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Li M, Huang R, Jiang X, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Liang P, Zhan S, Cao S, Songyang Z, Huang J. CRISPR/Cas9 Promotes Functional Study of Testis Specific X-Linked Gene In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143148. [PMID: 26599493 PMCID: PMC4658030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a highly regulated multistage process of sperm generation. It is hard to uncover the real function of a testis specific gene in vitro since the in vitro model is not yet mature. With the development of the CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated 9) system, we can now rapidly generate knockout mouse models of testis specific genes to study the process of spermatogenesis in vivo. SYCP3-like X-linked 2 (SLX2) is a germ cell specific component, which contains a Cor1 domain and belongs to the XLR (X-linked, lymphocyte regulated) family. Previous studies suggested that SLX2 might play an important role in mouse spermatogenesis based on its subcellular localization and interacting proteins. However, the function of SLX2 in vivo is still elusive. Here, to investigate the functions of SLX2 in spermatogenesis, we disrupted the Slx2 gene by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Since Slx2 is a testis specific X-linked gene, we obtained knockout male mice in the first generation and accelerated the study process. Compared with wild-type mice, Slx2 knockout mice have normal testis and epididymis. Histological observation of testes sections showed that Slx2 knockout affected none of the three main stages of spermatogenesis: mitosis, meiosis and spermiogenesis. In addition, we further confirmed that disruption of Slx2 did not affect the number of spermatogonial stem cells, meiosis progression or XY body formation by immunofluorescence analysis. As spermatogenesis was normal in Slx2 knockout mice, these mice were fertile. Taken together, we showed that Slx2 itself is not an essential gene for mouse spermatogenesis and CRISPR/Cas9 technique could speed up the functional study of testis specific X-linked gene in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiya Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Puping Liang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoquan Zhan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanbo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjiu Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, School of Life Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Healthy Aging Research and SYSU-BCM Joint Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Mishra B, Park JY, Wilson K, Jo M. X-linked lymphocyte regulated gene 5c-like (Xlr5c-like) is a novel target of progesterone action in granulosa cells of periovulatory rat ovaries. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:226-38. [PMID: 26004213 PMCID: PMC4516606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone (P4), acting through its nuclear receptor (PGR), plays an essential role in ovulation by mediating the expression of genes involved in ovulation and/or luteal formation. To identify ovulatory specific PGR-regulated genes, a preliminary microarray analysis was performed using rat granulosa cells treated with hCG ± RU486 (PGR antagonist). The transcript most highly down-regulated by RU486 was an EST (expressed sequence tag) sequence (gb: BI289578.1) that matches with predicted sequence for Xlr5c-like mRNA. Since nothing is known about Xlr5c-like, we first characterized the expression pattern of Xlr5c-like mRNA in the rat ovary. The level of mRNA for Xlr5c-like is transiently up-regulated in granulosa cells of periovulatory follicles after hCG stimulation in PMSG-primed rat ovaries. The transient induction of Xlr5c-like mRNA was mimicked by hCG treatment in cultured granulosa cells from preovulatory ovaries. We further demonstrated that the LH-activated PKA, MEK, PI3K, and p38 signaling is involved in the increase in Xlr5c-like mRNA. The increase in Xlr5c-like mRNA was abolished by RU486. The inhibitory effect of RU486 was reversed by MPA (synthetic progestin), but not by dexamethasone (synthetic glucocorticoid). Furthermore, mutation of SP1/SP3 and PGR response element sites in the promoter region of Xlr5c-like decreased Xlr5c-like reporter activity. RU486 also inhibited Xlr5c-like reporter activity. ChIP assay verified the binding of PGR and SP3 to the Xlr5c-like promoter in periovulatory granulosa cells. Functionally, siRNA-mediated Xlr5c-like knockdown in granulosa cell cultures resulted in reduced levels of mRNA for Snap25, Cxcr4, and Adamts1. Recombinant Xlr5c-like protein expressed using an adenoviral approach was localized predominantly to the nucleus and to a lesser extent to the cytoplasm of rat granulosa cells. In conclusion, this is the first report showing the spatiotemporally regulated expression of Xlr5c-like mRNA by hCG in rat periovulatory ovaries. P4/PGR mediates the LH-induced increase in Xlr5c-like mRNA. In turn, Xlr5c-like is involved in regulating the expression of specific ovulatory genes such as Snap25, Cxcr4, and Adamts1, possibly acting in the nucleus of periovulatory granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Mishra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Ji Yeon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Kalin Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
| | - Misung Jo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chandler Medical Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA.
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Shi YQ, Zhuang XJ, Xu B, Hua J, Liao SY, Shi Q, Cooke HJ, Han C. SYCP3-like X-linked 2 is expressed in meiotic germ cells and interacts with synaptonemal complex central element protein 2 and histone acetyltransferase TIP60. Gene 2013; 527:352-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Soeno Y, Fujita K, Kudo T, Asagiri M, Kakuta S, Taya Y, Shimazu Y, Sato K, Tanaka-Fujita R, Kubo S, Iwakura Y, Nakamura Y, Mori S, Aoba T. Generation of a mouse model with down-regulated U50 snoRNA (SNORD50) expression and its organ-specific phenotypic modulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72105. [PMID: 23991050 PMCID: PMC3753356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Box C/D-type small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are functional RNAs responsible for mediating 2'-O-ribose methylation of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) within the nucleolus. In the past years, evidence for the involvement of human U50 snoRNA in tumorigenesis has been accumulating. We previously identified U50HG, a non-protein-coding gene that hosted a box C/D-type U50 snoRNA, in a chromosomal breakpoint in a human B-cell lymphoma. Mouse genome analysis revealed four mouse U50 (mU50) host-genes: three mU50HG-a gene variants that were clustered in the genome and an mU50HG-b gene that we supposed to be the U50HG ortholog. In this study, to investigate the physiological importance of mU50 snoRNA and its involvement in tumorigenesis, we eliminated mU50 snoRNA sequences from the mU50HG-b gene. The established mouse line (ΔmU50(HG-b)) showed a significant reduction of mU50 snoRNA expression without alteration of the host-gene length and exon-intron structure, and the corresponding target rRNA methylation in various organs was reduced. Lifelong phenotypic monitoring showed that the ΔmU50(HG-b) mice looked almost normal without accelerated tumorigenicity; however, a notable difference was the propensity for anomalies in the lymphoid organs. Transcriptome analysis showed that dozens of genes, including heat shock proteins, were differentially expressed in ΔmU50(HG-b) mouse lymphocytes. This unique model of a single snoRNA knockdown with intact host-gene expression revealed further new insights into the discrete transcriptional regulation of multiple mU50 host-genes and the complicated dynamics involved in organ-specific processing and maintenance of snoRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuichi Soeno
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Fujita
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Kudo
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masataka Asagiri
- Innovation Center for Immunoregulation and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Taya
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shimazu
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Sato
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Tanaka-Fujita
- Risk Assessment Division, Food Safety Commission Secretariat, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kubo
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Division of RNA Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Ribomic Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Mori
- Kotobiken Medical Laboratories Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Aoba
- Department of Pathology, School of Life Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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McFarlane L, Truong V, Palmer JS, Wilhelm D. Novel PCR assay for determining the genetic sex of mice. Sex Dev 2013; 7:207-11. [PMID: 23571295 DOI: 10.1159/000348677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies require the determination of the genetic sex of mouse embryos before sexual differentiation and/or of mutant mice that display partial or complete sex reversal. The majority of current methods for sexing by PCR involve multiplexing of 2 primer pairs. We have developed a novel sexing PCR using a single primer pair that amplifies fragments from the X and the Y chromosome with a clear size difference between the respective amplicons. This assay provides a rapid and reliable method to identify the genetic sex of mice across different mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McFarlane
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Tsutsumi M, Kogo H, Kowa-Sugiyama H, Inagaki H, Ohye T, Kurahashi H. Characterization of a Novel Mouse Gene Encoding an SYCP3-Like Protein That Relocalizes from the XY Body to the Nucleolus During Prophase of Male Meiosis I1. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:165-71. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.087270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Zhuang XJ, Hou XJ, Liao SY, Wang XX, Cooke HJ, Zhang M, Han C. SLXL1, a novel acrosomal protein, interacts with DKKL1 and is involved in fertilization in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20866. [PMID: 21698294 PMCID: PMC3115956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spermatogenesis is a complex cellular developmental process which involves diverse families of genes. The Xlr (X-linked, lymphocyte regulated) family includes multiple members, only a few of which have reported functions in meiosis, post-meiotic maturation, and fertilization of germ cells. Slx-like1 (Slxl1) is a member of the Xlr family, whose expression and function in spermatogenesis need to be elucidated. Methodology/Principal Findings The mRNA and protein expression and localization of Slxl1 were investigated by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in different tissues and at different stages of spermatogenesis. The interacting partner of SLXL1 was examined by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization. Assessment of the role of SLXL1 in capacitation, acrosome reaction, zona pellucida binding/penetration, and fertilization was carried out in vitro using blocking antisera. The results showed that Slxl1 mRNA and protein were specifically expressed in the testis. SLXL1 was exclusively located in the acrosome of post-meiotic germ cells and interacts with DKKL1 (Dickkopf-like1), which is an acrosome-associated protein and plays an important role in fertilization. The rates of zona pellucida binding/penetration and fertilization were significantly reduced by the anti-SLXL1 polyclonal antiserum. Conclusions/Significance SLXL1 is the first identified member of the XLR family that is associated with acrosome and is involved in zona pellucid binding/penetration and subsequent fertilization. These results, together with previous studies, suggest that Xlr family members participate in diverse processes from meiosis to fertilization during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-jie Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-jun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Ying Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Howard J. Cooke
- Institute of Genetic and Molecular Medicine MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Animal Reproduction Institute, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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8
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Cohen P. Murine models of immunodeficiency and autoimmune disease. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2008; Appendix 1:Appendix 1E. [PMID: 18432641 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.ima01es17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetically determined murine immunodeficiency states are useful for understanding the function of specific immune-system genes and cellpopulations. In addition, certain immunodeficient strains may be exploited as hosts for foreign tumors or immune cells. The more commonly used immunodeficiency models are described in this appendix. Not included are strains better known for primary neurological or neuromuscular abnormalities or for defective osteoclast function. Many of the recently described immune-deficient "knockout" strains are described, including cytokine and cytokine receptor knockout strains. The most widely studied murine strains for autoimmune disease and experimental autoreactivity are also listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cohen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Escalier D, Eloy L, Garchon HJ. Sex-specific gene expression during meiotic prophase I: Xlr (X linked, lymphocyte regulated), not its male homologue Xmr (Xlr related, meiosis regulated), is expressed in mouse oocytes. Biol Reprod 2002; 67:1646-52. [PMID: 12390899 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.006973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Xmr (Xlr related, meiosis regulated) gene product is abundantly expressed in primary spermatocytes and is notably associated with nonrecombining segments of sex chromosomes in the XY body. Here we determined whether Xmr was expressed in meiotic oocytes. This was done by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and cDNA sequencing, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. Unexpectedly, no Xmr message was detected in mouse fetal oocytes. Instead, Xlr (X linked, lymphocyte regulated), a closely related gene expressed in fetal thymus cells at the time of antigen-receptor gene rearrangement, was expressed in oocytes throughout meiotic prophase I. These findings indicate a sex-specific expression of two closely related members of the Xlr gene family during meiotic prophase I. The XLR protein may provide a useful marker for studies on chromatin condensation or DNA recombination in oocytes. In addition, because of the localization of the Xlr sequence family on the mouse X chromosome, the human equivalent of Xlr is a candidate gene for premature ovarian failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Escalier
- Laboratoire de Cytologie et Histologie, EA1533, 45, Rue des Saints Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.
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Escalier D, Allenet B, Badrichani A, Garchon HJ. High Level Expression of the Xlr Nuclear Protein in Immature Thymocytes and Colocalization with the Matrix-Associated Region-Binding SATB1 Protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.1.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The X-linked lymphocyte-regulated (Xlr) protein is a 30,000 Mr nuclear protein bearing homology with meiosis-specific proteins and expressed in late stage B lymphoid cell lines. In the present study we investigated its expression in the T lymphoid lineage. In adults, a high level of expression was detected in CD4−CD8− thymocytes. Most remarkably, the peak of Xlr expression occurred early during thymus cell ontogeny, precisely on days 14–15 of gestation, and was associated with the first wave of pre-T cell differentiation. Its onset preceded the rearrangement of TCR genes, as Xlr expression was conserved in thymus cells from RAG10/0 mice. The lower expression of Xlr on day 13 of fetal development, the bright Thy1+ phenotype of Xlr-positive cells, their large size, and their absence from subcapsular areas suggest that Xlr expression must be turned on within the thymus and not in prethymic precursors. From day 16 of gestation, Xlr expression decreased markedly. At birth and later, Xlrhigh cells were mostly large cells scattered throughout the cortical area. As shown by confocal microscopy, expression of Xlr closely overlapped that of SATB1, which binds special AT-rich DNA sequences associated with the nuclear matrix and plays an important regulatory role for many genes. The remarkably regulated expression of Xlr in the lymphoid cell lineage and of its homologue Xmr in the germ cell lineage suggests that they might play an important role in chromatin metabolism at critical stages of differentiation during which the genome undergoes irreversible rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Escalier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 25, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Allenet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 25, Paris, France
| | - Anne Badrichani
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 25, Paris, France
| | - Henri-Jean Garchon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 25, Paris, France
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11
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Allenet B, Escalier D, Garchon HJ. A putative human equivalent of the murine Xlr (X-linked, lymphocyte-regulated) protein. Mamm Genome 1995; 6:640-4. [PMID: 8535073 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The murine Xlr (X-linked, lymphocyte-regulated) gene family was originally identified by subtractive cDNA hybridization and cloning. It was found to encode two 30-kDa nuclear proteins expressed in lymphoid cells and in primary spermatocytes in a developmentally regulated manner. Our data show that, in contrast to most X-linked genes, the Xlr family is not conserved at the DNA level between mouse and human. However, using anti-Xlr antibodies, an Xlr-immunoreactive nuclear protein of M(r) 30,000 was characterized in human RAJI B-lymphoblastoid cells by flow cytofluorimetry, by immunoblotting, and by immunocytolabeling. An Xlr-like molecule was also found to be expressed in human activated lymphocytes and in human primary spermatocytes, with a stage specificity similar to that known in the mouse. In contrast, no Xlr-immunoreactive protein was detected in a series of human tissues including brain, skeletal muscle, colon, liver, and kidney, revealing a tissue-specific expression pattern similar to that of murine Xlr. These findings most likely identify a human equivalent of Xlr. The Xlr genes belong to a small category of X-linked genes, including STS, MIC2, CSF2RA, and KAL, that diverge at the DNA level in human and in mice. Characterization of the human XLR gene(s) should now be feasible with anti-Xlr antibodies and an expression cloning system. It should provide new insights into the evolution of mammalian X Chromosome (Chr).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Allenet
- INSERM U25, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
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12
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Davis MM. Tracking an Imaginary Monster. Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012274020-6/50015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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13
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Bergsagel PL, Timblin CR, Kozak CA, Kuehl WM. Sequence and expression of murine cDNAs encoding Xlr3a and Xlr3b, defining a new X-linked lymphocyte-regulated Xlr gene subfamily. Gene X 1994; 150:345-50. [PMID: 7821804 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a subtractive cDNA approach we have identified two nearly identical genes, Xlr3a and Xlr3b (X-linked lymphocyte regulated), expressed at a consistently high level in 14 out of 14 murine plasmacytoma cell lines, at a high level in 1 out of 8 B-lymphoma cell lines, and at a very low level in 2 out of the 8 B-lymphoma cell lines. The messages are not detected in 10 pre-B-lymphoma cell lines. These genes express 2.0-kb mRNAs that encode 226-amino-acid proteins that are extremely basic, with an estimated pI of 8.1 and 9.0, respectively. By sequence comparison they are homologous to Xlr1, an acidic nuclear protein that is produced in lymphoid cell lines corresponding to the late stages of lymphocyte differentiation. Xlr2 is a highly homologous gene that is expressed in differentiating male germ cells. Xlr3a and Xlr3b are members of a new subfamily in the Xlr multigene family. Like Xlr1, they are up-regulated during B-cell terminal differentiation in normal and neoplastic B-cells, and cross-hybridize with a message in testis RNA. Also, like Xlr1, they do not cross-hybridize with human genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Bergsagel
- Navy Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889-5105
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14
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Jansson L, Holmdahl R. Genes on the X chromosome affect development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 94:459-65. [PMID: 8252807 PMCID: PMC1534441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1993.tb08218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice is associated with a class II gene in MHC (Aq) but also with unknown genes outside MHC. Investigated here is the influence of genes on the X chromosome as well as the role of the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) mutation. Reciprocal male F1 hybrids, bred to be heterozygous or homozygous for Aq, showed a genetic influence in their susceptibility to develop CIA. Crosses were made between B10.G, B10.Q, DBA/1, SWR/J, C3H.Q and CBA/Ca, and all F1 mice were castrated to avoid sex hormone modulation of the susceptibility. A differential timing of arthritis onset and severity were seen in the reciprocal F1 males. An exception was the reciprocal F1 male offspring from SWR/J and DBA/1 crosses which differed only in disease severity late in the course of the disease. The female F1 crosses did not show the same pattern of differential susceptibility to CIA as the F1 males. To exclude the possible influence of the Y chromosome, F1 males of reciprocal crosses were back-crossed to the parental strains creating offspring with equal X chromosomes but divergent Y chromosomes. No difference in development of arthritis was observed in these. The influence of the xid mutation was investigated next. The xid loci from the CBA/N mouse was bred into DBA/1 strain which is highly susceptible to CIA. The resulting congenic DBA/1-xid strain was resistant to induction of CIA and did not develop an antibody response to type II collagen. We conclude that polymorphic genes on the X chromosome modulate susceptibility to CIA. The results from the experiments with mice carrying xid mutations confirm that such immune modulating genes exist on the sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jansson
- Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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15
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Sakaguchi N, Matsuo T, Nomura J, Kuwahara K, Igarashi H, Inui S. Immunoglobulin receptor-associated molecules. Adv Immunol 1993; 54:337-92. [PMID: 8379465 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Sakaguchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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16
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068 Isolation of a possible human counterpart to the murine XLR genes. Anal Bioanal Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00332062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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18
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de Saint Basile G, Fischer A. X-linked immunodeficiencies: clues to genes involved in T- and B-cell differentiation. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1991; 12:456-61. [PMID: 1686172 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(91)90019-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There are five major human X-linked immunodeficiencies, each with a characteristic impairment of T-and/or B-cell differentiation. The molecular bases of these diseases remain unknown but, as Geneviève de Saint Basile and Alain Fischer report, major steps towards that goal have been taken: the location of the defective genes has been precisely defined and the cell lineages and stages of differentiation in which the genes are expressed have been partly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Saint Basile
- Unit 132, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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19
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Abstract
Genetic studies of experimental models of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus-like syndromes and organ-specific autoimmunity, provide major information on genetic control of autoimmune diseases. In addition to genes known to be linked to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), these studies point to multiple genes located outside the MHC that influence the onset and the progression of autoimmune diseases. Identification of these genes and of their interrelationships is now a major task that will be facilitated by recent progress in molecular biology and gene mapping. Among candidate genes, antigen-receptor genes (i.e., immunoglobulin- and T-cell receptor genes) most likely contribute an important part of the autoimmune susceptibility in several of these animal models. Available linkage data suggest a similar involvement of these antigen-receptor genes in several human autoimmune diseases. In addition to a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms associated with autoimmunity, the knowledge of these disease-predisposing genes is expected to permit a better classification of often complex syndromes as well as the design of new treatments.
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20
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Abstract
Mutations at more than 30 loci in mice have been shown to cause deleterious effects on the immune system. Immunologic defects caused by certain of these mutations are determined at the level of hematopoietic progenitor cells or at the level of hematopoietic cell-stromal cell interactions. The immunological mutants described in this paper serve as experimental tools with which to increase our understanding of the development and regulation of the mammalian immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Shultz
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
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22
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Sanger WG, Grierson HL, Skare J, Wyandt H, Pirruccello S, Fordyce R, Purtilo DT. Partial Xq25 deletion in a family with the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP). CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1990; 47:163-9. [PMID: 1972651 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(90)90026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) results in exquisite vulnerability to EBV infection: fatal infectious mononucleosis (IM), acquired hypogammaglobulinemia and/or malignant lymphoma occur invariably following infection with the virus. We have identified the XLP locus using the DXS42 DNA probe having restriction length polymorphisms (RFLP). We report an interstitial deletion involving a portion of the Xq25 region in the X chromosome of an affected male, one sister, and their mother. Concordance has been established between the presence of a deletion and RFLP linkage analysis with the DXS42 probe in the kindred. This finding will contribute substantially to the mapping, cloning, and sequencing of the gene responsible for XLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Sanger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68105-1065
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23
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Hiernaux JR, Baker PJ, McEvoy SJ, Stashak PW, Fauntleroy MB, Goidl EA. Characterization of the immunodeficiency of RIIIS/J mice: immune response to polysaccharide antigens. Infect Immun 1990; 58:1261-8. [PMID: 1691141 PMCID: PMC258618 DOI: 10.1128/iai.58.5.1261-1268.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RIIIS/J mice lack an autosomal dominant gene(s) that influences the magnitude of the antibody response to several polysaccharide antigens of bacterial origin. Low responsiveness is demonstrable whether polysaccharide is administered as a T-helper-cell-independent or -dependent antigen conjugated to an immunogenic carrier; however, RIIIS/J mice make good anti-hapten antibody responses to haptenated polysaccharides. The low antibody responses of RIIIS/J mice to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide do not appear to be the results of an imbalance in the activity of regulatory T lymphocytes. Compared with other strains of mice, RIIIS/J mice elicit low antibody responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). They do not develop a cyclic primary or secondary antibody response to Escherichia coli O113 LPS; the latter is not due to a lack of mitogenic response to E. coli O113 LPS. They also produce auto-anti-idiotypic antibody after being immunized with trinitrophenyl-Ficoll.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hiernaux
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Twinbrook II Research Facility, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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24
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Garchon HJ, Loh E, Ho WY, Amar L, Avner P, Davis MM. The XLR sequence family: dispersion on the X and Y chromosomes of a large set of closely related sequences, most of which are pseudogenes. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:9871-88. [PMID: 2602144 PMCID: PMC335220 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.23.9871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The XLR sequence family encodes RNA transcripts specific to late-stage T and B cells and their neoplasms. Only one apparently functional mRNA has been identified thus far and this encodes a novel 25 kDa nuclear protein. In this report, we find that the XLR gene family is composed of 50-75 copies per haploid genome which localize to at least two different portions of the mouse X chromosome. Neither of these locations are near the xid mutation that earlier work had correlated with XLR. In addition, some members of this family are also on the Y chromosome. Another surprising finding is that while the fourteen genomic clones examined to date have the same exon-intron structure and are closely related with respect to sequence conservation (90%), all appear (in most cases by multiple criteria) to be non-functional, raising the possibility that all but one of the members of this large semi-dispersed family are pseudogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Garchon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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25
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Garchon HJ, Davis MM. The XLR gene product defines a novel set of proteins stabilized in the nucleus by zinc ions. J Cell Biol 1989; 108:779-87. [PMID: 2493459 PMCID: PMC2115372 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.108.3.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The major product of the XLR (X-chromosomal, lymphocyte-regulated) locus is found to be a 30-kD nuclear protein with a relatively short (t1/2 approximately equal to 2 h) half-life. Together with its stage- and tissue-specific pattern of expression, this suggests a role for this protein in the regulation of differentiation in T and B lymphocytes. Interestingly, the XLR protein almost completely leaches out of the nucleus after lysis of cells in low salt buffer, but is stabilized in that location by metal cations, particularly Zn++. This stabilization is reversible by chelating agents (o-phenanthroline, EDTA) which also release a number of other polypeptides in addition to XLR. These results suggest that XLR represents a novel class of nuclear proteins, and that cations such as zinc may play a role in the localization of these proteins in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Garchon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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26
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Abstract
We have previously described a set of human T-lymphocyte-specific cDNA clones isolated by a modified differential screening procedure. Apparent full-length cDNAs containing the sequences of 14 of the 16 initial isolates were sequenced and were found to represent five different species of mRNA; three of the five species were identical to previously reported cDNA sequences of preproenkephalin, T-cell-replacing factor, and a serine esterase, respectively. The other two species, 4-1BB and L2G25B, were inducible sequences found in mRNA from both a cytolytic T-lymphocyte and a helper T-lymphocyte clone and were not previously described in T-cell mRNA; these mRNA sequences encode peptides of 256 and 92 amino acids, respectively. Both peptides contain putative leader sequences. The protein encoded by 4-1BB also has a potential membrane anchor segment and other features also seen in known receptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46223
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kipps
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zouali
- Tufts University Health Sciences Campus, Department of Biochemistry, Boston, MA 02111
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Conley
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Philadelphia, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pa. 19104
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30
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Siegel JN, Turner CA, Klinman DM, Wilkinson M, Steinberg AD, MacLeod CL, Paul WE, Davis MM, Cohen DI. Sequence analysis and expression of an X-linked, lymphocyte-regulated gene family (XLR). J Exp Med 1987; 166:1702-15. [PMID: 3681192 PMCID: PMC2188785 DOI: 10.1084/jem.166.6.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The XLR gene family consists of approximately 10 X-linked genes, the expression of which is regulated in lymphocyte development. Certain members of the gene family are closely linked to the murine xid immune deficiency mutation. Sequence analysis of a cDNA clone pM1 derived from the plasmacytoma MOPC167 showed an open reading frame capable of coding for a protein of 208 amino acids and mol wt 24,000. The lack of a signal peptide or transmembrane region indicates a probable cytoplasmic or nuclear localization for the predicted pM1 protein. The predicted protein shares significant homology with lamins A and C and other members of the intermediate filament family of proteins, and shares features important for the coiled-coil structure proposed for these proteins. Analysis of cDNA clones derived from a presecretory lymphoma and from adult thymus indicates that B and T lymphocytes transcribe a common major mRNA identical to pM1, while other rare transcripts were also identified by these studies. A series of clonal T lymphoma lines representing distinct stages of thymic differentiation showed that, as with B lymphoid tumors, XLR expression is correlated with the maturation of the thymomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Siegel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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31
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Abstract
X-linked genes are conserved among all mammalian species, but the organization of genes on the X chromosome varies from one species to another. This review summarizes the evidence for established gene homologies between mice and human beings. It also describes genes that are possible homologies because of their locations in the human and murine X chromosomes and similarities in the phenotypes they produce. Based on current knowledge of homologous gene location, the human and murine X chromosomes appear to contain four highly conserved segments and differ in organization by only three to four simple chromosomal rearrangements.
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32
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Forrester LM, Ansell JD, Micklem HS. Development of B lymphocytes in mice heterozygous for the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) mutation. xid inhibits development of all splenic and lymph node B cells at a stage subsequent to their initial formation in bone marrow. J Exp Med 1987; 165:949-58. [PMID: 3494095 PMCID: PMC2188583 DOI: 10.1084/jem.165.4.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CBA/N mice were crossed with CBA/Ca-Pgk-1a to produce female F1 hybrids that were heterozygous for both xid and the phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK-1) allozymes. PGK acted as a quantifiable marker for the frequency of cells in which the xid-bearing X chromosome was active in lymphocytic and other cell populations. In adults, such cells (termed xid cells) were virtually absent in FACS-sorted splenic and lymph node B cells, and in all three splenic subpopulations distinguished on the basis of their relative expression of membrane mu and delta chains. Thus, the xid mutation appeared to compromise the development of all B cells. Erythrocytes, thymocytes, T cells, and granulocytes were unaffected. Selection against xid cells was less pronounced in the spleens of 2-6-wk-old mice. In the bone marrow, there was evidence for selection against xid in the production of B cells (except at 2 wk of age), but not at the pre-B cell level. These data suggest that, in competition with normal non-xid cells, newly-formed xid B cells were less likely to be incorporated into the peripheral B cell pool.
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33
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Sakaguchi N, Berger CN, Melchers F. Cloning of murine B-lymphocyte differentiation stage-specific genes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1987; 135:139-48. [PMID: 3495411 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71851-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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34
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Palacios R, Leu T. CC11: a monoclonal antibody specific for interleukin 3-sensitive mouse cells defines two major populations of B cell precursors in the bone marrow. Immunol Rev 1986; 93:125-46. [PMID: 3491035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1986.tb01505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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35
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Zubler RH, Huang YP, Miescher PA. Mechanisms of physiologic B cell responses and B cell hyperactivity in systemic lupus erythematosus. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1986; 9:195-218. [PMID: 2949381 DOI: 10.1007/bf02099022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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36
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Bentwich Z, Shalev Y, Segal R, Katz D, Mozes E. Immune response potential and its genetic regulation in autoimmune diseases. Alterations in systemic lupus erythematosus and thyroid autoimmune diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 475:227-30. [PMID: 2947529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb20871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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37
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Steinberg AD, Triem KH, Smith HR, Laskin CA, Rosenberg YJ, Klinman DM, Mushinski JF, Mountz JD. Studies of the effects of Y chromosome factors on the expression of autoimmune disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 475:200-18. [PMID: 3538971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb20869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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38
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Waldmann TA. Immunodeficiency: immunoregulation and immunogenetics. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1986; 40:25-36. [PMID: 3087667 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(86)90066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, our knowledge of normal immunologic development and function as well as disorders that lead to immunodeficiency has expanded rapidly as a result of the interplay between studies of the immune system in animals and studies of patients with immunodeficiency diseases or with malignancies of the cells of the lymphoid system. The study of immunodeficiency diseases has been particularly valuable in defining the critical stages in the differentiation of stem cells into mature lymphoid effector cells and the roles played by different subpopulations of cells in regulating the immune response. Our understanding of the immunodeficiency diseases has been facilitated by a number of important advances: (a) The identification of distinct surface determinants on lymphoid cells has led to improved procedures for the isolation of defined lymphoid cell subpopulations; (b) the demonstration that both T- and B-cell populations encompass subpopulations of lymphocytes with different and at times opposing functions; (c) the development of in vitro techniques to assess the functional behavior of isolated lymphoid subpopulations; and (d) the isolation and characterization of genes encoding immunoglobulin molecules and the antigen-specific T-cell receptor, thus defining at a molecular level the mechanisms leading to antibody diversity and to the organization of a recognition unit on T lymphocytes. These advances have not only been important for our understanding of the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency in patients with congenital and acquired immunodeficiency disorders, but have also provided the scientific basis for more rational approaches to the diagnosis and therapy of these disorders. This report will review (a) the defects in cellular maturation, cellular interaction, and cellular biosynthesis that have been observed in patients with immunodeficiency diseases; (b) the immunoglobulin gene rearrangements that are involved in the generation of antibody diversity; (c) the structure and genetic basis for the generation of antigen-specific T-cell receptors; and (d) potential future applications of molecular genetic approaches to the definition of the pathogenesis and to the treatment of immunodeficiency diseases.
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39
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Smith HR, Littell N, Steinberg AD. Splenic migration of xid and non-xid splenic B cells. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1986; 39:379-93. [PMID: 3486071 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(86)90166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The X-linked immune deficiency gene (xid) has been viewed as inducing either a deficiency in a B-cell subset or in B-cell maturation. The present experiments were performed in an attempt to better understand whether (a) xid B cells migrate differently from mature and immature non-xid B cells, and (b) whether the failure of mature B cells to be found in xid spleen, but not Peyer's patches, is secondary to migratory differences, especially the possible inability of xid spleens to receive mature B cells. We employed the technique of internally fluorescein labeling donor cells and subsequent injection into recipients. Double labeling permitted analysis of B or T cells by two-color flow microfluorometry. Functional studies revealed that labeled cells appropriately responded to TI-1 and TI-2 antigens after migration. We found that (a) adult xid splenic B cells do not migrate to spleen as well as adult non-xid splenic B cells, (b) the migration of adult xid splenic B cells to spleen resembles that of neonatal (xid and non-xid) B cells, (c) equal masses of xid and non-xid spleens have an equal capacity to receive either xid or non-xid splenic B cells, and (d) the migration of xid and non-xid T cells is similar. These results suggest that xid B cells do not migrate normally, but that migratory differences cannot account for the failure of mature B cells to be found in xid spleens.
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Abstract
During a primary immune response, murine B lymphocytes are induced to express the gene for the immunoglobulin J chain. As a first step in determining the mechanism of induction, genomic DNA clones encoding the murine J chain were obtained from cell lines representative of B lymphocytes before and after J chain expression. Analysis of the coding regions showed that the J chain gene has a different structure from the other immunoglobulin genes. It consists of four exons organized in a simple 7.3-kilobase transcription unit that does not require DNA rearrangement or alternative processing for expression. These structural properties indicate that transcription of the J chain gene is initiated by changes in chromatin conformation, probably involving a J chain-specific DNA-binding factor. Analysis of the 5' flanking sequences of the J chain gene, on the other hand, showed that the promoter region contains two conserved elements that have been implicated in the lymphocyte-specific expression of the light chain genes. The sharing of these elements suggests that, once the J chain gene is activated, its transcription is regulated by mechanisms similar to those controlling the light chain genes.
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41
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Darling S, Goodfellow P. Lymphocyte development genes and immunodeficiency disease. Nature 1985; 314:318. [PMID: 4039038 DOI: 10.1038/314318a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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42
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Cohen DI, Hedrick SM, Nielsen EA, D'Eustachio P, Ruddle F, Steinberg AD, Paul WE, Davis MM. Isolation of a cDNA clone corresponding to an X-linked gene family (XLR) closely linked to the murine immunodeficiency disorder xid. Nature 1985; 314:369-72. [PMID: 2984575 DOI: 10.1038/314369a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The striking number of human and murine immunodeficiency disorders which map to the X chromosome suggests that genes localized on this chromosome must have important roles in lymphocyte development. At least seven distinct disorders in the human and two in the mouse disrupt lymphocyte maturation, particularly that of B cells, at characteristic stages. As functional genes mapping to the X chromosome in one mammal are found on the X chromosome in all other mammals, the same genes regulating lymphocyte development are expected to be found on the X chromosome in mouse and man. Investigations into the possible mechanisms of these X-linked disorders have been hampered by the lack of molecular probes for the genes or gene products affected; because of this, and the possibility of correlating one or more of the several hundred B- or T-cell-specific genes with a specific mutation, we surveyed 15 different B- and T-cell-specific cDNA clones for localization to the X chromosome. We report here the characterization of one of these murine cDNA clones, which hybridizes with a large, X-linked gene family, designated XLR (X-linked, lymphocyte-regulated). We show that the XLR gene family is closely linked to the X-linked immunodeficiency described in the CBA/N mouse strain (xid), by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA from mice congeneic for xid. This finding, together with data on the expression of the XLR locus in B cells, indicates that this gene family either includes the locus defined by the xid mutation or is adjacent to it in a gene complex which may be important in lymphocyte differentiation.
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