McAfee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian M McLeod
- TropWATER, Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heidi K Alleway
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Provide Food and Water, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon Branigan
- The Nature Conservancy Australia, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean D Connell
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Christine M Crawford
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ben K Diggles
- DigsFish Services Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James A Fitzsimons
- The Nature Conservancy Australia, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben L Gilby
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Hamer
- Victorian Fisheries Authority, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Boze Hancock
- The Nature Conservancy, c/o Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Robert Pearce
- Albert Park Yachting and Angling Club, Albert Park, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Russell
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Taylors Beach, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris L Gillies
- TropWATER, Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- The Nature Conservancy Australia, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Hemraj DA, Bishop MJ, Hancock B, Minuti JJ, Thurstan RH, Zu Ermgassen PSE, Russell BD. Oyster reef restoration fails to recoup global historic ecosystem losses despite substantial biodiversity gain. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabp8747. [PMID: 36417529 PMCID: PMC9683697 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human activities have led to degradation of ecosystems globally. The lost ecosystem functions and services accumulate from the time of disturbance to the full recovery of the ecosystem and can be quantified as a "recovery debt," providing a valuable tool to develop better restoration practices that accelerate recovery and limit losses. Here, we quantified the recovery of faunal biodiversity and abundance toward a predisturbed state following structural restoration of oyster habitats globally. We found that while restoration initiates a rapid increase in biodiversity and abundance of reef-associated species within 2 years, recovery rate then decreases substantially, leaving a global shortfall in recovery of 35% below a predisturbed state. While efficient restoration methods boost recovery and minimize recovery shortfalls, the time to full recovery is yet to be quantified. Therefore, potential future coastal development should weigh up not only the instantaneous damage to ecosystem functions but also the potential for generational loss of services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deevesh A. Hemraj
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Boze Hancock
- The Nature Conservancy, C/O URI Graduate School of Oceanography, 215 South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Jay J. Minuti
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruth H. Thurstan
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Exeter, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Philine S. E. Zu Ermgassen
- Changing Oceans Group, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Rd, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FE, UK
| | - Bayden D. Russell
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and Area of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Dove Marine Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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9
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Keith DA, Ferrer-Paris JR, Nicholson E, Bishop MJ, Polidoro BA, Ramirez-Llodra E, Tozer MG, Nel JL, Mac Nally R, Gregr EJ, Watermeyer KE, Essl F, Faber-Langendoen D, Franklin J, Lehmann CER, Etter A, Roux DJ, Stark JS, Rowland JA, Brummitt NA, Fernandez-Arcaya UC, Suthers IM, Wiser SK, Donohue I, Jackson LJ, Pennington RT, Iliffe TM, Gerovasileiou V, Giller P, Robson BJ, Pettorelli N, Andrade A, Lindgaard A, Tahvanainen T, Terauds A, Chadwick MA, Murray NJ, Moat J, Pliscoff P, Zager I, Kingsford RT. A function-based typology for Earth's ecosystems. Nature 2022; 610:513-518. [PMID: 36224387 PMCID: PMC9581774 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As the United Nations develops a post-2020 global biodiversity framework for the Convention on Biological Diversity, attention is focusing on how new goals and targets for ecosystem conservation might serve its vision of 'living in harmony with nature'1,2. Advancing dual imperatives to conserve biodiversity and sustain ecosystem services requires reliable and resilient generalizations and predictions about ecosystem responses to environmental change and management3. Ecosystems vary in their biota4, service provision5 and relative exposure to risks6, yet there is no globally consistent classification of ecosystems that reflects functional responses to change and management. This hampers progress on developing conservation targets and sustainability goals. Here we present the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Global Ecosystem Typology, a conceptually robust, scalable, spatially explicit approach for generalizations and predictions about functions, biota, risks and management remedies across the entire biosphere. The outcome of a major cross-disciplinary collaboration, this novel framework places all of Earth's ecosystems into a unifying theoretical context to guide the transformation of ecosystem policy and management from global to local scales. This new information infrastructure will support knowledge transfer for ecosystem-specific management and restoration, globally standardized ecosystem risk assessments, natural capital accounting and progress on the post-2020 global biodiversity framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Keith
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- New South Wales Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia.
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland.
| | - José R Ferrer-Paris
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland
| | - Emily Nicholson
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Beth A Polidoro
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Eva Ramirez-Llodra
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Mark G Tozer
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- New South Wales Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Hurstville, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeanne L Nel
- Sustainability Research Unit, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward J Gregr
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- SciTech Environmental Consulting, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kate E Watermeyer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franz Essl
- BioInvasions, Global Change, Macroecology-Group, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | | | - Caroline E R Lehmann
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrés Etter
- Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Dirk J Roux
- Sustainability Research Unit, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
- Scientific Services, South African National Parks, George, South Africa
| | - Jonathan S Stark
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jessica A Rowland
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil A Brummitt
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | - Iain M Suthers
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan K Wiser
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Ian Donohue
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - R Toby Pennington
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Thomas M Iliffe
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Vasilis Gerovasileiou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environment, Ionian University, Zakynthos, Greece
| | - Paul Giller
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Belinda J Robson
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Angela Andrade
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland
- Conservation International Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Arild Lindgaard
- Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Teemu Tahvanainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Aleks Terauds
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas J Murray
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management, Gland, Switzerland
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Patricio Pliscoff
- Institute of Geography, Department of Ecology, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Richard T Kingsford
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Bishop MJ, Vozzo ML, Mayer-Pinto M, Dafforn KA. Complexity-biodiversity relationships on marine urban structures: reintroducing habitat heterogeneity through eco-engineering. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210393. [PMID: 35757880 PMCID: PMC9234820 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is leading to biodiversity loss through habitat homogenization. The smooth, featureless surfaces of many marine urban structures support ecological communities, often of lower biodiversity, distinct from the complex natural habitats they replace. Eco-engineering (design for ecological co-benefits) seeks to enhance biodiversity and ecological functions on urban structures. We assessed the benefits to biodiversity of retrofitting four types of complex habitat panels to an intertidal seawall at patch (versus flat control panels) and site (versus unmodified control seawalls and reference rocky shores) scales. Two years after installation, patch-scale effects of complex panels on biodiversity ranged from neutral to positive, depending on the protective features they provided, though all but one design (honeycomb) supported unique species. Water-retaining features (rockpools) and crevices, which provided moisture retention and cooling, increased biodiversity and supported algae and invertebrates otherwise absent. At the site scale, biodiversity benefits ranged from neutral at the high- and mid-intertidal to positive at the low-intertidal elevation. The results highlight the importance of matching eco-engineering interventions to the niche of target species, and environmental conditions. While species richness was greatest on rockpool and crevice panels, the unique species supported by other panel designs highlights that to maximize biodiversity, habitat heterogeneity is essential. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ecological complexity and the biosphere: the next 30 years’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Maria L Vozzo
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Mariana Mayer-Pinto
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Katherine A Dafforn
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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11
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Martínez-Baena F, Lanham BS, McLeod IM, Taylor MD, McOrrie S, Luongo A, Bishop MJ. Remnant oyster reefs as fish habitat within the estuarine seascape. Mar Environ Res 2022; 179:105675. [PMID: 35696878 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interest in oyster reef conservation and restoration is growing globally, but particularly in Australia, it is unclear the extent to which oyster reefs complement (versus replicate) habitat provisioning by other structured habitats in the seascape. Remote underwater video surveys of two east Australian estuaries revealed that at high tide, oyster reefs not only supported distinct fish communities to bare sediments but also to adjacent seagrass beds and mangrove forests. Fish observations in oyster reefs were close to double that of mangroves and seagrass, with species richness, abundance, feeding and wandering behaviours similar. Several species of blenny and goby were unique to oyster reefs and oyster-containing mangroves, whilst recreationally fished species such as bream and mullet were more abundant on oyster reefs than in other habitats. Resolving the association between oyster reefs and fish species within the broader seascape will assist in developing restoration and management strategies that maximise fisheries benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan S Lanham
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ian M McLeod
- TropWATER (Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research), James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
| | - Matthew D Taylor
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Taylors Beach, NSW, 2315, Australia
| | - Stephen McOrrie
- Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Department of Primary Industries, Taylors Beach, NSW, 2315, Australia
| | - Alyssa Luongo
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
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12
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Monaci S, Qian S, Gillette K, Mukherjee R, Haberland U, Elliott MK, Rajani R, Rinaldi CA, O’neill M, Plank G, King A, Bishop MJ. Non-invasive delineation of ventricular tachycardia substrates for cardiac stereotactic body radiotherapy: utility of in-silico pace-mapping. Europace 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac053.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): EPSRC
Background
Cardiac stereotactive body radiotherapy (CSBRT) is an emerging, non-invasive ablation modality that targets ventricular tachycardia (VT) substrates in patients with limited conventional treatment options. Success of CSBRT hinges primarily on the correct identification of VT targets, which requires non-invasive planning. Current non-invasive, pre-procedure strategies employ multi-electrode electrocardiographic imaging (ECGi). Given its significant cost and potential challenges in detecting endocardial, intramural and/or septal VT sites, there is a need to optimise VT delineation strategies for CSBRT; patient-specific simulations may show promise at guiding such planning non-invasively.
Purpose
We aim to perform non-invasive, in-silico pace-mapping on an image-based computational model to identify VT substrates for CSBRT. We intend to show the utility of our fast computational pipeline - relying on CT imaging data only - to provide further insights on inaccessible, scar-related VT episodes.
Methods
A detailed computational torso model of a CSBRT candidate with incessant VT was generated from CT imaging data. Extracellular content volumes (ECVs) were used to identify different tissue types (healthy, border zone and non-conducting), and scale model tissue conductivities accordingly. In-silico pace-mapping was performed by simulating ~360 paced beats across the LV, and computing corresponding 12-lead ECGs within a fast electrophysiological (EP) simulation environment combining reaction-eikonal and lead field methods. QRS complexes from simulated paced beats were used to construct the virtual correlation pace-map against the measured QRS of the clinically-induced VT, along with a ‘reference-less’ virtual pace-map constructed from neighbouring paced-beat QRSs (within a 20 mm radius). An epicardial activation map of the clinically-induced VT was reconstructed from ECGi measurement, and used for comparison against our virtual pace-maps.
Results
Correlations between simulated paced-beat QRS complexes and the clinically-induced VT QRS were higher in mid-apical, infero-septal segments - segment 9 (85.71%), 10 (87.95%) and 15 (89.58%) - identifying septal origin and pathway of the induced re-entrant circuit. A possible septal VT isthmus was also identified by a high gradient in the virtual reference-less pace-map in segment 9 (> 2.5%/mm). Our in-silico predictions were in agreement with the clinical regions identified for CSBRT (segment 9 and 15), and provided additional information on the 3D and septal dynamics of the VT episode.
Conclusions
Our in-silico pace-mapping study successfully localised VT substrates in a patient unable to receive standard ablative procedures, and provided further clinical insight on the induced VT dynamics. Our rapid in-silico pace-mapping approach may be utilised to support optimal identification of VT target volumes for CSBRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monaci
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - S Qian
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - K Gillette
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Mukherjee
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - U Haberland
- Siemens Healthineers, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - MK Elliott
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - R Rajani
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - CA Rinaldi
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - M O’neill
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - G Plank
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A King
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - MJ Bishop
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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13
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Elliott MK, Strocchi M, Mehta VS, Wijesuriya N, Mannakkara NN, Behar JM, Bishop MJ, Niederer S, Rinaldi CA. Dispersion of repolarization increases after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients who do not undergo left ventricular reverse remodelling. Europace 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac053.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Medical Engineering
CardioInsight Inc.
Background
The effect of CRT on dispersion of repolarization and arrhythmic risk is unclear. LV epicardial pacing has been associated with increased dispersion of repolarization, which may be due to altered activation and repolarization sequence. However, while CRT-induced ventricular arrhythmias have been reported, evidence from large clinical trials suggest CRT has a favourable effect on arrhythmic risk, with a lower incidence of arrhythmia in patients who undergo LV reverse remodelling.
Purpose
To investigate the effect of CRT and LV reverse remodelling on dispersion of repolarization using electrocardiographic imaging (ECGi).
Methods
11 patients with heart failure and electrical dyssynchrony underwent ECGi after CRT implant and again at 6 months. Reconstructed epicardial electrograms were used to create maps of activation recovery intervals (ARI), an accepted surrogate for action potential duration, which were corrected for heart rate. LV ARI dispersion was calculated as the standard deviation of ARI across the LV epicardium. The methodology is summarized in figure 1.
Results
Mean age at implant was 74±10 years and 82% of patients were male. 64% had ischaemic aetiology of heart failure, and mean LV ejection fraction was 29±10%. 64% of patients had underlying LBBB, 28% had an RV-paced rhythm and 9% had RBBB. 8 patients had a ≥15% reduction in LV end-systolic volume (LVESV) with CRT at 6 months (volumetric responders). Example ARI maps for 1 patient are shown in figure 2A. There was a significant increase in LV ARI dispersion at 6 months compared to baseline (36.4±7.2ms vs 28.2±7.7ms; P=0.03) [Fig 2B]. In a multiple linear regression analysis, volumetric response was an independent predictor of relative change in LV ARI dispersion from baseline to 6 months (P=0.04). In a sub-analysis, for volumetric responders there was no significant difference in LV ARI dispersion between baseline and CRT at 6 months (36.4 ±6.1 vs 30.1±7.8 ms; P=0.1). In comparison, in volumetric non-responders there was a significant increase in LV ARI dispersion (38.3±1.2 vs 22.6±2.6 ms; P=0.01). The relative change in LV ARI dispersion from baseline to CRT 6-months was greater for volumetric non-responders compared to volumetric responders (70.7 ±21.3% vs 27.0 ±35.4%; P=0.04) [Fig 2C]. There was a moderate negative correlation between relative change in LV ARI dispersion and relative reduction in LVESV (R=-0.5), however this did not meet statistical significance (P=0.12) [Fig 2D].
Conclusion
CRT increases dispersion of repolarization at 6 months. However, this potentially arrhythmogenic effect of epicardial pacing was only observed in CRT non-responders, which is in keeping with previous evidence that LV reverse remodelling reduces risk of ventricular arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- MK Elliott
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - M Strocchi
- King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - VS Mehta
- King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - N Wijesuriya
- King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - NN Mannakkara
- King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - JM Behar
- King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - MJ Bishop
- King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - S Niederer
- King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - CA Rinaldi
- King’s College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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14
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Campos F, Shiferaw Y, Whitaker J, O’neill M, Razavi R, Plank G, Bishop MJ. Subthreshold delayed afterdepolarizations mediated by reduced tissue conductivity form a substrate for unidirectional block and reentry within the infarcted heart. Europace 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac053.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): British Heart Foundation, Wellcome Trust
Background
Delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) due to spontaneous calcium release (SCR) events at the subcellular scale have been associated with arrhythmia formation in the border zone (BZ) of infarcted hearts. DADs may not only summate to form ectopic focal sources but may also inactivate sodium channels forming a substrate for unidirectional conduction block and reentry. The role played by infarct anatomy and altered intracellular coupling in facilitating this phenomenon is not fully understood.
Purpose
To use computational modelling to investigate the role of anatomical properties of the infarct BZ in creating a substrate for DAD-mediated conduction block and reentry.
Methods
MRI data from a porcine post-infarction heart was used to build the computational model. A phenomenological model was used to simulate SCRs in the BZ. Arrhythmia susceptibility was quantified by pacing the model followed by a pause, to see whether DADs would occur, and an extra S2 beat with different coupling intervals (CIs). Tissue conductivity in the BZ was decreased to investigate the effect of uncoupling on DAD-mediated conduction block.
Results
Subthreshold DADs occurring within the infarct BZ inactivated the fast sodium channels which resulted in block of S2 beats. This occurred most readily in narrow isthmuses where electrotonic load was attenuated by the non-conducting scar. DADs rendered the entire isthmus area refractory establishing a substrate for unidirectional block and reentry (see Fig. A). Reduced tissue conductivity in the BZ reduced electrotonic load on cells undergoing DADs. This led to more local tissue depolarization (Vm) as uncoupling prevented current from flowing to neighboring cells at rest (Fig. B-C). Reduced tissue conductivity also enhanced DAD-mediated block by increasing the vulnerable window for reentry initiation (700ms < S2 CI < 900ms as shown in Fig. D).
Conclusion
Subthreshold DADs provide a substrate for arrhythmogenesis in the infarct BZ. Tissue uncoupling enhanced the arrhythmogenic risk by increasing the time window of unidirectional block.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campos
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - Y Shiferaw
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Physics, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - J Whitaker
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - M O’neill
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - R Razavi
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - G Plank
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - MJ Bishop
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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15
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Monaci S, Qian S, Gillette K, Puyol-Anton E, Rajani R, Plank G, King A, Bishop MJ. Automated detection of scar-related ventricular tachycardia origins from implanted device electrograms: a combined computational-AI platform. Europace 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac053.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): EPSRC
Background
Existing strategies that identify ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation targets either employ invasive and time-consuming electrophysiological (EP) mapping, or non-invasive modalities that utilise standard electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Success of these pre-procedure ablation approaches in localising re-entrant VTs often relies on VT induction, which could be avoided by utilising recordings of clinical VT episodes stored as electrograms (EGMs) in implanted devices. Such a non-invasive approach that localises VT substrates from EGMs may aid ablation planning, enhancing safety and speed.
Purpose
Our goal is to automate scar-related VT localisation by utilising EGM recordings of VT episodes from implanted devices. To achieve this, deep-learning algorithms will be trained on computational data to return VT sites of origin from implanted device EGMs. Ultimately, we intend to utilise this computational-artificial intelligence (AI) framework to detect ablation targets of clinical VT episodes and guide pre-procedure ablation planning non-invasively.
Methods
A comprehensive library of ECGs and EGMs from simulated paced beats (~15000) and scar-related VTs (500) was generated across five detailed torso models within a fast EP computational environment, combining reaction-eikonal and lead field methods. ECG (or EGM) traces from simulated paced beats were used to initially pre-train two convolutional neural network (CNN) long short-term (LSTM) attention-based architectures. Subsequently, signals of the in-silico, re-entrant VTs were used to re-train the networks to output the sites of origin of these episodes in a standardised ventricular coordinate space. Finally, the retrained CNN architectures were tested on re-entrant VTs of unseen models, and median localisation errors (LEs) were estimated against known VT origins from simulations.
Results
The performance of the networks to localise scar-related VT episodes was asserted for each torso model. When a torso model was only seen during initial training on simulated paced beats, implanted device EGMs and ECGs successfully localised VT sources with LEs 10.04 – 16.36 mm and 10.05 – 12.79 mm, respectively. When a torso model was not seen during pacing or VT training, recreating potential clinical application settings where ECGs or EGMs of clinical VTs would be the only inputs to the networks, LEs ranged 12.42 - 22.79 mm and 12.41 - 19.68 mm for EGM and ECG-based testing, respectively.
Conclusions
Our study successfully detected VT ablation substrates with accuracy that could be beneficial in clinical ablation settings. The proposed computational-AI framework may be used to automate the localisation of scar-related VTs from clinical ECGs or EGM recordings from implanted devices, ultimately aiding ablation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Monaci
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - S Qian
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - K Gillette
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - E Puyol-Anton
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - R Rajani
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - G Plank
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A King
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - MJ Bishop
- King’s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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16
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Dodds KC, Schaefer N, Bishop MJ, Nakagawa S, Brooks PR, Knights AM, Strain EMA. Material type influences the abundance but not richness of colonising organisms on marine structures. J Environ Manage 2022; 307:114549. [PMID: 35092888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urbanisation of coastal areas and growth in the blue economy drive the proliferation of artificial structures in marine environments. These structures support distinct ecological communities compared to natural hard substrates, potentially reflecting differences in the materials from which they are constructed. We undertook a meta-analysis of 46 studies to compare the effects of different material types (natural or eco-friendly vs. artificial) on the colonising biota on built structures. Neither the abundance nor richness of colonists displayed consistent patterns of difference between artificial and natural substrates or between eco-friendly and standard concrete. Instead, there were differences in the abundance of organisms (but not richness) between artificial and natural materials, that varied according to material type and by functional group. When compared to biogenic materials and rock, polymer and metal supported significantly lower abundances of total benthic species (in studies assessing sessile and mobile species together), sessile invertebrates and corals (in studies assessing these groups individually). In contrast, non-indigenous species were significantly more abundant on wood than metal. Concrete supported greater abundances of the general community, including habitat-forming species, compared to wood. Our results suggest that the ecological requirements of the biological community, alongside economic, logistic and engineering factors should be considered in material selection for multifunctional marine structures that deliver both engineering and ecological (enhanced abundance and diversity) benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate C Dodds
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - Nina Schaefer
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Paul R Brooks
- Earth Institute & School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antony M Knights
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth M A Strain
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7053, Australia
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17
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Thomsen MS, Altieri AH, Angelini C, Bishop MJ, Bulleri F, Farhan R, Frühling VMM, Gribben PE, Harrison SB, He Q, Klinghardt M, Langeneck J, Lanham BS, Mondardini L, Mulders Y, Oleksyn S, Ramus AP, Schiel DR, Schneider T, Siciliano A, Silliman BR, Smale DA, South PM, Wernberg T, Zhang S, Zotz G. Publisher Correction: Heterogeneity within and among co-occurring foundation species increases biodiversity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1763. [PMID: 35347158 PMCID: PMC8960769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mads S Thomsen
- Marine Ecology Research Group and Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Andrew H Altieri
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.,Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine Angelini
- Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabio Bulleri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Viktoria M M Frühling
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Paul E Gribben
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, 2088, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seamus B Harrison
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Qiang He
- Coastal Ecology Lab, MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, 200438, Shanghai, China.
| | - Moritz Klinghardt
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Langeneck
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, CoNISMa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Brendan S Lanham
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, 2088, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Luca Mondardini
- Marine Ecology Research Group and Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Yannick Mulders
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Semonn Oleksyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron P Ramus
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - David R Schiel
- Marine Ecology Research Group and Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tristan Schneider
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alfonso Siciliano
- Marine Ecology Research Group and Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Brian R Silliman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Dan A Smale
- Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | | | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stacy Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.,Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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18
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Thomsen MS, Altieri AH, Angelini C, Bishop MJ, Bulleri F, Farhan R, Frühling VMM, Gribben PE, Harrison SB, He Q, Klinghardt M, Langeneck J, Lanham BS, Mondardini L, Mulders Y, Oleksyn S, Ramus AP, Schiel DR, Schneider T, Siciliano A, Silliman BR, Smale DA, South PM, Wernberg T, Zhang S, Zotz G. Heterogeneity within and among co-occurring foundation species increases biodiversity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:581. [PMID: 35102155 PMCID: PMC8803935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat heterogeneity is considered a primary causal driver underpinning patterns of diversity, yet the universal role of heterogeneity in structuring biodiversity is unclear due to a lack of coordinated experiments testing its effects across geographic scales and habitat types. Furthermore, key species interactions that can enhance heterogeneity, such as facilitation cascades of foundation species, have been largely overlooked in general biodiversity models. Here, we performed 22 geographically distributed experiments in different ecosystems and biogeographical regions to assess the extent to which variation in biodiversity is explained by three axes of habitat heterogeneity: the amount of habitat, its morphological complexity, and capacity to provide ecological resources (e.g. food) within and between co-occurring foundation species. We show that positive and additive effects across the three axes of heterogeneity are common, providing a compelling mechanistic insight into the universal importance of habitat heterogeneity in promoting biodiversity via cascades of facilitative interactions. Because many aspects of habitat heterogeneity can be controlled through restoration and management interventions, our findings are directly relevant to biodiversity conservation. Species interactions that can enhance habitat heterogeneity such as facilitation cascades of foundation species have been overlooked in biodiversity models. This study conducted 22 geographically distributed experiments in different ecosystems and biogeographical regions to assess the extent to which biodiversity is explained by three axes of habitat heterogeneity in facilitation cascades.
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19
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Esquivel‐Muelbert JR, Lanham BS, Martínez‐Baena F, Dafforn KA, Gribben PE, Bishop MJ. Spatial variation in the biotic and abiotic filters of oyster recruitment: Implications for restoration. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan S. Lanham
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Francisco Martínez‐Baena
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- The Nature Conservancy Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Katherine A. Dafforn
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Paul E. Gribben
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
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20
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McAfee D, Bishop MJ, Williams GA. Temperature-buffering by oyster habitat provides temporal stability for rocky shore communities. Mar Environ Res 2022; 173:105536. [PMID: 34864513 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal rocky shores are considered among the most thermally stressful marine ecosystems, where many species live close to their upper thermal limit and depend on access to cool microclimates to persist through heat events. In such environments, the provision of cool microclimates by habitat-forming species enables persistence of associated species during high temperature events. We assessed whether, by maintaining cool microclimates through heat events, habitat formed by rock oysters (Saccostrea cucullata) provides temporal stability to associated invertebrate communities over periods of extreme temperatures. On three tropical rocky shores of Hong Kong, which experiences a monsoonal climate, we compared changes in microclimates and invertebrate communities associated with oyster and bare rock habitats between the cool and hot seasons. Oyster habitats were, across both seasons, consistently characterised by lower maximum temperatures and greater thermal stability than bare rock habitats. Invertebrate communities in the bare rock habitat were less diverse and abundant in the hot than the cool season, but communities in the cooler habitats provided by oysters did not display temporal change. These results demonstrate that microclimates formed by oysters provide temporal stability to associated communities across periods of temperature change and are key determinants of species distributions in thermally stressful environments. The conservation and restoration of oyster habitats may, therefore, build resilience in associated ecological communities subject to ongoing environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic McAfee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Gray A Williams
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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21
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O’Shaughnessy KA, Perkol-Finkel S, Strain EMA, Bishop MJ, Hawkins SJ, Hanley ME, Lunt P, Thompson RC, Hadary T, Shirazi R, Yunnie ALE, Amstutz A, Milliet L, Yong CLX, Firth LB. Spatially Variable Effects of Artificially-Created Physical Complexity on Subtidal Benthos. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.690413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the environmental damage caused by urbanization, Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are being implemented to enhance biodiversity and ecosystem processes with mutual benefits for society and nature. Although the field of NbS is flourishing, experiments in different geographic locations and environmental contexts have produced variable results, with knowledge particularly lacking for the subtidal zone. This study tested the effects of physical complexity on colonizing communities in subtidal habitats in two urban locations: (1) Plymouth, United Kingdom (northeast Atlantic) and (2) Tel Aviv, Israel (eastern Mediterranean) for 15- and 12-months, respectively. At each location, physical complexity was manipulated using experimental tiles that were either flat or had 2.5 or 5.0 cm ridges. In Plymouth, biological complexity was also manipulated through seeding tiles with habitat-forming mussels. The effects of the manipulations on taxon and functional richness, and community composition were assessed at both locations, and in Plymouth the survival and size of seeded mussels and abundance and size of recruited mussels were also assessed. Effects of physical complexity differed between locations. Physical complexity did not influence richness or community composition in Plymouth, while in Tel Aviv, there were effects of complexity on community composition. In Plymouth, effects of biological complexity were found with mussel seeding reducing taxon richness, supporting larger recruited mussels, and influencing community composition. Our results suggest that outcomes of NbS experiments are context-dependent and highlight the risk of extrapolating the findings outside of the context in which they were tested.
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22
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Abstract
Globally, there is growing interest in restoring previously widespread oyster reefs to reinstate key ecosystem services such as shoreline protection, fisheries productivity and water filtration. Yet, since peak expiration of oysters in the 1800s, significant and ongoing environmental change has occurred. Estuaries and coasts are undergoing some of the highest rates of urbanization, warming and ocean acidification on the planet, necessitating novel approaches to restoration. Here, we review key design considerations for oyster reef restoration projects that maximize the probability that they will meet biological and socio-economic goals not only under present-day conditions, but into the future. This includes selection of sites, and where required, substrates and oyster species and genotypes for seeding, not only on the basis of their present and future suitability in supporting oyster survival, growth and reproduction, but also based on their match to specific goals of ecosystem service delivery. Based on this review, we provide a road map of design considerations to maximize the success of future restoration projects.
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23
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Vozzo ML, Mayer-Pinto M, Bishop MJ, Cumbo VR, Bugnot AB, Dafforn KA, Johnston EL, Steinberg PD, Strain EMA. Making seawalls multifunctional: The positive effects of seeded bivalves and habitat structure on species diversity and filtration rates. Mar Environ Res 2021; 165:105243. [PMID: 33476978 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The marine environment is being increasingly modified by the construction of artificial structures, the impacts of which may be mitigated through eco-engineering. To date, eco-engineering has predominantly aimed to increase biodiversity, but enhancing other ecological functions is arguably of equal importance for artificial structures. Here, we manipulated complexity through habitat structure (flat, and 2.5 cm, 5 cm deep vertical and 5 cm deep horizontal crevices) and seeding with the native oyster (Saccostrea glomerata, unseeded and seeded) on concrete tiles (0.25 m × 0.25 m) affixed to seawalls to investigate whether complexity (both orientation and depth of crevices) influences particle removal rates by suspension feeders and colonisation by different functional groups, and whether there are any ecological trade-offs between these functions. After 12 months, complex seeded tiles generally supported a greater abundance of suspension feeding taxa and had higher particle removal rates than flat tiles or unseeded tiles. The richness and diversity of taxa also increased with complexity. The effect of seeding was, however, generally weaker on tiles with complex habitat structure. However, the orientation of habitat complexity and the depth of the crevices did not influence particle removal rates or colonising taxa. Colonisation by non-native taxa was low compared to total taxa richness. We did not detect negative ecological trade-offs between increased particle removal rates and diversity and abundance of key functional groups. Our results suggest that the addition of complexity to marine artificial structures could potentially be used to enhance both biodiversity and particle removal rates. Consequently, complexity should be incorporated into future eco-engineering projects to provide a range of ecological functions in urbanised estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Vozzo
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia.
| | - M Mayer-Pinto
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
| | - M J Bishop
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - V R Cumbo
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - A B Bugnot
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - K A Dafforn
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - E L Johnston
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - P D Steinberg
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - E M A Strain
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Building 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, New South Wales, 2088, Australia; Institute for Marine and Antarctic Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
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24
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Critchley LP, Bugnot AB, Dafforn KA, Marzinelli EM, Bishop MJ. Comparison of wrack dynamics between mangrove forests with and without seawalls. Sci Total Environ 2021; 751:141371. [PMID: 32882543 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The supply and fate of wrack (dead organic matter) is a critical determinant of the structure and function of shoreline ecosystems, and their role as carbon repositories. The increasingly common practise of armouring urbanised shorelines with seawalls impacts wrack deposits of unvegetated estuarine and coastal shorelines by truncating the intertidal zone and/or by modifying the physical and biological processes that deliver and remove wrack. This study tested whether such effects also extend to mangrove forests. A survey of wrack deposits in mangrove forests with and without seawalls along the Parramatta River, Sydney, Australia, revealed that at sites with seawalls placed at a mid-intertidal elevation wrack deposits were shifted from the high- to mid-intertidal but were otherwise of similar cover and composition. Experiments tracking the fate of wrack determined that, as compared to the mid-intertidal zone of unarmoured shorelines, wrack deposits at sites with seawalls were more readily mobilised. This was in some instances countered by the reduction in Casuarina glauca litter on armoured shorelines, as experiments revealed that Avicennia marina leaf decomposition was slower in the absence than the presence of C. glauca. Overall, the results suggest that effects of armouring on wrack composition and dynamics may be weaker in mangrove forests than on unvegetated shorelines. This could reflect the predominantly autochthonous source of wrack in mangrove forests, the habitat structure of forests minimizing hydrodynamic impacts of seawalls, and/or the differing reasons for which hard structures are constructed in low hydrodynamic energy vegetated as opposed to high hydrodynamic energy unvegetated settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln P Critchley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Ana B Bugnot
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman 2088, Australia
| | - Katherine A Dafforn
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman 2088, Australia; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ezequiel M Marzinelli
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman 2088, Australia; Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Vozzo
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Macquarie Univ. North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
- Sydney Inst. of Marine Science Mosman NSW 2088 Australia
| | - Vivian R. Cumbo
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Macquarie Univ. North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
| | | | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Dept of Biological Sciences, Macquarie Univ. North Ryde NSW 2109 Australia
- Sydney Inst. of Marine Science Mosman NSW 2088 Australia
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26
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Cooke BC, Morton JK, Baldry A, Bishop MJ. Backshore nourishment of a beach degraded by off-road vehicles: Ecological impacts and benefits. Sci Total Environ 2020; 724:138115. [PMID: 32251881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, spoil from maintenance dredging of navigation channels is increasingly used to opportunistically nourish beaches. This is often justified on the presumption that nourishment will improve public beach amenity and restore sandy beach habitat. However, this is not necessarily the case, especially for beaches that do not have an immediate threat of significant erosion. We addressed the ecological impacts and benefits of a backshore sand nourishment project conducted along an off-road vehicle (ORV) damaged section of Blacksmiths Beach, New South Wales, Australia. Sediment, sourced from dredging the inlet of nearby Lake Macquarie, was placed on the foredune, ORVs were excluded and low-density vegetation was planted. Sampling before and after the management interventions, at the Impact (nourished) site, two Control sites (with ORVs), and two Reference sites (without ORVs), assessed ecological impacts of nourishment and the efficacy of the interventions in rehabilitating vegetation and invertebrate communities degraded by ORVs. Nourishment initially had large negative impacts on vegetation cover, as well as on invertebrate abundance and richness. Recovery to a pre-nourished state was, however, observed for vegetation cover after 9 months and invertebrate communities after 21 months. Nevertheless, by the end of our study that extended 21 months post-nourishment and ORV exclusion, there was no evidence of change in the nourished site towards the state of Reference sites. Overall, our study suggests that small-scale backshore sand nourishments of ocean beaches may have only short-term negative impacts on foredune ecosystems when accompanied with some replanting. Nevertheless, where the frequency of sand disposals is greater than the required recovery time, or cumulative effects amass, longer-term or sustained impacts may occur. Our study does not support the efficacy of sand nourishment as a tool for ecological restoration, at least in the short term, without sustained replanting and weeding efforts aimed at reinstating the vegetation community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda C Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jason K Morton
- School of Science and Mathematics, Avondale University College, PO Box 19, Cooranbong, NSW 2265, Australia
| | - Alan Baldry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
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27
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Campos F, Shiferaw Y, Plank G, Bishop MJ. P321Subthreshold delayed afterdepolarizations form a substrate for conduction block in the infarcted heart. Europace 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa162.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
National Institute for Health Research; British Heart Foundation; and The Wellcome Trust and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
Background
Delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) due to spontaneous calcium (Ca) release (SCR) events from the sarcoplasmic reticulum have been implicated with a variety of arrhythmias. Such SCR events have also been reported in cells that survive in the infarct border zone (BZ). While the potential of Ca-mediated DADs to become suprathreshold and propagate in the form of ectopic beats has been well characterized, the role of subthreshold DADs in arrhythmia formation in the infarcted heart remains to be elucidated.
Purpose
To use computational modelling to investigate whether subthreshold Ca-mediated DADs may form a substrate for conduction block and reentry in the BZ. Our hypothesis is that subthreshold DADs can hinder local tissue excitability in critical infarct BZ regions by inactivating the fast sodium current (INa), leading to temporary unidirectional conduction block providing a trigger for arrhythmogenesis.
Methods
We developed an idealized infarct model of the left ventricle. The infarct region consisted of a non-conducting scar transcended by an isthmus of cells that survived myocardial infarction (border zone). These cells were made prone to Ca-mediated DADs described by a phenomenological model of SCR events. The model was pre-paced at the apex followed by a 1500ms-pacing pause to see whether DADs would emerge. An extra beat with a longer coupling interval (CI) was then applied. The following electrophysiological changes resulting from remodeling processes in the isthmus were simulated to assess their contribution to the arrhythmogenic potential of subthreshold DADs: INa loss-of-function due to a (2.5mV and 5mV) negative-shift in the steady-state channel inactivation; 50% reduction in tissue conductivity; and increased levels of fibrosis (up to 50%).
Results
On average, Ca-mediated DADs reached their maximum value 1065ms after the last paced beat (Fig. A). Despite this, in the default electrophysiological setup, simulations with extra beats with 1000ms > CI > 1100ms did not result in conduction block in any of the experiments. When repeated with combined changes of reduced tissue conductivity and fibrosis, subthreshold DADs were still unable to create a substrate for block. However, when combined with a 5mV-shift in INa inactivation, block at isthmus’ mouth proximal to the stimulus site was detected for extra beats 1010 ms ≥ CI ≥ 1070ms (see Fig. B). The cause of block was due to a subthreshold DAD occurring just prior to the arrival of the extra beat. All blocked beats degenerated into reentry.
Conclusions
Under most physiological conditions, subthreshold DADs are unlikely to provide a substrate for unidirectional block. However, under conditions of decreased excitability, subthreshold DADs can hinder tissue excitability in the infarcted region leading to conduction block and reentry.
Abstract Figure. DAD-mediated conduction block in the BZ
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campos
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - Y Shiferaw
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Physics, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - G Plank
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - M J Bishop
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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Campos F, Orini M, Whitaker J, O"neill M, Razavi R, Porter B, Hanson B, Aldo Rinaldi C, Gill J, Lambiase PD, Taggart P, Bishop MJ. 221Evaluating the ability of different substrate mapping techniques to identify scar-related ventricular tachycardia circuits using computational modelling. Europace 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa162.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
National Institute for Health Research; British Heart Foundation; and The Wellcome Trust and Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
Background
Accurate identification of targets for catheter ablation therapy of ventricular tachycardias (VTs) in the postinfarction heart remains a significant challenge. Identification of such targets often requires VT-induction to delineate the entry/exit points of the reentrant circuit sustaining the VT. However, inducibility may not be possible due to hemodynamic instability. In this scenario, substrate ablation strategies can still be performed to uncover the arrhythmogenic substrate during sinus or paced rhythm. However, substrate mapping may fail to accurately delineate the reentrant circuit resulting in VT recurrence after the procedure.
Purpose
To use computer simulations to compare the ability of different electroanatomical maps constructed following typical substrate ablation strategies to identify the VT exit site.
Methods
An image-based computational model of the porcine post-infarction left ventricle was constructed to simulate VT and paced rhythm. Electroanatomical maps were constructed based on the following features extracted from electrograms computed on the endocardial surface: activation time (AT), bipolar electrogram amplitude, signal fractionation and the reentry vulnerability index (RVI - a metric combining activation and repolarization timings to identify tissue susceptibility to reentry). Potential ablation targets during substrate mapping were compared for: highest 5% AT gradient; lowest 5% bipolar signal amplitudes; areas with fragmented signals (more than one peak); and lowest 5% RVI. The minimum distance, d, between the manually identified VT exit site and the targets was measured.
Results
The RVI performed better than the other metrics at detecting the VT exit site (see Figure). The minimum distance between sites of lowest RVI and the exit site was 3.2mm compared to 13.1mm and 15.9mm in traditional AT and voltage maps, respectively. As the scar was not transmural, parameters derived from all electrograms (including those located on dense scar regions) were used to construct the electroanatomical maps. This improved the performance of the RVI significantly, making it more specific than the other metrics as can be seen in the Figure.
Conclusions
Among all metrics investigated here, the RVI identified the vulnerable region closest to VT exit site. This finding suggests that activation-repolarization metrics may improve the detection of pro-arrhythmic regions without having to induce VT. Moreover, the RVI may be particularly well suited for detecting vulnerable regions within non-transmural scars.
Abstract Figure. VT and Substrate Mapping
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campos
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - M Orini
- University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - J Whitaker
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - M O"neill
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - R Razavi
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - B Porter
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - B Hanson
- University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - C Aldo Rinaldi
- St Thomas" Hospital, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - J Gill
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - P D Lambiase
- University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - P Taggart
- University College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - M J Bishop
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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Mendonca Costa C, Neic A, Gillette K, Porter B, Gould J, Sidhu B, Chen Z, Elliott M, Mehta V, Plank G, Rinaldi CA, Bishop MJ, Niederer SA. P532Endocardial pacing is less arrhythmogenic than conventional epicardial pacing when pacing in proximity to scar in patients with ischemic heart failure. Europace 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa162.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
WT 203148/Z/16/Z; MR/N011007/1; RE/08/003; PG/15/91/31812; PG/16/81/32441
Background
Endocardial pacing has been shown to improve response to cardiac
resynchronization therapy (CRT) in comparison to conventional epicardial pacing and the
physiological activation, endocardium to epicardium, is proposed to make it less arrhythmogenic.
However, the relative arrhythmic risk of endocardial and epicardial pacing has not been
systematically investigated. Pacing in proximity to scar increases susceptibility to arrhythmogenesis
during epicardial pacing. Whether this is also the case during endocardial pacing is currently
unknown.
Purpose
We investigate 1) whether endocardial pacing is less arrhythmogenic than epicardial
pacing, 2) whether pacing location relative to scar plays a role in arrhythmogenesis during
endocardial pacing, and 3) whether these findings could be explained by the direction of the
transmural action potential duration (APD) gradient.
Methods
We used computational models of ischemic heart failure and patient-specific (n = 24) left ventricular anatomy and scar morphology to simulate repolarization during endocardial and
epicardial pacing. Pacing locations were selected 0.2-3.5cm from a scar. We ran simulations with a
20ms transmural APD gradient, as found in heart failure, from the epicardium to endocardium
(physiological) and with this gradient inverted. We computed the volume of high
(>3ms/mm) repolarization gradients (HRG) within 1cm around a scar, as a surrogate for arrhythmia
risk, and analysed these with ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests.
Results
Simulations with a physiological APD gradient predict that endocardial pacing creates a
smaller (34%) volume of HRG around (1cm) a scar compared to epicardial pacing when
pacing 0.2cm from scar (Figure 1-A). The volume of HRG decreases (P < 0.05) with distance
from scar for epicardial pacing but not endocardial pacing (Figure 1-A). Inverting the
transmural APD gradient, inverts the trend observed with a physiological gradient. In this case, the
volume of HRG is unaffected by pacing location during epicardial pacing, whereas it decreases (19%)
with the distance from scar for endocardial pacing. This is illustrated
in the regions highlighted in yellow in Figure 1 for endocardial pacing at 0.2 and 3.5cm from a scar
with a physiological (B) and an inverted (C) gradient.
Conclusions
Endocardial pacing is less arrhythmogenic (purpose 1) than conventional epicardial
pacing when pacing in proximity to scar and is also less susceptible to pacing location relative to scar
(purpose 2). The direction of the transmural APD gradient offers a mechanistic explanation for
reduced susceptibility to arrhythmogenesis during endocardial pacing compared to epicardial pacing
(purpose 3). Endocardial pacing is an attractive alternative to conventional epicardial pacing in
patients with scar, as it allows pacing in proximity to scar while avoiding increasing arrhythmogenic
risk in patients with ischemic heart failure.
Abstract Figure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mendonca Costa
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - A Neic
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - K Gillette
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - B Porter
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - J Gould
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - B Sidhu
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - Z Chen
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - M Elliott
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - V Mehta
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - G Plank
- Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C A Rinaldi
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - M J Bishop
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - S A Niederer
- King"s College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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Gribben PE, Bishop MJ, O’Connor WA, Bradley DJ, Hughes AR. Intraspecific diversity in prey body size influences survivorship by conferring resistance to predation. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Gribben
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science 19 Chowder Bay Road Mosman New South Wales 2088 Australia
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Wayne A. O’Connor
- NSW Department of Primary Industries Nelson Bay New South Wales 2315 Australia
| | - Daniel J. Bradley
- School of Life Sciences University of Technology Sydney New South Wales 2007 Australia
| | - A. Randall Hughes
- Northeastern University Marine Science Centre 430 Nahant Raod Nahant Massachusetts 01908 USA
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Schlacher TA, Gilby BL, Olds AD, Henderson CJ, Connolly RM, Peterson CH, Voss CM, Maslo B, Weston MA, Bishop MJ, Rowden A. Key Ecological Function Peaks at the Land–Ocean Transition Zone When Vertebrate Scavengers Concentrate on Ocean Beaches. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Strain EMA, Alexander KA, Kienker S, Morris R, Jarvis R, Coleman R, Bollard B, Firth LB, Knights AM, Grabowski JH, Airoldi L, Chan BKK, Chee SY, Cheng Z, Coutinho R, de Menezes RG, Ding M, Dong Y, Fraser CML, Gómez AG, Juanes JA, Mancuso P, Messano LVR, Naval-Xavier LPD, Scyphers S, Steinberg P, Swearer S, Valdor PF, Wong JXY, Yee J, Bishop MJ. Urban blue: A global analysis of the factors shaping people's perceptions of the marine environment and ecological engineering in harbours. Sci Total Environ 2019; 658:1293-1305. [PMID: 30677991 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Marine harbours are the focus of a diverse range of activities and subject to multiple anthropogenically induced pressures. Support for environmental management options aimed at improving degraded harbours depends on understanding the factors which influence people's perceptions of harbour environments. We used an online survey, across 12 harbours, to assess sources of variation people's perceptions of harbour health and ecological engineering. We tested the hypotheses: 1) people living near impacted harbours would consider their environment to be more unhealthy and degraded, be more concerned about the environment and supportive of and willing to pay for ecological engineering relative to those living by less impacted harbours, and 2) people with greater connectedness to the harbour would be more concerned about and have greater perceived knowledge of the environment, and be more supportive of, knowledgeable about and willing to pay for ecological engineering, than those with less connectedness. Across twelve locations, the levels of degradation and modification by artificial structures were lower and the concern and knowledge about the environment and ecological engineering were greater in the six Australasian and American than the six European and Asian harbours surveyed. We found that people's perception of harbours as healthy or degraded, but not their concern for the environment, reflected the degree to which harbours were impacted. There was a positive relationship between the percentage of shoreline modified and the extent of support for and people's willingness to pay indirect costs for ecological engineering. At the individual level, measures of connectedness to the harbour environment were good predictors of concern for and perceived knowledge about the environment but not support for and perceived knowledge about ecological engineering. To make informed decisions, it is important that people are empowered with sufficient knowledge of the environmental issues facing their harbour and ecological engineering options.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M A Strain
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia,; National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - K A Alexander
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, PO Box 49, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - S Kienker
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; University of Sydney, Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - R Morris
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; University of Sydney, Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - R Jarvis
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - R Coleman
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; University of Sydney, Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - B Bollard
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - L B Firth
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Drake Circus, UK
| | - A M Knights
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Drake Circus, UK
| | - J H Grabowski
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Road, Nahant, MA 01907, USA
| | - L Airoldi
- University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BIGEA) & Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (CIRSA), UO CoNISMa, Via S. Alberto, 163, Ravenna I-48123, Italy
| | - B K K Chan
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - S Y Chee
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Z Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - R Coutinho
- Department of Marine Biotecnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Brazilian Navy & Post-Graduation Program in Marine Biotechnology, IEAPM/UFF, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro 28930-000, Brazil
| | - R G de Menezes
- Department of Marine Biotecnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Brazilian Navy & Post-Graduation Program in Marine Biotechnology, IEAPM/UFF, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro 28930-000, Brazil
| | - M Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Y Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - C M L Fraser
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - A G Gómez
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Isabel Torres, 15, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - J A Juanes
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Isabel Torres, 15, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - P Mancuso
- University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BIGEA) & Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (CIRSA), UO CoNISMa, Via S. Alberto, 163, Ravenna I-48123, Italy
| | - L V R Messano
- Department of Marine Biotecnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Brazilian Navy & Post-Graduation Program in Marine Biotechnology, IEAPM/UFF, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro 28930-000, Brazil
| | - L P D Naval-Xavier
- Department of Marine Biotecnology, Instituto de Estudos do Mar Almirante Paulo Moreira, Brazilian Navy & Post-Graduation Program in Marine Biotechnology, IEAPM/UFF, Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro 28930-000, Brazil
| | - S Scyphers
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, 430 Nahant Road, Nahant, MA 01907, USA
| | - P Steinberg
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - S Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - P F Valdor
- Environmental Hydraulics Institute, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Isabel Torres, 15, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - J X Y Wong
- University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali (BIGEA) & Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per le Scienze Ambientali (CIRSA), UO CoNISMa, Via S. Alberto, 163, Ravenna I-48123, Italy
| | - J Yee
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - M J Bishop
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
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Strain EMA, Morris RL, Bishop MJ, Tanner E, Steinberg P, Swearer SE, MacLeod C, Alexander KA. Building blue infrastructure: Assessing the key environmental issues and priority areas for ecological engineering initiatives in Australia's metropolitan embayments. J Environ Manage 2019; 230:488-496. [PMID: 30340122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecological engineering principles are increasingly being applied to develop multifunctional artificial structures or rehabilitated habitats in coastal areas. Ecological engineering initiatives are primarily driven by marine scientists and coastal managers, but often the views of key user groups, which can strongly influence the success of projects, are not considered. We used an online survey and participatory mapping exercise to investigate differences in priority goals, sites and attitudes towards ecological engineering between marine scientists and coastal managers as compared to other stakeholders. The surveys were conducted across three Australian cities that varied in their level of urbanisation and environmental pressures. We tested the hypotheses that, relative to other stakeholders, marine scientists and coastal managers will: 1) be more supportive of ecological engineering; 2) be more likely to agree that enhancement of biodiversity and remediation of pollution are key priorities for ecological engineering; and 3) identify different priority areas and infrastructure or degraded habitats for ecological engineering. We also tested the hypothesis that 4) perceptions of ecological engineering would vary among locations, due to environmental and socio-economic differences. In all three harbours, marine scientists and coastal managers were more supportive of ecological engineering than other users. There was also greater support for ecological engineering in Sydney and Melbourne than Hobart. Most people identified transport infrastructure, in busy transport hubs (i.e. Circular Quay in Sydney, the Port in Melbourne and the Waterfront in Hobart) as priorities for ecological engineering, irrespective of their stakeholder group or location. There were, however, significant differences among locations in what people perceive as the key priorities for ecological engineering (i.e. biodiversity in Sydney and Melbourne vs. pollution in Hobart). Greater consideration of these location-specific differences is essential for effective management of artificial structures and rehabilitated habitats in urban embayments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M A Strain
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia; Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; National Centre for Coasts and Climate and School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - R L Morris
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate and School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - M J Bishop
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - E Tanner
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia; School of Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - P Steinberg
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Rd, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia; Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - S E Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate and School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - C MacLeod
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - K A Alexander
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7014, Australia
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Alleway HK, Gillies CL, Bishop MJ, Gentry RR, Theuerkauf SJ, Jones R. The Ecosystem Services of Marine Aquaculture: Valuing Benefits to People and Nature. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K Alleway
- South Australian Government and the University of Adelaide, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic McAfee
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Tai‐Nga Yu
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Gray A. Williams
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, SAR China
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Thomsen MS, Altieri AH, Angelini C, Bishop MJ, Gribben PE, Lear G, He Q, Schiel DR, Silliman BR, South PM, Watson DM, Wernberg T, Zotz G. Secondary foundation species enhance biodiversity. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 2:634-639. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0487-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McAfee D, O'Connor WA, Bishop MJ. Fast‐growing oysters show reduced capacity to provide a thermal refuge to intertidal biodiversity at high temperatures. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1352-1362. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic McAfee
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Wayne A. O'Connor
- NSW Department of Primary Industries Port Stephens Fisheries Centre Taylors Beach NSW Australia
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
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Bowman DMJS, Garnett ST, Barlow S, Bekessy SA, Bellairs SM, Bishop MJ, Bradstock RA, Jones DN, Maxwell SL, Pittock J, Toral-Granda MV, Watson JEM, Wilson T, Zander KK, Hughes L. Renewal ecology: conservation for the Anthropocene. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. J. S. Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Tasmania; Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Stephen T. Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - Snow Barlow
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3011 Australia
| | - Sarah A. Bekessy
- Interdisciplinary Conservation Science Research Group, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies; RMIT University; GPO Box 2476 Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
| | - Sean M. Bellairs
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Ross A. Bradstock
- Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales 2522 Australia
| | - Darryl N. Jones
- Environmental Futures Research Institute; Griffith University; Nathan Queensland 4111 Australia
| | - Sean L. Maxwell
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Jamie Pittock
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; The Australian National University; 48 Linnaeus Way Acton Australian Capital Territory 2600 Australia
| | - Maria V. Toral-Granda
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - James E. M. Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
- Wildlife Conservation Society; Global Conservation Program; Bronx NY 10460 U.S.A
| | - Tom Wilson
- Northern Institute; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - Kerstin K. Zander
- Northern Institute; Charles Darwin University; Casuarina Northern Territory 0909 Australia
| | - Lesley Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales 2109 Australia
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Lavender JT, Dafforn KA, Bishop MJ, Johnston EL. An empirical examination of consumer effects across twenty degrees of latitude. Ecology 2017; 98:2391-2400. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James T. Lavender
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Katherine A. Dafforn
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Mosman New South Wales Australia
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Mosman New South Wales Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Emma L. Johnston
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science Mosman New South Wales Australia
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40
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Strain EMA, Olabarria C, Mayer-Pinto M, Cumbo V, Morris RL, Bugnot AB, Dafforn KA, Heery E, Firth LB, Brooks PR, Bishop MJ. Eco-engineering urban infrastructure for marine and coastal biodiversity: Which interventions have the greatest ecological benefit? J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Celia Olabarria
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal; Facultade de Ciencias do Mar; Universidade de Vigo; Vigo Spain
| | - Mariana Mayer-Pinto
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science; Mosman NSW Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Vivian Cumbo
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science; Mosman NSW Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Rebecca L. Morris
- Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities; School of Life and Environmental Sciences; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Ana B. Bugnot
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science; Mosman NSW Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Katherine A. Dafforn
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science; Mosman NSW Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eliza Heery
- Department of Biology; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
| | - Louise B. Firth
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences; Plymouth University; Plymouth UK
| | - Paul R. Brooks
- School of Biology and Environmental Science; UCD Earth Institute; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science; Mosman NSW Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney NSW Australia
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41
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Ainley LB, Vergés A, Bishop MJ. Congruence of intraspecific variability in leaf traits for two co-occurring estuarine angiosperms. Oecologia 2016; 181:1041-53. [PMID: 27098661 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies seeking to identify sources of variability and trade-offs in leaf traits have done so by assembling large databases of traits, across species and time points. It is unclear to what extent interspecific patterns derived in such a manner apply to intraspecific variation, particularly at regional scales, and the extent to which interspecific patterns vary temporally. We tested the hypothesis that the leaf traits of two foundation species, the mangrove Avicennia marina and the eelgrass Zostera muelleri, would display similar patterns of intraspecific variability across gradients of latitude and estuarine condition, that match previously reported interspecific patterns, and that persist through time. We found intraspecific patterns of decreasing carbon to nitrogen ratio and mechanical elasticity, and increasing nitrogen content with latitude that were consistent between the two plant species, and with previously reported interspecific patterns for other groups of species. Specific leaf area, leaf toughness and total phenolics, by contrast, displayed species-specific patterns that varied markedly through time. Relationships between estuarine condition and leaf traits were highly variable temporally, and also displayed markedly different patterns of intraspecific variability between the two species. Our study highlights the considerable within-species variation in leaf traits that should be accounted for in regional to biome scale analyses. Although some intraspecific patterns mirrored those found across species, at global scales, the considerable variability in other leaf traits between species and through time highlights the need to better understand the drivers and constraints of this intraspecific variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara B Ainley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Adriana Vergés
- Department of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic McAfee
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - Victoria J. Cole
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; New South Wales 2109 Australia
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University; Locked Bag 1797 Penrith New South Wales 2751 Australia
| | - Melanie J. Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; New South Wales 2109 Australia
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43
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Crozier A, Augustin CM, Neic A, Prassl AJ, Holler M, Fastl TE, Hennemuth A, Bredies K, Kuehne T, Bishop MJ, Niederer SA, Plank G. Image-Based Personalization of Cardiac Anatomy for Coupled Electromechanical Modeling. Ann Biomed Eng 2016. [PMID: 26424476 DOI: 10.1007/sl0439-015-1474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Computational models of cardiac electromechanics (EM) are increasingly being applied to clinical problems, with patient-specific models being generated from high fidelity imaging and used to simulate patient physiology, pathophysiology and response to treatment. Current structured meshes are limited in their ability to fully represent the detailed anatomical data available from clinical images and capture complex and varied anatomy with limited geometric accuracy. In this paper, we review the state of the art in image-based personalization of cardiac anatomy for biophysically detailed, strongly coupled EM modeling, and present our own tools for the automatic building of anatomically and structurally accurate patient-specific models. Our method relies on using high resolution unstructured meshes for discretizing both physics, electrophysiology and mechanics, in combination with efficient, strongly scalable solvers necessary to deal with the computational load imposed by the large number of degrees of freedom of these meshes. These tools permit automated anatomical model generation and strongly coupled EM simulations at an unprecedented level of anatomical and biophysical detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crozier
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C M Augustin
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - A Neic
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - A J Prassl
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - M Holler
- Institute for Mathematics and Scientific Computing, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T E Fastl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Hennemuth
- Modeling and Simulation Group, Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
| | - K Bredies
- Institute for Mathematics and Scientific Computing, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T Kuehne
- Non-Invasive Cardiac Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M J Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S A Niederer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Plank
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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44
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Crozier A, Augustin CM, Neic A, Prassl AJ, Holler M, Fastl TE, Hennemuth A, Bredies K, Kuehne T, Bishop MJ, Niederer SA, Plank G. Image-Based Personalization of Cardiac Anatomy for Coupled Electromechanical Modeling. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:58-70. [PMID: 26424476 PMCID: PMC4690840 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Computational models of cardiac electromechanics (EM) are increasingly being applied to clinical problems, with patient-specific models being generated from high fidelity imaging and used to simulate patient physiology, pathophysiology and response to treatment. Current structured meshes are limited in their ability to fully represent the detailed anatomical data available from clinical images and capture complex and varied anatomy with limited geometric accuracy. In this paper, we review the state of the art in image-based personalization of cardiac anatomy for biophysically detailed, strongly coupled EM modeling, and present our own tools for the automatic building of anatomically and structurally accurate patient-specific models. Our method relies on using high resolution unstructured meshes for discretizing both physics, electrophysiology and mechanics, in combination with efficient, strongly scalable solvers necessary to deal with the computational load imposed by the large number of degrees of freedom of these meshes. These tools permit automated anatomical model generation and strongly coupled EM simulations at an unprecedented level of anatomical and biophysical detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Crozier
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - C M Augustin
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - A Neic
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - A J Prassl
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - M Holler
- Institute for Mathematics and Scientific Computing, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T E Fastl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Hennemuth
- Modeling and Simulation Group, Fraunhofer MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
| | - K Bredies
- Institute for Mathematics and Scientific Computing, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T Kuehne
- Non-Invasive Cardiac Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease Unit, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
- German Heart Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - M J Bishop
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S A Niederer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - G Plank
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Bishop MJ. Health 'care': An examination on the art of caring. Med Econ 2015; 92:18-19. [PMID: 26298952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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46
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Gillies CL, Fitzsimons JA, Branigan S, Hale L, Hancock B, Creighton C, Alleway H, Bishop MJ, Brown S, Chamberlain D, Cleveland B, Crawford C, Crawford M, Diggles B, Ford JR, Hamer P, Hart A, Johnston E, McDonald T, McLeod I, Pinner B, Russell K, Winstanley R. Scaling-up marine restoration efforts in Australia. Ecol Manag Restor 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Bishop
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Macquarie Univ.; Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
| | - James E. Byers
- Odum School of Ecology; Univ. of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
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Peterson CH, Bishop MJ, D'Anna LM, Johnson GA. Multi-year persistence of beach habitat degradation from nourishment using coarse shelly sediments. Sci Total Environ 2014; 487:481-492. [PMID: 24802271 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Beach nourishment is increasingly used to protect public beach amenity and coastal property from erosion and storm damage. Where beach nourishment uses fill sediments that differ in sedimentology from native beach sands, press disturbances to sandy beach invertebrates and their ecosystem services can occur. How long impacts persist is, however, unclear because monitoring after nourishment typically only extends for several months. Here, monitoring was extended for 3-4 years following each of two spatially separated, replicate nourishment projects using unnaturally coarse sediments. Following both fill events, the contribution to beach sediments of gravel-sized particles and shell fragments was enhanced, and although diminishing through time, remained elevated as compared to control sites at the end of 3-4 years of monitoring, including in the low intertidal and swash zones, where benthic macroinvertebrates concentrate. Consequently, two infaunal invertebrates, haustoriid amphipods and Donax spp., exhibited suppressed densities over the entire post-nourishment period of 3-4 years. Emerita talpoida, by contrast, exhibited lower densities on nourished than control beaches only in the early summer of the first and second years and polychaetes exhibited little response to nourishment. The overall impact to invertebrates of nourishment was matched by multi-year reductions in abundances of their predators. Ghost crab abundances were suppressed on nourished beaches with impacts disappearing only by the fourth summer. Counts of foraging shorebirds were depressed for 4 years after the first project and 2 years after the second project. Our results challenge the view that beach nourishment is environmentally benign by demonstrating that application of unnaturally coarse and shelly sediments can serve as a press disturbance to degrade the beach habitat and its trophic services to shorebirds for 2-4 years. Recognizing that recovery following nourishment can be slow, studies that monitor impacts for only several months are inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Peterson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA; Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA.
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2109, Australia.
| | - Linda M D'Anna
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA; Institute for Coastal Research, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada.
| | - Galen A Johnson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA; Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 6730 Martin Way E., Olympia, WA 98516, USA.
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Abstract
Facilitation cascades are critical to the maintenance of biodiversity in a variety of habitats. Through a series of two experiments, we examined how the morphological traits and density of interacting foundation species influence the establishment and persistence of a facilitation cascade in temperate Australian mangrove forests. In this system, mangrove pneumatophores trap the free-living alga, Hormosira banksii, which, in turn, supports dense and diverse assemblages of epifaunal mollusks. The first experiment, which manipulated pneumatophore height and density, revealed that these two traits each had additive negative effects on the establishment, but additive positive effects on the persistence of the cascade. High densities of tall pneumatophores initially served as a physical barrier to algal colonization of pneumatophore plots, but over the longer-term enhanced the retention of algae. The increased algal biomass, in turn, facilitating epifaunal colonization. The second experiment demonstrated that the retention of algae by pneumatophores was influenced more by algal thallus length than vesicle diameter, and this effect occurred independent of pneumatophore height. Our study has extended facilitation theory by showing that the morphological traits and density of basal and intermediary facilitators influence both the establishment and persistence of facilitation cascades. Hence, attempts to use foundation species as a tool for restoration will require an understanding not only of the interactions among these, but also of the key traits that modify interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia.
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Wilkie EM, Bishop MJ, O'Connor WA. The density and spatial arrangement of the invasive oyster Crassostrea gigas determines its impact on settlement of native oyster larvae. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4851-60. [PMID: 24455120 PMCID: PMC3892352 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the density and spatial arrangement of invaders is critical to developing management strategies of pest species. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has been translocated around the world for aquaculture and in many instances has established wild populations. Relative to other species of bivalve, it displays rapid suspension feeding, which may cause mortality of pelagic invertebrate larvae. We compared the effect on settlement of Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, larvae of manipulating the spatial arrangement and density of native S. glomerata, and non-native C. gigas. We hypothesized that while manipulations of dead oysters would reveal the same positive relationship between attachment surface area and S. glomerata settlement between the two species, manipulations of live oysters would reveal differing density-dependent effects between the native and non-native oyster. In the field, whether oysters were live or dead, more larvae settled on C. gigas than S. glomerata when substrate was arranged in monospecific clumps. When, however, the two species were interspersed, there were no differences in larval settlement between them. By contrast, in aquaria simulating a higher effective oyster density, more larvae settled on live S. glomerata than C. gigas. When C. gigas was prevented from suspension feeding, settlement of larvae on C. gigas was enhanced. By contrast, settlement was similar between the two species when dead. While the presently low densities of the invasive oyster C. gigas may enhance S. glomerata larval settlement in east Australian estuaries, future increases in densities could produce negative impacts on native oyster settlement. Synthesis and applications: Our study has shown that both the spatial arrangement and density of invaders can influence their impact. Hence, management strategies aimed at preventing invasive populations reaching damaging sizes should not only consider the threshold density at which impacts exceed some acceptable limit, but also how patch formation modifies this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Wilkie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Melanie J Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Wayne A O'Connor
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute Taylors Beach, NSW, 2316, Australia
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