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Feng Y, Wang C. Surface Confinement of Finite-Size Water Droplets for SO 3 Hydrolysis Reaction Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations Based on a Machine Learning Force Field. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10631-10640. [PMID: 37130210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As an important source for sulfuric acid in the atmosphere, hydrolysis of sulfur trioxide (SO3) takes place with water clusters of sizes from several molecules to several nanometers, resulting in various final products, including neutral (H2SO4)-(H2O) clusters and ionic (HSO4)--(H3O)+ clusters. The diverse products may be due to the ability of proton transfer and the formation of hydrated ions for water cluster of finite sizes, especially the sub-micrometer ones. However, the detailed molecular-level mechanism is still unclear due to the lack of available characterization and simulations tools. Here, we developed a quantum chemistry-level machine learning (ML) model to simulate the hydrolysis of SO3 with water clusters of sizes up to nanometers. The simulation results demonstrate diverse reaction paths taking place between SO3 and water clusters of different sizes. Generally, neutral (H2SO4)-(H2O) clusters are preferred by water clusters of ultra-small size, and a loop structure-mediated mechanism with SO3(H2O)n≤4 structures and a non-loop structure-mediated mechanism with structure relaxation are observed. As the water cluster size increases to (H2O)8, a (HSO4)--(H3O)+ ion-pair product emerges; and the Eigen-Zundel ion conversion-like proton transfer mechanism takes place and stabilizes the ion pairs. As the water cluster sizes further increase beyond several nanometers ((H2O)n≥32), the (SO4)2-[(H3O)+]2 ion-pair product appears. The reason could be that the surface of these water clusters is large enough to screen Coulomb repulsion between two tri-coordinated ion-pair complexes. These findings would provide new perspectives for understanding SO3 hydrolysis in the real atmosphere and sulfuric acid chemistry in atmospheric aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Feng
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Thatcher A, Waterson P, Todd A, Moray N. State of Science: ergonomics and global issues. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:197-213. [PMID: 29076757 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1398845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In his 1993 IEA keynote address, Neville Moray urged the ergonomics discipline to face up to the global problems facing humanity and consider how ergonomics might help find some of the solutions. In this State of Science article we critically evaluate what the ergonomics discipline has achieved in the last two and a half decades to help create a secure future for humanity. Moray's challenges for ergonomics included deriving a value structure that moves us beyond a Westernised view of worker-organisation-technology fit, taking a multidisciplinary approach which engages with other social and biological sciences, considering the gross cross-cultural factors that determine how different societies function, paying more attention to mindful consumption, and embracing the complexity of our interconnected world. This article takes a socio-historical approach by considering the factors that influence what has been achieved since Moray's keynote address. We conclude with our own set of predictions for the future and priorities for addressing the challenges that we are likely to face. Practitioner Summary: We critically reflect on what has been achieved by the ergonomics profession in addressing the global challenges raised by Moray's 1993 keynote address to the International Ergonomics Association. Apart from healthcare, the response has largely been weak and disorganised. We make suggestions for priority research and practice that is required to facilitate a sustainable future for humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Thatcher
- a Department of Psychology , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | | | - Andrew Todd
- c Department of Human Kinetics and Ergonomics , Rhodes University , Grahamstown , South Africa
| | - Neville Moray
- d Department of Psychology , University of Surrey , Guildford , UK
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Sanders RW, Solomon S, Smith JP, Perliski L, Miller HL, Mount GH, Keys JG, Schmeltekopf AL. Visible and near-ultraviolet spectroscopy at McMurdo Station, Antarctica: 9. Observations of OClO from April to October 1991. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tolbert MA, Pfaff J, Jayaweera I, Prather MJ. Uptake of formaldehyde by sulfuric acid solutions: Impact on stratospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Supercooled Sulfuric Acid Droplets: Perturbed Stratospheric Chemistry in Early Winter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19920960319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Thornton BF, Toohey DW, Tuck AF, Elkins JW, Kelly KK, Hovde SJ, Richard EC, Rosenlof KH, Thompson TL, Mahoney MJ, Wilson JC. Chlorine activation near the midlatitude tropopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thornton BF, Toohey DW, Avallone LM, Hallar AG, Harder H, Martinez M, Simpas JB, Brune WH, Koike M, Kondo Y, Takegawa N, Anderson BE, Avery MA. Variability of active chlorine in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kleffmann J, Benter T, Wiesen P. Heterogeneous Reaction of Nitric Acid with Nitric Oxide on Glass Surfaces under Simulated Atmospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp040184u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kleffmann
- Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Peter Wiesen
- Physikalische Chemie/FB C, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
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Bauman JJ, Russell PB, Geller MA, Hamill P. A stratospheric aerosol climatology from SAGE II and CLAES measurements: 1. Methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Bauman
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - P. B. Russell
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - M. A. Geller
- State University of New York; Stony Brook New York USA
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Textor C. Injection of gases into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Textor C, Sachs PM, Graf HF, Hansteen TH. The 12 900 years BP Laacher See eruption: estimation of volatile yields and simulation of their fate in the plume. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.213.01.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe estimated the volatile emissions of the 12 900 years BP eruption of Laacher See volcano (Germany), using a modified petrological method. Glass inclusions in phenocrysts and matrix glasses sampled over the Laacher See tephra profile were analysed by synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe and electron microprobe to obtain the emitted masses of halogens, sulphur, and water. These data were used to initialize the numerical plume model ATHAM in order to investigate the fate of volcanic gases in the plume, and to estimate volatile masses injected into the stratosphere. The scavenging efficiency of each volatile component depends on its interactions with both liquid water and ice. We found a scavenging efficiency of c.5% for the sulphur species, and of only c.30% for hydrogen halides, despite their high water solubility. Our simulations showed that the greatest fraction of hydrometeors freeze to ice, due to the fast plume rise and great height of the eruption column. For the dry atmospheric conditions of the Laacher See eruption, the amount of liquid water was not sufficient to completely scavenge HCl and HBr, so that a large proportion could reach the stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Textor
- Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology
Bundestraße 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. M. Sachs
- Forschungszentrum GEOMAR, Vulkanologie und Petrologie
Wischhofstraße 1–3, D-24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - H.-F. Graf
- Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology
Bundestraße 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T. H. Hansteen
- Forschungszentrum GEOMAR, Vulkanologie und Petrologie
Wischhofstraße 1–3, D-24148, Kiel, Germany
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Lee KM, Park JH, Massie ST, Choi W. Extinction coefficients and properties of Pinatubo aerosol determined from Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McCracken KG, Dreschhoff GAM, Zeller EJ, Smart DF, Shea MA. Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561-1994: 1. Identification in polar ice, 1561-1950. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000ja000237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tie X, Brasseur G, Emmons L, Horowitz L, Kinnison D. Effects of aerosols on tropospheric oxidants: A global model study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Smyshlyaev SP, Dvortsov VL, Geller MA, Yudin VA. A two-dimensional model with input parameters from a general circulation model: Ozone sensitivity to different formulations for the longitudinal temperature variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Madronich S, McKenzie RL, Björn LO, Caldwell MM. Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1998; 46:5-19. [PMID: 9894350 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Stratospheric ozone levels are near their lowest point since measurements began, so current ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation levels are thought to be close to their maximum. Total stratospheric content of ozone-depleting substances is expected to reach a maximum before the year 2000. All other things being equal, the current ozone losses and related UV-B increases should be close to their maximum. Increases in surface erythemal (sunburning) UV radiation relative to the values in the 1970s are estimated to be: about 7% at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in winter/spring; about 4% at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes in summer/fall; about 6% at Southern Hemisphere mid-latitudes on a year-round basis; about 130% in the Antarctic in spring; and about 22% in the Arctic in spring. Reductions in atmospheric ozone are expected to result in higher amounts of UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface. The expected correlation between increases in surface UV-B radiation and decreases in overhead ozone has been further demonstrated and quantified by ground-based instruments under a wide range of conditions. Improved measurements of UV-B radiation are now providing better geographical and temporal coverage. Surface UV-B radiation levels are highly variable because of cloud cover, and also because of local effects including pollutants and surface reflections. These factors usually decrease atmospheric transmission and therefore the surface irradiances at UV-B as well as other wavelengths. Occasional cloud-induced increases have also been reported. With a few exceptions, the direct detection of UV-B trends at low- and mid-latitudes remains problematic due to this high natural variability, the relatively small ozone changes, and the practical difficulties of maintaining long-term stability in networks of UV-measuring instruments. Few reliable UV-B radiation measurements are available from pre-ozone-depletion days. Satellite-based observations of atmospheric ozone and clouds are being used, together with models of atmospheric transmission, to provide global coverage and long-term estimates of surface UV-B radiation. Estimates of long-term (1979-1992) trends in zonally averaged UV irradiances that include cloud effects are nearly identical to those for clear-sky estimates, providing evidence that clouds have not influenced the UV-B trends. However, the limitations of satellite-derived UV estimates should be recognized. To assess uncertainties inherent in this approach, additional validations involving comparisons with ground-based observations are required. Direct comparisons of ground-based UV-B radiation measurements between a few mid-latitude sites in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres have shown larger differences than those estimated using satellite data. Ground-based measurements show that summertime erythemal UV irradiances in the Southern Hemisphere exceed those at comparable latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere by up to 40%, whereas corresponding satellite-based estimates yield only 10-15% differences. Atmospheric pollution may be a factor in this discrepancy between ground-based measurements and satellite-derived estimates. UV-B measurements at more sites are required to determine whether the larger observed differences are globally representative. High levels of UV-B radiation continue to be observed in Antarctica during the recurrent spring-time ozone hole. For example, during ozone-hole episodes, measured biologically damaging radiation at Palmer Station, Antarctica (64 degrees S) has been found to approach and occasionally even exceed maximum summer values at San Diego, CA, USA (32 degrees N). Long-term predictions of future UV-B levels are difficult and uncertain. Nevertheless, current best estimates suggest that a slow recovery to pre-ozone depletion levels may be expected during the next half-century. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA.
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Robinson GN, Worsnop DR, Jayne JT, Kolb CE, Davidovits P. Heterogeneous uptake of ClONO2and N2O5by sulfuric acid solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Zhao X, Turco RP, Kao CYJ, Elliott S. Aerosol-induced chemical perturbations of stratospheric ozone: Three-dimensional simulations and analysis of mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Brogniez C, Lenoble J, Ramananahérisoa R, Fricke KH, Shettle EP, Hoppel KW, Bevilacqua RM, Hornstein JS, Lumpe J, Fromm MD, Krigman SS. Second European Stratospheric Arctic and Midlatitude Experiment campaign: Correlative measurements of aerosol in the northern polar atmosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Callis LB, Natarajan M, Lambeth JD, Boughner RE. On the origin of midlatitude ozone changes: Data analysis and simulations for 1979-1993. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Solomon S, Portmann RW, Garcia RR, Thomason LW, Poole LR, McCormick MP. The role of aerosol variations in anthropogenic ozone depletion at northern midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bertram AK, Patterson DD, Sloan JJ. Mechanisms and Temperatures for the Freezing of Sulfuric Acid Aerosols Measured by FTIR Extinction Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp952551v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. K. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - D. D. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - J. J. Sloan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Zhang R, Leu MT, Keyser LF. Heterogeneous Chemistry of HONO on Liquid Sulfuric Acid: A New Mechanism of Chlorine Activation on Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp952060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Ming-Taun Leu
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
| | - Leon F. Keyser
- Earth and Space Sciences Division, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109
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Zhang R, Leu MT, Keyser LF. Sulfuric acid monohydrate: Formation and heterogeneous chemistry in the stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bekki S, Pyle JA. A two-dimensional modeling study of the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Kinnison DE, Grant KE, Connell PS, Rotman DA, Wuebbles DJ. The chemical and radiative effects of the Mount Pinatubo eruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Fried A, Henry BE, Calvert JG, Mozurkewich M. The reaction probability of N2O5with sulfuric acid aerosols at stratospheric temperatures and compositions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Hauglustaine DA, Granier C, Brasseur GP, Mégie G. The importance of atmospheric chemistry in the calculation of radiative forcing on the climate system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tie X, Brasseur GP, Briegleb B, Granier C. Two-dimensional simulation of Pinatubo aerosol and its effect on stratospheric ozone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wen G, Frederick JE. Ozone within the El Chichón aerosol cloud inferred from solar backscatter ultraviolet continuous-scan measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Increased chlorine dioxide over Antarctica caused by volcanic aerosols from Mount Pinatubo. Nature 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/363245a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Larkum AW, Wood WF. The effect of UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and respiration of phytoplankton, benthic macroalgae and seagrasses. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1993; 36:17-23. [PMID: 24318794 DOI: 10.1007/bf00018071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/1992] [Accepted: 12/17/1992] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Several species of marine benthic algae, four species of phytoplankton and two species of seagrass have been subjected to ultraviolet B irradiation for varying lengths of time and the effects on respiration, photosynthesis and fluorescence rise kinetics studied. No effect on respiration was found. Photosynthesis was inhibited to a variable degree in all groups of plants after irradiation over periods of up to 1 h and variable fluorescence was also inhibited in a similar way. The most sensitive plants were phytoplankton and deep-water benthic algae. Intertidal benthic algae were the least sensitive to UV-B irradiation and this may be related to adaptation, through the accumulation of UV-B screening compounds, to high light/high UV-B levels. Inhibition of variable fluorescence (Fv) of the fluorescence rise curve was a fast and sensitive indicator of UV-B damage. Two plants studied, a brown alga and a seagrass, showed very poor recovery of Fv over a period of 32 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Larkum
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
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36
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Stratospheric CIO and ozone from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite. Nature 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/362597a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gregory GL, Davis DD, Thornton DC, Johnson JE, Bandy AR, Saltzman ES, Andreae MO, Barrick JD. An intercomparison of aircraft instrumentation for tropospheric measurements of carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon disulfide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chapter 8 Stratospheric Aerosols and Clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-6142(08)60217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Hoell JM, Davis DD, Gregory GL, McNeal RJ, Bendura RJ, Drewry JW, Barrick JD, Kirchhoff VWJH, Motta AG, Navarro RL, Dorko WD, Owen DW. Operational overview of the NASA GTE/CITE 3 airborne instrument intercomparisons for sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Thomason LW, Poole LR. Use of stratospheric aerosol properties as diagnostics of Antarctic vortex processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1029/93jd02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Vogelmann AM, Ackerman TP, Turco RP. Enhancements in biologically effective ultraviolet radiation following volcanic eruptions. Nature 1992; 359:47-9. [PMID: 1522884 DOI: 10.1038/359047a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols injected into the stratosphere by large volcanic eruptions may induce ozone destruction through processes including heterogeneous chemical reactions. The effect of ozone reductions on surface ultraviolet irradiation is not obvious, however, because aerosols also increase the reflection of sunlight. Here we use a radiative transfer model to estimate the changes in biologically effective ultraviolet radiation (UV-BE) at the Earth's surface produced by the El Chichón (1982) and Mount Pinatubo (1991) eruptions. We find that in both cases surface UV-BE intensity can increase because the effect of ozone depletion outweighs the increased scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Vogelmann
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Hofmann DJ, Oltmans SJ, Harris JM, Solomon S, Deshler T, Johnson BJ. Observation and possible causes of new ozone depletion in Antarctica in 1991. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/359283a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The injection into the stratosphere of large quantities of sulfur during the June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo (Philippines) and the subsequent formation of sulfate aerosol particles have generated a number of perturbations in the atmosphere with potential effects on the Earth's climate. Changes in the solar and infrared radiation budget caused by the eruption should produce a cooling of the troposphere and a warming of the lower stratosphere. These changes could affect atmospheric circulation. In addition, heterogeneous chemical reactions on the surface of sulfate aerosol particles render the ozone molecules more vulnerable to atmospheric chlorine and hence to man-made chlorofluorocarbons.
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Lacoste A, Godin S, Mégie G. Lidar measurements and Umkehr observations of the ozone vertical distribution at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9169(92)90097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Prather MJ. More rapid polar ozone depletion through the reaction of HOCI with HCI on polar stratospheric clouds. Nature 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/355534a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Solomon S, Mills M, Heidt LE, Pollock WH, Tuck AF. On the evaluation of ozone depletion potentials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/91jd02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Granier C, Brasseur G. Impact of heterogeneous chemistry on model predictions of ozone changes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bekki S, Pyle JA. Two-dimensional assessment of the impact of aircraft sulphur emissions on the stratospheric sulphate aerosol layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1029/92jd00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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