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Santos ACF, Lucas CA, Lago AF, Oliveira RR, Rocha AB, de Souza GGB. Ionic Fragmentation of the Halothane Molecule Induced by EUV and Soft X-ray Radiation. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:7407-7416. [PMID: 39178341 PMCID: PMC11382275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
EUV and soft X-ray-induced photofragmentation of the halothane (CF3CHBrCl) molecule has been investigated using time-of-flight mass spectrometry in the coincidence mode (PEPICO) covering the valence region and vicinity of the bromine 3d, chlorine 2p, and carbon 1s edges. Total and partial ion yields have been recorded as a function of photon energy. At lower photon energies, the heavier singly charged molecular fragments predominate in the mass spectra. On the other hand, there is a strong tendency to the atomization of the molecule at higher photon energies. Despite the different chemical environments experienced by the two carbon atoms, weak site-specific fragmentation is observed. In addition, ab initio quantum mechanical calculations at the MP2 level and a series of computations with multiconfigurational self-consistent field have been performed to describe the inner-shell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C F Santos
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - C A Lucas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói 24020-141, Brazil
| | - A F Lago
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André 09210-580, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R R Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - A B Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - G G B de Souza
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro 21949-900, RJ, Brazil
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Gonzalez-Pizarro P, Brazzi L, Koch S, Trinks A, Muret J, Sperna Weiland N, Jovanovic G, Cortegiani A, Fernandes TD, Kranke P, Malisiova A, McConnell P, Misquita L, Romero CS, Bilotta F, De Robertis E, Buhre W. European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care consensus document on sustainability: 4 scopes to achieve a more sustainable practice. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2024; 41:260-277. [PMID: 38235604 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is a defining issue for our generation. The carbon footprint of clinical practice accounts for 4.7% of European greenhouse gas emissions, with the European Union ranking as the third largest contributor to the global healthcare industry's carbon footprint, after the United States and China. Recognising the importance of urgent action, the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC) adopted the Glasgow Declaration on Environmental Sustainability in June 2023. Building on this initiative, the ESAIC Sustainability Committee now presents a consensus document in perioperative sustainability. Acknowledging wider dimensions of sustainability, beyond the environmental one, the document recognizes healthcare professionals as cornerstones for sustainable care, and puts forward recommendations in four main areas: direct emissions, energy, supply chain and waste management, and psychological and self-care of healthcare professionals. Given the urgent need to cut global carbon emissions, and the scarcity of evidence-based literature on perioperative sustainability, our methodology is based on expert opinion recommendations. A total of 90 recommendations were drafted by 13 sustainability experts in anaesthesia in March 2023, then validated by 36 experts from 24 different countries in a two-step Delphi validation process in May and June 2023. To accommodate different possibilities for action in high- versus middle-income countries, an 80% agreement threshold was set to ease implementation of the recommendations Europe-wide. All recommendations surpassed the 80% agreement threshold in the first Delphi round, and 88 recommendations achieved an agreement >90% in the second round. Recommendations include the use of very low fresh gas flow, choice of anaesthetic drug, energy and water preserving measures, "5R" policies including choice of plastics and their disposal, and recommendations to keep a healthy work environment or on the importance of fatigue in clinical practice. Executive summaries of recommendations in areas 1, 2 and 3 are available as cognitive aids that can be made available for quick reference in the operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Gonzalez-Pizarro
- From the Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia and Critical Care. La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (PGP), the Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, 'Citta' della Salute e della Scienza' University Hospital, Department of Surgical Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (LB), the University of Southern Denmark (SDU) Odense, Department of Anesthesia, Hospital of Nykobing Falster, Denmark (SK), the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, and Campus Virchow Klinikum (SK), the Department of Anaesthesiology. LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany (AT), the Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. Institute Curie & PSL Research University, Paris, France (JM), the Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (NSW), the Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperatve Medicine. Medical Faculty, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia (GJ), the Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Science, University of Palermo, Italy. Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, University Hospital Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy (AC), the Department of Anaesthesiology, Hospital Pedro Hispano, Matosinhos, Portugal (TDF), the Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (PK), the Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain. P&A Kyriakou Children's Hospital Athens Greece (AM), Royal Alexandra Hospital. Paisley, Scotland, United Kingdom (PM), Department of Neuro-anaesthesia and Neurocritical Care, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, England, United Kingdom (LM), the Department of Anesthesia, Critical care and Pain Unit, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia. Research Methods Department, European University of Valencia, Spain (CR), the "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Rome, Italy (FB), the Division of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care - Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Perugia Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy (EDR), the Division of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands (WB)
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3
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Vukalović J, Marinković BP, Rosado J, Blanco F, García G, Maljković JB. Investigating theoretical and experimental cross sections for elastic electron scattering from isoflurane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:985-991. [PMID: 38088093 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive analysis of elastic electron scattering from isoflurane in the intermediate energy range of 50-300 eV. This research is motivated by the significant impact of this molecule on global warming effects. We conducted this investigation through experimental measurements using a crossed-beam apparatus and covering a wide angular range from 25 to 125 degrees. Relative differential cross sections (DCSs) were obtained and subsequently normalized on an absolute scale by using the relative flow technique, with argon as the reference gas. These DCS values were then extrapolated and integrated to determine the experimental integral cross sections (ICSs). Additionally, we employed the independent atom model and the screening corrected additivity rule with incorporated Interference effects (IAM-SCAR+I) to calculate the theoretical differential and integral cross-sections. Remarkably, the calculated cross sections align closely with the experimental measurements across the entire energy and angular range. Furthermore, this study involved a comparison of the DCSs for isoflurane with previously published DCS values for two other volatile anesthetics, sevoflurane and halothane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vukalović
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia.
- Faculty of Science, University of Banja Luka, Mladena Stojanovic'a 2, 78000 Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Bratislav P Marinković
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia.
| | - Jaime Rosado
- Departamento de Física Atómica Molecular y Nuclear, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco
- Departamento de Física Atómica Molecular y Nuclear, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 121, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jelena B Maljković
- Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia.
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4
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McGain F, Shelton C, McAlister S. French professional society guidelines on improving patient and planetary health: Liberté, égalité, fraternité… et durabilité! Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2023; 42:101292. [PMID: 37562691 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2023.101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Forbes McGain
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Clifford Shelton
- Department of Anaesthesia, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Scott McAlister
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Sulbaek Andersen MP, Nielsen OJ, Sherman JD. Assessing the potential climate impact of anaesthetic gases. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e622-e629. [PMID: 37438003 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing concern within the health-care community about the role care delivery plays in environmental degradation, sparking research into how to reduce pollution from clinical practice. Inhaled anaesthetics is a particular research area of interest for two reasons. First, several gases are potent greenhouse gases, and waste gas is mostly emitted directly to the environment. Second, there are options to reduce gas waste and substitute medications and procedures with fewer embodied emissions while delivering high-quality care. Performance improvements are contingent on a proper understanding of the emission estimates and climate metrics used to ensure consistent application in guiding mitigation strategies and accounting at various scales. We review the current literature on the environmental impact and the estimation of the potential climate forcing of common inhaled anaesthetic drugs: desflurane, sevoflurane, isoflurane, methoxyflurane, and nitrous oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Peter Sulbaek Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA; Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ole John Nielsen
- Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jodi D Sherman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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6
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Lachowska S, Antończyk A, Tunikowska J, Godniak M, Kiełbowicz Z. Reduction of greenhouse gases emission through the use of tiletamine and zolazepam. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9508. [PMID: 35681078 PMCID: PMC9184519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane is an anaesthetic gas widely used in both human and veterinary medicine. All currently used volatile anaesthetics are ozone-depleting halogenated compounds. The use of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) allows to induce the effect of general anaesthesia by administering drugs only intravenously without the use of anaesthetic gases. This allows you to create a protocol that is safe not only for the patient, but also for doctors and the environment. However, so far, no anaesthetic protocol based on induction of anaesthesia with tiletamine-zolazepam without the need to maintain anaesthesia with anaesthetic gas has been developed. Our study showed that the use of this combination of drugs for induction does not require the use of additional isoflurane to maintain anaesthesia. Thanks to Dixon's up-and-down method we proved that with the induction of anaesthesia with tiletamine-zolazepam at a dose of 5 mg/kg the use of isoflurane is not needed to maintain anaesthesia in minimally invasive surgical procedures. Until now, this dose has been recommended by the producer for more diagnostic than surgical procedures or for induction of general anaesthesia. The maintenance was required with anaesthetic gas or administration of another dose of the tiletamine-zolazepam. The results obtained in this study will allow for a significant reduction in the consumption of isoflurane, a gas co-responsible for the deepening of the greenhouse effect, having a negative impact on patients and surgeons. These results are certainly the first step to achieving a well-balanced and safe TIVA-based anaesthetic protocol using tiletamine-zolazepam, the obvious goal of which will be to maximize both the safety of the patient, people involved in surgical procedures, and the environment itself. Being aware of the problem of the greenhouse effect, we are committed to reducing the consumption of anaesthetic gases by replacing them with infusion agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lachowska
- Department and Clinic of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environment and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Antończyk
- Department and Clinic of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environment and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Tunikowska
- Department and Clinic of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environment and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Godniak
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Zdzisław Kiełbowicz
- Department and Clinic of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environment and Life Sciences, Pl. Grunwaldzki 51, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
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7
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Bigi M, Florin É, Remy B, Verley L, Pradel A, Yaye HS. [Fighting global warming in the operating room]. REVUE DE L'INFIRMIERE 2021; 70:28-29. [PMID: 34238493 DOI: 10.1016/j.revinf.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
At the Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital group (AP-HP, Paris), the central operating room teams embarked, in 2017, on a project to reduce the ecological impact of the procedures performed there. The results are convincing: reduction of the carbon footprint of anesthetic gases, reduction of waste and improvement of its sorting, recycling of metals. The project has spread to the other operating rooms in the hospital group, with strong support from professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Bigi
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation médecine, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47-83 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Éric Florin
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation médecine, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47-83 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Bernard Remy
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation médecine, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47-83 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Lyonel Verley
- Direction des achats, du développement durable et de la logistique, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Sorbonne université, 47-83 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Agnès Pradel
- Service environnement, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Sorbonne université, 47-83 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Hassane Sadou Yaye
- Secteurs laboratoire de contrôle, gaz médicaux, contrôle de l'eau pour hémodialyse, GH Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Sorbonne université, 47-83 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
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8
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Ang TN, Young BR, Burrell R, Taylor M, Aroua MK, Baroutian S. Oxidative hydrothermal surface modification of activated carbon for sevoflurane removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128535. [PMID: 33045509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The emission of waste anaesthetic gas is a growing contributor to global warming and remains a factor in atmospheric ozone depletion. Volatile anaesthetics in medical waste gases could be removed via adsorption using suitable activated carbon materials possessing an enhanced affinity to anaesthetic molecules. In this work, the effects of surface physical and chemical properties on sevoflurane adsorption were investigated by oxidative hydrothermal surface modification of a commercial activated carbon using only distilled water. The hydrothermal surface modification was carried out at different treatment temperatures (150-300 °C) for varying durations (10-30 min), and adsorption was conducted under fixed conditions (bed depth = 10 cm, inlet concentration = 528 mg/L, and flow rate = 3 L/min). The hydrothermal treatment generally increased the BET surface area of the activated carbons. At oxidation temperatures above 200 °C, the micropore volume of the samples diminished. The relative amount of surface oxygen was enriched as the treatment temperature increased. Treatment duration did not significantly affect the introduction of relative amount of surface oxygen, except at higher temperatures. There were no new types of functional groups introduced. However, disappearance and re-formation of oxygen functional groups containing C-O structures (as in hydroxyl and ether groups) occurred when treatment temperature was increased from 150 to 200 °C, and when treatments were conducted above 200 °C, respectively. The ester/acetal groups were enriched under the temperature range studied. The findings suggested that the re-formation of surface oxygen functionalities might lead to the development of functional groups that improve sevoflurane adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teck Nam Ang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brent R Young
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rob Burrell
- Department of Anaesthesia, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau Health, Private Bag, 93311, Otahuhu, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Taylor
- Department of Anaesthesia, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau Health, Private Bag, 93311, Otahuhu, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua
- Centre for Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilization, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, United Kingdom
| | - Saeid Baroutian
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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McGain F, Muret J, Lawson C, Sherman JD. Environmental sustainability in anaesthesia and critical care. Br J Anaesth 2020; 125:680-692. [PMID: 32798068 PMCID: PMC7421303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental health effects of climate change continue to increase. Although health systems respond to this disease burden, healthcare itself pollutes the atmosphere, land, and waterways. We surveyed the 'state of the art' environmental sustainability research in anaesthesia and critical care, addressing why it matters, what is known, and ideas for future work. Focus is placed upon the atmospheric chemistry of the anaesthetic gases, recent work clarifying their relative global warming potentials, and progress in waste anaesthetic gas treatment. Life cycle assessment (LCA; i.e. 'cradle to grave' analysis) is introduced as the definitive method used to compare and contrast ecological footprints of products, processes, and systems. The number of LCAs within medicine has gone from rare to an established body of knowledge in the past decade that can inform doctors of the relative ecological merits of different techniques. LCAs with practical outcomes are explored, such as the carbon footprint of reusable vs single-use anaesthetic devices (e.g. drug trays, laryngoscope blades, and handles), and the carbon footprint of treating an ICU patient with septic shock. Avoid, reduce, reuse, recycle, and reprocess are then explored. Moving beyond routine clinical care, the vital influences that the source of energy (renewables vs fossil fuels) and energy efficiency have in healthcare's ecological footprint are highlighted. Discussion of the integral roles of research translation, education, and advocacy in driving the perioperative and critical care environmental sustainability agenda completes this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Muret
- French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SFAR), Institut Curie PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Cathy Lawson
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK
| | - Jodi D Sherman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pollution and global warming/climate change contribute to one-quarter of all deaths worldwide. Global healthcare as a whole is the world's fifth largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and anesthetic gases, intravenous agents and supplies contribute significantly to the overall problem. It is the ethical obligation of all anesthesiologists to minimize the harmful impact of anesthesia practice on environmental sustainability. RECENT FINDINGS Focused programs encouraging judicious selection of the use of anesthetic gas agents has been shown to reduce CO2 equivalent emissions by 64%, with significant cost savings. Good gas flow management reduces nonscavenged anesthetic gas significantly, and has been shown to decrease the consumption of volatile anesthetic agent by about one-fifth. New devices may allow for recapture, reclamation and recycling of waste anesthetic gases. For propofol, a nonbiodegradable, environmentally toxic agent, simply changing the size of vials on formulary has been shown to reduce wasted agent by 90%. SUMMARY The 5 R's of waste minimization in the operating room (OR) (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rethink and Research) have proven benefit in reducing the environmental impact of the practice of anesthesiology, as well as in reducing costs.
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Dinu AR, Rogobete AF, Popovici SE, Bedreag OH, Papurica M, Dumbuleu CM, Velovan RR, Toma D, Georgescu CM, Trache LI, Barsac C, Luca L, Buzzi B, Maghiar A, Sandesc MA, Rimawi S, Vaduva MM, Bratu LM, Luminosu PM, Sandesc D. Impact of General Anesthesia Guided by State Entropy (SE) and Response Entropy (RE) on Perioperative Stability in Elective Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Patients-A Prospective Observational Randomized Monocentric Study. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22030356. [PMID: 33286130 PMCID: PMC7516829 DOI: 10.3390/e22030356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most frequently performed interventions in general surgery departments. Some of the most important aims in achieving perioperative stability in these patients is diminishing the impact of general anesthesia on the hemodynamic stability and the optimization of anesthetic drug doses based on the individual clinical profile of each patient. The objective of this study is the evaluation of the impact, as monitored through entropy (both state entropy (SE) and response entropy (RE)), that the depth of anesthesia has on the hemodynamic stability, as well as the doses of volatile anesthetic. A prospective, observational, randomized, and monocentric study was carried out between January and December 2019 in the Clinic of Anesthesia and Intensive Care of the “Pius Brînzeu” Emergency County Hospital in Timișoara, Romania. The patients included in the study were divided in two study groups: patients in Group A (target group) received multimodal monitoring, which included monitoring of standard parameters and of entropy (SE and RE); while the patients in Group B (control group) only received standard monitoring. The anesthetic dose in group A was optimized to achieve a target entropy of 40–60. A total of 68 patients met the inclusion criteria and were allocated to one of the two study groups: group A (N = 43) or group B (N = 25). There were no statistically significant differences identified between the two groups for both demographical and clinical characteristics (p > 0.05). Statistically significant differences were identified for the number of hypotensive episodes (p = 0.011, 95% CI: [0.1851, 0.7042]) and for the number of episodes of bradycardia (p < 0.0001, 95% CI: [0.3296, 0.7923]). Moreover, there was a significant difference in the Sevoflurane consumption between the two study groups (p = 0.0498, 95% CI: [−0.3942, 0.9047]). The implementation of the multimodal monitoring protocol, including the standard parameters and the measurement of entropy for determining the depth of anesthesia (SE and RE) led to a considerable improvement in perioperative hemodynamic stability. Furthermore, optimizing the doses of anesthetic drugs based on the individual clinical profile of each patient led to a considerable decrease in drug consumption, as well as to a lower incidence of hemodynamic side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Raluca Dinu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania; (A.R.D.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Alexandru Florin Rogobete
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania; (A.R.D.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.F.R.); (M.A.S.); Tel.: +40-728 001-971 (A.F.R.)
| | - Sonia Elena Popovici
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Horea Bedreag
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania; (A.R.D.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Marius Papurica
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania; (A.R.D.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Corina Maria Dumbuleu
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Raluca Ramona Velovan
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Daiana Toma
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Corina Maria Georgescu
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Lavinia Ioana Trache
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Claudiu Barsac
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Loredana Luca
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Bettina Buzzi
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Andra Maghiar
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Mihai Alexandru Sandesc
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania; (A.R.D.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.R.); (M.A.S.); Tel.: +40-728 001-971 (A.F.R.)
| | - Samir Rimawi
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Madalin Marian Vaduva
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Lavinia Melania Bratu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania; (A.R.D.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
| | - Paul Manuel Luminosu
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
| | - Dorel Sandesc
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara 300041, Romania; (A.R.D.); (O.H.B.); (M.P.); (L.M.B.); (D.S.)
- Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu”, Timisoara 325100, Romania; (S.E.P.); (C.M.D.); (R.R.V.); (D.T.); (C.M.G.); (L.I.T.); (C.B.); (L.L.); (B.B.); (A.M.); (S.R.); (M.M.V.); (P.M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Research and Medical Education, Romanian Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care (SRATI), Timisoara 325100, Romania
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McGain F, Ma SC, Burrell RH, Percival VG, Roessler P, Weatherall AD, Weber IA, Kayak EA. Why be sustainable? The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Professional Document PS64: Statement on Environmental Sustainability in Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice and its accompanying background paper. Anaesth Intensive Care 2019; 47:413-422. [PMID: 31684744 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x19884075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare’s environmental sustainability is increasingly an area of research and advocacy focus. The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) has produced a professional document, PS64, Statement on Environmental Sustainability in Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine Practice, and a background paper, PS64 BP. The purpose of the statement is to affirm ANZCA’s commitment to environmental sustainability and support anaesthetists in promoting environmentally sustainable work practices. This article presents the main features of PS64 and its background paper, and the associated supporting evidence. The healthcare sector is highly interconnected with activities that emit pollution to air, water and soils, considerably adding to humanity’s collective ecological footprint. As anaesthetists, we are uniquely high-carbon doctors due to our work anaesthetising with greenhouse gases (particularly desflurane and nitrous oxide) and our exposure and contribution to large amounts of resource and energy use and waste generation in operating theatres. Discussion is made of the improving research base of anaesthetic life-cycle assessments—that is, cradle-to-grave studies of how much energy, water and so on a product or process requires throughout its entire life. Thereafter, reducing, reusing and recycling as well as water use are examined. Ongoing research efforts within environmentally sustainable anaesthesia are highlighted. Environmentally sustainable anaesthesia requires scholarship, health advocacy, leadership, communication and collaboration. The focus is placed on practical initiatives within PS64 and the background paper that can be achieved by all anaesthetists striving towards more sustainable healthcare practices that reduce waste, reap financial benefits and improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forbes McGain
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Western Health, Footscray Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Scott Cy Ma
- Department of Children's Anaesthesia, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rob H Burrell
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Peter Roessler
- Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ingo A Weber
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Eugenie A Kayak
- Department of Anaesthesia, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Ang TN, Udugama IA, Mansouri SS, Taylor M, Burrell R, Young BR, Baroutian S. A techno-economic-societal assessment of recovery of waste volatile anaesthetics. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Hass SA, Andersen ST, Sulbaek Andersen MP, Nielsen OJ. Atmospheric Chemistry of Methoxyflurane (CH3OCF2CHCl2): Kinetics of the gas-phase reactions with OH radicals, Cl atoms and O3. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Adsorption Behavior of Halogenated Anesthetic and Water Vapor on Cr-Based MOF (MIL-101) Adsorbent. Part I. Equilibrium and Breakthrough Characterizations. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201600051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Nigro Neto C, Landoni G, Tardelli MA. A Novel Anti-Pollution Filter for Volatile Agents During Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Preliminary Tests. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 31:1218-1222. [PMID: 27810409 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Concerns regarding pollution of the operating room by volatile anesthetics and effects on atmospheric ozone depletion exist. Volatile agents commonly are used during cardiopulmonary bypass to provide anesthesia independent of any supposed myocardial protective effects. The authors' aim was to create and to assess the performance of a prototype filter for volatile agents to be connected to the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit to avoid the emission of volatile agents to the operating room, and also to the environment without causing damage to the membrane oxygenator. DESIGN Observational trial. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS Prototype filter for volatile agents. INTERVENTIONS The prototype filter was tested in a single ex vivo experiment. The main data measured during the test were pressure drop to detect interference with the performance of the oxygenator, back pressure to detect overpressure to the outlet gas jacket of the oxygenator, analysis of exhaled sevoflurane after the membrane oxygenator, and after the filter to detect any presence of sevoflurane. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The prototype filter adsorbed the sevoflurane eliminated through the outlet portion of the oxygenator. During the entire test, the back pressure remained constant (4 mmHg) and pressure drop varied from 243 mmHg to 247 mmHg. CONCLUSION The prototype filter was considered suitable to absorb the sevoflurane, and it did not cause an overpressure to the membrane oxygenator during the test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Angela Tardelli
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Uzoigwe CE, Franco LCS, Forrest MD. Iatrogenic greenhouse gases: the role of anaesthetic agents. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2016; 77:19-23. [DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2016.77.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chika E Uzoigwe
- Specialty Doctor in the Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Stockton-On-Tees, Cleveland TS19 8PE
| | - Luis C Sanchez Franco
- Clinical Nurse in the Department of Acute Medicine, Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport
| | - Michael D Forrest
- Researcher in the Department of Computer Science, University of Coventry, Coventry
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da Silva FF, Duflot D, Hoffmann SV, Jones NC, Rodrigues FN, Ferreira-Rodrigues AM, de Souza GGB, Mason NJ, Eden S, Limão-Vieira P. Electronic State Spectroscopy of Halothane As Studied by ab Initio Calculations, Vacuum Ultraviolet Synchrotron Radiation, and Electron Scattering Methods. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:8503-11. [PMID: 26171941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the first set of ab initio calculations (vertical energies and oscillator strengths) of the valence and Rydberg transitions of the anaesthetic compound halothane (CF3CHBrCl). These results are complemented by high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption measurements over the wavelength range 115-310 nm (10.8-4.0 eV). The spectrum reveals several new features that were not previously reported in the literature. Spin-orbit effects have been considered in the calculations for the lowest-lying states, allowing us to explain the broad nature of the 6.1 and 7.5 eV absorption bands assigned to σ*(C-Br) ← nBr and σ*(C-Cl) ← n(Cl) transitions. Novel absolute photoabsorption cross sections from electron scattering data were derived in the 4.0-40.0 eV range. The measured absolute photoabsorption cross sections have been used to calculate the photolysis lifetime of halothane in the upper stratosphere (20-50 km).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ferreira da Silva
- †Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - D Duflot
- ‡Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules (PhLAM), UMR CNRS 8523, Université de Lille, F-59655 Villeneuve d' Ascq Cedex, France
| | - S V Hoffmann
- §ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - N C Jones
- §ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - F N Rodrigues
- ∥Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,⊥Departamento da Ciência da Natureza e Matemática, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Maracanã, 20270-021 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A M Ferreira-Rodrigues
- ∥Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,#DCN, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Urca, 22290-240 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - G G B de Souza
- ∥Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, 21949-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - N J Mason
- ∇Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, U.K
| | - S Eden
- ∇Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, U.K
| | - P Limão-Vieira
- †Laboratório de Colisões Atómicas e Moleculares, CEFITEC, Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.,∇Department of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, U.K
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Gadani H, Vyas A. Anesthetic gases and global warming: Potentials, prevention and future of anesthesia. Anesth Essays Res 2015; 5:5-10. [PMID: 25885293 PMCID: PMC4173371 DOI: 10.4103/0259-1162.84171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming refers to an average increase in the earth′s temperature, which in turn causes changes in climate. A warmer earth may lead to changes in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea level, and a wide range of impacts on plants, wildlife, and humans. Greenhouse gases make the earth warmer by trapping energy inside the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere and include: water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halogenated fluorocarbons (HCFCs), ozone (O3), perfluorinated carbons (PFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Hazardous chemicals enter the air we breathe as a result of dozens of activities carried out during a typical day at a healthcare facility like processing lab samples, burning fossil fuels etc. We sometimes forget that anesthetic agents are also greenhouse gases (GHGs). Anesthetic agents used today are volatile halogenated ethers and the common carrier gas nitrous oxide known to be aggressive GHGs. With less than 5% of the total delivered halogenated anesthetic being metabolized by the patient, the vast majority of the anesthetic is routinely vented to the atmosphere through the operating room scavenging system. The global warming potential (GWP) of a halogenated anesthetic is up to 2,000 times greater than CO2. Global warming potentials are used to compare the strength of different GHGs to trap heat in the atmosphere relative to that of CO2. Here we discuss about the GWP of anesthetic gases, preventive measures to decrease the global warming effects of anesthetic gases and Xenon, a newer anesthetic gas for the future of anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Gadani
- Department of Anesthesiology, M.P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Arun Vyas
- Department of Anesthesiology, M.P. Shah Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
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Chen TH, Kaveevivitchai W, Jacobson AJ, Miljanić OŠ. Adsorption of fluorinated anesthetics within the pores of a molecular crystal. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:14096-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04885k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Commonly used inhalation anesthetics—enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, halothane, and methoxyflurane—are adsorbed within the pores of a porous fluorinated molecular crystal to the tune of up to 73.4(±0.2)% by weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
| | | | - Allan J. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Houston
- Houston
- USA
- Texas Center for Superconductivity
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain the awareness regarding global warming and the anesthesia practices contributing to it in the city of Delhi. MATERIALS AND METHODS A questionnaire was circulated amongst the qualified anesthesiologists (consultants and senior residents) in the city of Delhi. The initial contact was made through e-mail and the questionnaire was required to be filled and returned electronically. The questionnaire was also made available online at http://sites.google.com/site/surveydelhi. After 1 month, the forms were distributed physically. Assuming that at least 50% of the approximately 1200 practising anesthesiologists would be able to recognize the greenhouse gases correctly, the target number of responses was 150 with 99% confidence limit. RESULTS Of the 831 anesthesiologists contacted, only 184 responded. Ninety-eight percent were aware of the greenhouse effect, but only 15.8% (29) could correctly identify all the greenhouse gases. However, 47.28% (87) could identify nitrous oxide and inhalational agents as a cause of greenhouse effect. Ninety percent of the respondents use circle system and 87% use low flows frequently. Ninety-three percent (171) of respondents routinely use nitrous oxide, and 32.1% (59) would, however, not use air even if made available. Seventy-nine percent (145) advocated total intravenous anesthesia as an alternative to reduce the menace. CONCLUSION Only 22% were motivated enough to respond to the survey. More than half of these anesthesiologists were not aware about the anesthetic agents contributing to the greenhouse effect. However, their clinical practices inadvertently do not add to the environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Kumar
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pain and Critical Care, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranju Singh
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pain and Critical Care, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Aruna Jain
- Department of Anaesthesia, Pain and Critical Care, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhijit Bhattacharya
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain, Samvedna Pain Hospital, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Gargiulo N, Peluso A, Aprea P, Hua Y, Filipović D, Caputo D, Eić M. A chromium-based metal organic framework as a potential high performance adsorbent for anaesthetic vapours. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05905k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Bosenberg M. Anaesthetic gases: environmental impact and alternatives. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/22201173.2011.10872803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bosenberg
- Department of Anaesthesia, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town
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24
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Wang L, Wen J, He H, Zhang J. The mechanism and dynamic studies for the reactions of OH radical with CH3−nFnOCF2CHFCl (n=0, 1, and 2). J Fluor Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang C, Wen J, He H, Wang L. A theoretical study on the mechanism and dynamics of reactions (CF3)2CHOCH2F/(CF3)2CHOCHF2with OH radical. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.925148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mishra BK, Lily M, Chakrabartty AK, Bhattacharjee D, Deka RC, Chandra AK. Theoretical investigation of atmospheric chemistry of volatile anaesthetic sevoflurane: reactions with the OH radicals and atmospheric fate of the alkoxy radical (CF3)2CHOCHFO: thermal decomposition vs. oxidation. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01408h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction profile (kcal mol−1) for (CF3)2CHOCHFO radical at the M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Makroni Lily
- Department of Chemistry
- North-Eastern Hill University
- Shillong, India
| | | | | | | | - Asit K. Chandra
- Department of Chemistry
- North-Eastern Hill University
- Shillong, India
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Abstract
For several decades, anesthetic gases have greatly enhanced the comfort and outcome for patients during surgery. The benefits of these agents have heavily outweighed the risks. In recent years, the attention towards their overall contribution to global climate change and the environment has increased. Anesthesia providers have a responsibility to minimize unnecessary atmospheric pollution by utilizing techniques that can lessen any adverse effects of these gases on the environment. Moreover, health care facilities that use anesthetic gases are accountable for ensuring that all anesthesia equipment, including the scavenging system, is effective and routinely maintained. Implementing preventive practices and simple strategies can promote the safest and most healthy environment.
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Sulbaek Andersen MP, Nielsen OJ, Karpichev B, Wallington TJ, Sander SP. Atmospheric chemistry of isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane: kinetics and mechanisms of reactions with chlorine atoms and OH radicals and global warming potentials. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5806-20. [PMID: 22146013 DOI: 10.1021/jp2077598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The smog chamber/Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique was used to measure the rate coefficients k(Cl + CF(3)CHClOCHF(2), isoflurane) = (4.5 ± 0.8) × 10(-15), k(Cl + CF(3)CHFOCHF(2), desflurane) = (1.0 ± 0.3) × 10(-15), k(Cl + (CF(3))(2)CHOCH(2)F, sevoflurane) = (1.1 ± 0.1) × 10(-13), and k(OH + (CF(3))(2)CHOCH(2)F) = (3.5 ± 0.7) × 10(-14) cm(3) molecule(-1) in 700 Torr of N(2)/air diluent at 295 ± 2 K. An upper limit of 6 × 10(-17) cm(3) molecule(-1) was established for k(Cl + (CF(3))(2)CHOC(O)F). The laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence (LP/LIF) technique was employed to determine hydroxyl radical rate coefficients as a function of temperature (241-298 K): k(OH + CF(3)CHFOCHF(2)) = (7.05 ± 1.80) × 10(-13) exp[-(1551 ± 72)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1); k(296 ± 1 K) = (3.73 ± 0.08) × 10(-15) cm(3) molecule(-1), and k(OH + (CF(3))(2)CHOCH(2)F) = (9.98 ± 3.24) × 10(-13) exp[-(969 ± 82)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1); k(298 ± 1 K) = (3.94 ± 0.30) × 10(-14) cm(3) molecule(-1). The rate coefficient of k(OH + CF(3)CHClOCHF(2), 296 ± 1 K) = (1.45 ± 0.16) × 10(-14) cm(3) molecule(-1) was also determined. Chlorine atoms react with CF(3)CHFOCHF(2) via H-abstraction to give CF(3)CFOCHF(2) and CF(3)CHFOCF(2) radicals in yields of approximately 83% and 17%. The major atmospheric fate of the CF(3)C(O)FOCHF(2) alkoxy radical is decomposition via elimination of CF(3) to give FC(O)OCHF(2) and is unaffected by the method used to generate the CF(3)C(O)FOCHF(2) radicals. CF(3)CHFOCF(2) radicals add O(2) and are converted by subsequent reactions into CF(3)CHFOCF(2)O alkoxy radicals, which decompose to give COF(2) and CF(3)CHFO radicals. In 700 Torr of air 82% of CF(3)CHFO radicals undergo C-C scission to yield HC(O)F and CF(3) radicals with the remaining 18% reacting with O(2) to give CF(3)C(O)F. Atmospheric oxidation of (CF(3))(2)CHOCH(2)F gives (CF(3))(2)CHOC(O)F in a molar yield of 93 ± 6% with CF(3)C(O)CF(3) and HCOF as minor products. The IR spectra of (CF(3))(2)CHOC(O)F and FC(O)OCHF(2) are reported for the first time. The atmospheric lifetimes of CF(3)CHClOCHF(2), CF(3)CHFOCHF(2), and (CF(3))(2)CHOCH(2)F (sevoflurane) are estimated at 3.2, 14, and 1.1 years, respectively. The 100 year time horizon global warming potentials of isoflurane, desflurane, and sevoflurane are 510, 2540, and 130, respectively. The atmospheric degradation products of these anesthetics are not of environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads P Sulbaek Andersen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Mail Stop 183-901, Pasadena, California 91109, United States.
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Sulbaek Andersen MP, Nielsen OJ, Wallington TJ, Karpichev B, Sander SP. Medical intelligence article: assessing the impact on global climate from general anesthetic gases. Anesth Analg 2012; 114:1081-5. [PMID: 22492189 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31824d6150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although present in the atmosphere with a combined concentration approximately 100,000 times lower than carbon dioxide (i.e., the principal anthropogenic driver of climate change), halogenated organic compounds are responsible for a warming effect of approximately 10% to 15% of the total anthropogenic radiative forcing of climate, as measured relative to the start of the industrial era (approximately 1750). The family of anesthetic gases includes several halogenated organic compounds that are strong greenhouse gases. In this short report, we provide an overview of the state of knowledge regarding the impact of anesthetic gas release on the environment, with particular focus on its contribution to the radiative forcing of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads P Sulbaek Andersen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Mail Stop 183-901, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.
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Sulbaek Andersen M, Sander S, Nielsen O, Wagner D, Sanford T, Wallington T. Inhalation anaesthetics and climate change † †This article is accompanied by the Editorial. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105:760-6. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
General anesthetics are administered to approximately 50 million patients each year in the United States. Anesthetic vapors and gases are also widely used in dentists' offices, veterinary clinics, and laboratories for animal research. All the volatile anesthetics that are currently used are halogenated compounds destructive to the ozone layer. These halogenated anesthetics could have potential significant impact on global warming. The widely used anesthetic gas nitrous oxide is a known greenhouse gas as well as an important ozone-depleting gas. These anesthetic gases and vapors are primarily eliminated through exhalation without being metabolized in the body, and most anesthesia systems transfer these gases as waste directly and unchanged into the atmosphere. Little consideration has been given to the ecotoxicological properties of gaseous general anesthetics. Our estimation using the most recent consumption data indicates that the anesthetic use of nitrous oxide contributes 3.0% of the total emissions in the United States. Studies suggest that the influence of halogenated anesthetics on global warming will be of increasing relative importance given the decreasing level of chlorofluorocarbons globally. Despite these nonnegligible pollutant effects of the anesthetics, no data on the production or emission of these gases and vapors are publicly available. The primary goal of this article is to critically review the current data on the potential effects of general anesthetics on the global environment and to describe possible alternatives and new technologies that may prevent these gases from being discharged into the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ishizawa
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street Gray Bigelow 444, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Ryan SM, Nielsen CJ. Global warming potential of inhaled anesthetics: application to clinical use. Anesth Analg 2010; 111:92-8. [PMID: 20519425 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181e058d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled anesthetics are recognized greenhouse gases. Calculating their relative impact during common clinical usage will allow comparison to each other and to carbon dioxide emissions in general. METHODS We determined infrared absorption cross-sections for sevoflurane and isoflurane. Twenty-year global warming potential (GWP(20)) values for desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane were then calculated using the present and previously published infrared results, and best estimate atmospheric lifetimes were determined. The total quantity of each anesthetic used in 1 minimal alveolar concentration (MAC)-hour was then multiplied by the calculated GWP(20) for that anesthetic, and expressed as "carbon dioxide equivalent" (CDE(20)) in grams. Common fresh gas flows and carrier gases, both air/oxygen and nitrous oxide (N2O)/oxygen, were considered in the calculations to allow these examples to represent common clinical use of inhaled anesthetics. RESULTS GWP(20) values for the inhaled anesthetics were: sevoflurane 349, isoflurane 1401, and desflurane 3714. CDE(20) values for 1 MAC-hour at 2 L fresh gas flow were: sevoflurane 6980 g, isoflurane 15,551 g, and desflurane 187,186 g. Comparison among these anesthetics produced a ratio of sevoflurane 1, isoflurane 2.2, and desflurane 26.8. When 60% N2O/40% oxygen replaced air/oxygen as a carrier gas combination, and inhaled anesthetic delivery was adjusted to deliver 1 MAC-hour of anesthetic, sevoflurane CDE(20) values were 5.9 times higher with N2O than when carried with air/O2, isoflurane values were 2.9 times higher, and desflurane values were 0.4 times lower. On a 100-year time horizon with 60% N2O, the sevoflurane CDE(100) values were 19 times higher than when carried in air/O2, isoflurane values were 9 times higher, and desflurane values were equal with and without N2O. CONCLUSIONS Under comparable and common clinical conditions, desflurane has a greater potential impact on global warming than either isoflurane or sevoflurane. N2O alone produces a sizable greenhouse gas contribution relative to sevoflurane or isoflurane. Additionally, 60% N2O combined with potent inhaled anesthetics to deliver 1 MAC of anesthetic substantially increases the environmental impact of sevoflurane and isoflurane, and decreases that of desflurane. N2O is destructive to the ozone layer as well as possessing GWP; it continues to have impact over a longer timeframe, and may not be an environmentally sound tradeoff for desflurane. From our calculations, avoiding N2O and unnecessarily high fresh gas flow rates can reduce the environmental impact of inhaled anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Ryan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Irwin MG, Trinh T, Yao CL. Occupational exposure to anaesthetic gases: a role for TIVA. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2009; 8:473-83. [DOI: 10.1517/14740330903003778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mashino M, Yamada H, Sugita A, Kawasaki M. Photodissociation dynamics of CH3CFCl2 and CDCl3 at 205–209nm. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Marotta E, Scorrano G, Paradisi C. Gas-phase positive ion chemistry of 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (halothane) upon electron ionization within an ion trap mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:1447-53. [PMID: 15880636 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The positive ion chemistry occurring within an ion trap mass spectrometer upon electron ionization of 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, the important anaesthetic halothane, has been mapped by means of collision-induced decomposition and ion/molecule self-reaction experiments. Ionized halothane (M+*) reacts with neutral halothane to form the ionized olefin [ClBrC=CF2]+*. via HF elimination. Among the ionic fragments, [M-Br]+ and [M-F]+ react with halothane via chloride abstraction while [M-Cl]+ is unreactive under the same experimental conditions. Substituted methyl cations CHFX+ and CF2X+ (X = F, Cl, Br) undergo halide transfer processes, their reactivity being highest for X = F. Ionized carbenes CXY+ (X,Y = F,F; H,Br; H,Cl; H,F) react with halothane to form CClXY+ and CBrXY+, whereas CF+ inserts into the C-Cl bond to form CF3+ and CClF2+. Finally, Br+ and Cl+ react with halothane by charge transfer. Collision-induced dissociation experiments disclosed interesting rearrangements involved in the dissociations of +CHX-CF3 ions (X = Br, Cl), which undergo fluorine migration and elimination of CF2, as already observed for +CCl2-CF3 in a previous investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Marotta
- INTM del CNR--Sezione di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Marotta E, Bosa E, Scorrano G, Paradisi C. Positive and negative ion chemistry of the anesthetic halothane (1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane) in air plasma at atmospheric pressure. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:391-396. [PMID: 15645512 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ion chemistry of 1-bromo-1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (the common anesthetic halothane) in air plasma at atmospheric pressure was investigated by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). The major positive ion observed at low declustering (API interface) energies is the ionized dimer, M(+.)M, an unexpectedly abundant species which possibly is stabilized by two H-bonding interactions. At higher energies [M--HF](+.) and [M--Br](+) prevail; the former, corresponding to ionized olefin [ClBrC=CF(2)](+.), appears to originate from M(+.)M and is quite stable towards fragmentation. The latter fragment ion ([M--Br](+)) and its analogue, [M--Cl](+), which is also observed though at much lower abundance, are originally ethyl cations (+)CHX--CF(3) (X = Br, Cl) which, upon collisional activation, rearrange and fragment to CHFX(+) via elimination of CF(2). All of the above described ions are also observed in humid air: in addition, the oxygenated ion [ClBrC=CFOH](+.) also forms in humid air via water addition to [ClBrC=CF(2)](+.) and HF elimination, as observed earlier for ionized trichloroethene. In contrast with similar chloro- and fluoro-substituted ethanes, halothane does not react with H(3)O(+) in the APCI plasma, a result confirmed by selected ion APCI triple-quadrupole (TQ) experiments. Major negative ions formed from halothane in the air plasma are Br(-) and, to a lesser extent, Cl(-), and their complexes with neutral halothane. APCI-TQ experiments indicated that Br(-) and Cl(-) are formed via reaction of halothane with O(2) (-.), O(2) (-.)(H(2)O) and O(3) (-.), possibly via dissociative electron transfer or nucleophilic substitution. Competing proton transfer was also observed in the reaction with O(2) (-.) and, at high halothane pressure, also with O(2) (-.)(H(2)O); at lower pressures the molecular anion M(-.) was observed instead. The other minor anions of the air plasma, NO(2) (-), N(2)O(2) (-.) and NO(3) (-), were found to be unreactive towards halothane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Marotta
- INTM del CNR-Sezione di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Oyaro N, Sellevåg SR, Nielsen CJ. Atmospheric Chemistry of Hydrofluoroethers: Reaction of a Series of Hydrofluoroethers with OH Radicals and Cl Atoms, Atmospheric Lifetimes, and Global Warming Potentials. J Phys Chem A 2004; 109:337-46. [PMID: 16833352 DOI: 10.1021/jp047860c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the OH radical and Cl atom reactions with nine fluorinated ethers have been studied by the relative rate method at 298 K and 1013 hPa using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) detection: k(OH + CH3CH2OCF3) = (1.55 +/- 0.25) x 10(-13), k(OH + CF3CH2OCH3) = (5.7 +/- 0.8) x 10(-13),k(OH + CF3CH2OCHF2) = (9.1 +/- 1.1) x 10(-15), k(OH + CF3CHFOCHF2) = (6.5 +/- 0.8) x 10(-15), k(OH + CHF2CHFOCF3) = (6.8 +/- 1.1) x 10(-15), k(OH + CF3CHFOCF3) < 1 x 10(-15), k(OH + CF3CHFCF2OCHF2) = (1.69 +/- 0.26) x 10(-14), k(OH + CF3CHFCF2OCH2CH3) = (1.47 +/- 0.13) x 10(-13), k(OH + CF3CF2CF2OCHFCF3) < 1 x 10(-15), k(Cl + CH3CH2OCF3) = (2.2 +/- 0.8) x 10(-12), k(Cl + CF3CH2OCH3) = (1.8 +/- 0.9) x 10(-11), k(Cl + CF3CH2OCHF2) = (1.5 +/- 0.4) x 10(-14), k(Cl + CF3CHFOCHF2) = (1.1 +/- 1.9) x 10(-15), k(Cl + CHF2CHFOCF3) = (1.2 +/- 2.0) x 10(-15), k(Cl + CF3CHFOCF3) < 3 x 10(-15), k(Cl + CF3CHFCF2OCHF2) < 6 x 10(-16), k(Cl + CF3CHFCF2OCH2CH3) = (3.1 +/- 1.1) x 10(-12), and k(Cl + CF3CF2CF2OCHFCF3) < 3 x 10(-15) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). The error limits include three standard deviations (3 sigma) from the statistical data analyses, as well as the errors in the rate coefficients of the reference compounds that are used. Infrared absorption cross sections and estimates of the trophospheric lifetimes and the global warming potentials of the fluorinated ethers are presented. The atmospheric degradation of the compounds is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Oyaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
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Marx T, Schmidt M, Schirmer U, Reinelt H. Pollution of the environment and the workplace with anesthetic gases. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2001; 39:15-27. [PMID: 11507375 DOI: 10.1097/00004311-200104000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Byhahn C, Wilke HJ, Westpphal K. Occupational exposure to volatile anaesthetics: epidemiology and approaches to reducing the problem. CNS Drugs 2001; 15:197-215. [PMID: 11463128 DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200115030-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Long term occupational exposure to trace concentrations of volatile anaesthetics is thought to have adverse effects on the health of exposed personnel. In contrast with halothane--an agent likely to cause mutagenic effects and proven to be teratogenic--isoflurane and enflurane have not so far been proved to have adverse effects on the health of personnel exposed long term. Data on the newer agents sevoflurane and desflurane are limited. Since possible health hazards from long term exposure to inhalational anaesthetics cannot yet be definitively excluded, many Western countries have established limits for exposure. These usually range from 2 to 10 ppm as a time-weighted average over the time of exposure. A number of investigations have demonstrated that, in operating theatres with modern climate control and waste anaesthetic gas scavenging systems, occupational exposure is unlikely to exceed threshold limits. However, occupational exposure from the use of volatile agents in operating theatres with poor air control--especially during bronchoscopy procedures in paediatric patients--remains a source of concern. This also holds true for both postanaesthesia care units (PACU) and intensive care units (ICU) lacking proper air conditioning and waste gas scavengers. To minimise occupational exposure to volatile anaesthetics, all measures must be taken to provide climate control and properly working scavenging devices, and ensure sufficient personal skill of the anaesthetist, e.g. during inhalational mask induction. Furthermore, low-flow anaesthesia should be used whenever possible. The sole use of intravenous drugs such as propofol instead of volatile agents, were this possible, would eliminate occupational exposure, but may result in environmental pollution by toxic metabolites (e.g. phenol).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Byhahn
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Control, J.W. Goethe-University Hospital Center, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Suzuki A, Bito H, Sanjo Y, Katoh T, Sato S. Evaluation of the PhysioFlex closed-circuit anaesthesia machine. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2000; 17:359-63. [PMID: 10928435 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.2000.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of nitrous oxide, sevoflurane and oxygen in the circle system of a closed-circuit anaesthesia machine, the PhysioFlex, were measured in seven patients. During anaesthesia, the settings for each gas were changed and their concentrations recorded. At the induction of anaesthesia, it took 80-510s (median 190s) for the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration to reach 2.0%, and 920-2640s (median 1500s) for the oxygen in the breathing circuit to reach 30%. At this time, the nitrous oxide concentration was 60+/-3% (mean+/-SD). During anaesthesia, it took 90-480s (median 140s) for the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration setting to decrease from 3.0 to 1.0%, and 90-400s (median 110s) to return from 1.0 to 3.0%. When the inspired oxygen was increased from 30 to 50%, circuit concentrations reached equilibrium in 40-60s (median 40s), and when decreased from 50% back to 30%, equilibrium took 310-470s (median 450s). During recovery from anaesthesia, inspiratory sevoflurane concentration took 40-70s (median 50s) to decrease to 0.2%. The PhysioFlex provided adequate control of sevoflurane and oxygen concentrations, but not of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Tang X, Madronich S, Wallington T, Calamari D. Changes in tropospheric composition and air quality. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1998; 46:83-95. [PMID: 9894352 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Reductions in stratospheric ozone (O3) cause increased penetration of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation to the troposphere, and therefore increases in the chemical activity in the lower atmosphere (the troposphere). Tropospheric ozone levels are sensitive to local concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrocarbons. Model studies suggest that additional UV-B radiation reduces tropospheric ozone in clean environments (low NOx), and increases tropospheric ozone in polluted areas (high NOx). Assuming other factors remain constant, additional UV-B will increase the rate at which primary pollutants are removed from the troposphere. Increased UV-B is expected to increase the concentration of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and result in faster removal of pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), sulfur and nitrogen oxides, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Concentrations of peroxy radicals (both inorganic and organic) are expected to increase, leading to higher atmospheric levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic peroxides. The effects of UV-B increases on tropospheric O3, OH, methane, CO, and possibly other tropospheric constituents, while not negligible, will be difficult to detect because the concentrations of these species are also influenced by many other variable factors (e.g., emissions). Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, CF3COOH) is produced in the atmosphere by the degradation of HCFC-123 (CF3CHCl2), HCFC-124 (CF3CHFCl), and HFC-134a (CF3CH2F), which are used as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances. The atmospheric oxidation mechanisms of these replacement compounds are well established. Reported measurements of TFA in rain, rivers, lakes, and oceans show it to be a ubiquitous component of the hydrosphere, present at levels much higher than can be explained by reported sources. The levels of TFA produced by the atmospheric degradation of HFCs and HCFCs emitted up to the year 2020 are estimated to be orders of magnitude below those of concern, and to make only a minor contribution to the current environmental burden of TFA. No significant effects on humans or the environment have been identified from TFA produced by atmospheric degradation of HCFCs and HFCs. Numerous standard short-term studies have shown that TFA has, at most, moderate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tang
- Peking University, Center of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Adsorption of desflurane from the scavenging system during high-flow and minimal-flow anaesthesia by zeolites. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1097/00003643-199805000-00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jänchen J, Brückner JB, Stach H. Adsorption of desflurane from the scavenging system during high-flow and minimal-flow anaesthesia by zeolites. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998; 15:324-9. [PMID: 9649993 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.1998.00299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Application of high-silica zeolites in a special adsorber allows complete selective adsorption of the inhalation anaesthetic desflurane from the outlet port of the scavenging system of the anaesthesia machine. In comparison with charcoal filters, zeolites allow almost complete desorption at moderate temperatures followed by condensation of the desflurane to the liquid phase. The adsorption of scavenged desflurane by zeolites was measured in 13 patients. The duration of the anaesthesia was between 70 and 130 min. A minimal-flow regime (0.5 L min-1 fresh gas inflow) was used for maintenance in seven patients and a higher-flow regime (3 L min-1 fresh gas flow) was used for maintenance in six patients. In minimal-flow anaesthesia, 62% of the delivered desflurane was adsorbed by the zeolite while 86% of the delivered desflurane was adsorbed in higher-flow anaesthesia. Preliminary results show that about 85% of the adsorbed desflurane could be recovered as liquid with high purity via desorption.
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Bilde M, Wallington TJ, Ferronato C, Orlando JJ, Tyndall GS, Estupiñan E, Haberkorn S. Atmospheric Chemistry of CH2BrCl, CHBrCl2, CHBr2Cl, CF3CHBrCl, and CBr2Cl2. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9733375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bilde
- Atmospheric Chemistry, Building 313, Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry Department, Risø National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - T. J. Wallington
- Ford Research Laboratory, SRL-3083 Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, P.O. Box 2053 Michigan 48121-2053
| | - C. Ferronato
- Universite Joseph Fourier I.U.T.1. Grenoble, Departement de Chimie, 39-41 Boulevard Gambetto, 3800 Grenoble, France
| | - J. J. Orlando
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80303
| | - G. S. Tyndall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80303
| | - E. Estupiñan
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80303
| | - S. Haberkorn
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80303
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Toxicity of inhalational anaesthesia: long-term exposure of anaesthetic personnel—environmental pollution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3501(05)80155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McLoughlin P, Kane R, Shanahan I. A relative rate study of the reaction of chlorine atoms (Cl) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) with a series of ethers. INT J CHEM KINET 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550250302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wayne R, Canosa-Mas C, Heard A, Parr A. On discrepancies between different laboratory measurements of kinetic parameters for the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with halocarbons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-1686(92)90367-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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