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Marqués-Marchán J, Jaafar M, Ares P, Gubieda AG, Berganza E, Abad A, Fdez-Gubieda ML, Asenjo A. Magnetic imaging of individual magnetosome chains in magnetotactic bacteria. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 163:213969. [PMID: 39059114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
While significant advances have been made in exploring and uncovering the promising potential of biomagnetic materials, persistent challenges remain on various fronts, notably in the characterization of individual elements. This study makes use of advanced modes of Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) and tailored MFM probes to characterize individual magnetotactic bacteria in different environments. The characterization of these elements posed a significant challenge, as the magnetosomes, besides presenting low magnetic signal, are embedded in bacteria of much larger size. To overcome this, customed Atomic Force Microscopy probes are developed through various strategies, enhancing sensitivity in different environments, including liquids. Furthermore, employing MFM imaging under an in-situ magnetic field provides an opportunity to gather quantitative data regarding the critical fields of these individual chains of nanoparticles. This approach marks a substantial advancement in the field of MFM for biological applications, enabling the detection of magnetosomes under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Jaafar
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Dpto. de Física de la Materia Condensada and IFIMAC, UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Ares
- Dpto. de Física de la Materia Condensada and IFIMAC, UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G Gubieda
- Dpto. Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Eider Berganza
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Abad
- Dpto. Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - María Luisa Fdez-Gubieda
- Dpto. Electricidad y Electrónica, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain; BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU, Spain
| | - Agustina Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Wei J, Xu H, Sun Y, Liu Y, Yan R, Chen Y, Zhang Z. Magnetite Nanoparticle Assemblies and Their Biological Applications: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:4160. [PMID: 39275008 PMCID: PMC11397167 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) have garnered significant attention over the past twenty years, primarily due to their superparamagnetic properties. These properties allow the NPs to respond to external magnetic fields, making them particularly useful in various technological applications. One of the most fascinating aspects of Fe3O4 NPs is their ability to self-assemble into complex structures. Research over this period has focused heavily on how these nanoparticles can be organized into a variety of superstructures, classified by their dimensionality-namely one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) configurations. Despite a wealth of studies, the literature lacks a systematic review that synthesizes these findings. This review aims to fill that gap by providing a thorough overview of the recent progress made in the fabrication and organization of Fe3O4 NP assemblies via a bottom-up self-assembly approach. This methodology enables the controlled construction of assemblies at the nanoscale, which can lead to distinctive functionalities compared to their individual counterparts. Furthermore, the review explores the diverse applications stemming from these nanoparticle assemblies, particularly emphasizing their contributions to important areas such as imaging, drug delivery, and the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yating Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Jinan Guoke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, China
| | - Ran Yan
- Jinan Petrochemical Design Institute, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhide Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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Laurien M, Mende L, Luhrmann L, Frederiksen A, Aldag M, Spiecker L, Clemmesen C, Solov'yov IA, Gerlach G. Magnetic orientation in juvenile Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus) could involve cryptochrome 4 as a potential magnetoreceptor. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20240035. [PMID: 38835248 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2024.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Earth's magnetic field can provide reliable directional information, allowing migrating animals to orient themselves using a magnetic compass or estimate their position relative to a target using map-based orientation. Here we show for the first time that young, inexperienced herring (Clupea harengus, Ch) have a magnetic compass when they migrate hundreds of kilometres to their feeding grounds. In birds, such as the European robin (Erithacus rubecula), radical pair-based magnetoreception involving cryptochrome 4 (ErCRY4) was demonstrated; the molecular basis of magnetoreception in fish is still elusive. We show that cry4 expression in the eye of herring is upregulated during the migratory season, but not before, indicating a possible use for migration. The amino acid structure of herring ChCRY4 shows four tryptophans and a flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding site, a prerequisite for a magnetic receptor. Using homology modelling, we successfully reconstructed ChCRY4 of herring, DrCRY4 of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and StCRY4 of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and showed that ChCRY4, DrCRY4 and ErCRY4a, but not StCRY4, exhibit very comparable dynamic behaviour. The electron transfer could take place in ChCRY4 in a similar way to ErCRY4a. The combined behavioural, transcriptomic and simulation experiments provide evidence that CRY4 could act as a magnetoreceptor in Atlantic herring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malien Laurien
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Lara Mende
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Lena Luhrmann
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Anders Frederiksen
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Mandus Aldag
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Lisa Spiecker
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Catriona Clemmesen
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Ilia A Solov'yov
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Gabriele Gerlach
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
- Research Centre for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Oldenburg 26111, Germany
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Karwinkel T, Winklhofer M, Allenstein D, Brust V, Christoph P, Holland RA, Hüppop O, Steen J, Bairlein F, Schmaljohann H. A refined magnetic pulse treatment method for magnetic navigation experiments with adequate sham control: a case study on free-flying songbirds. J R Soc Interface 2024; 21:20230745. [PMID: 38745460 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Migratory songbirds may navigate by extracting positional information from the geomagnetic field, potentially with a magnetic-particle-based receptor. Previous studies assessed this hypothesis experimentally by exposing birds to a strong but brief magnetic pulse aimed at remagnetizing the particles and evoking an altered behaviour. Critically, such studies were not ideally designed because they lacked an adequate sham treatment controlling for the induced electric field that is fundamentally associated with a magnetic pulse. Consequently, we designed a sham-controlled magnetic-pulse experiment, with sham and treatment pulse producing a similar induced electric field, while limiting the sham magnetic field to a value that is deemed insufficient to remagnetize particles. We tested this novel approach by pulsing more than 250 wild, migrating European robins (Erithacus rubecula) during two autumn seasons. After pulsing them, five traits of free-flight migratory behaviour were observed, but no effect of the pulse could be found. Notably, one of the traits, the migratory motivation of adults, was significantly affected in only one of the two study years. Considering the problem of reproducing experiments with wild animals, we recommend a multi-year approach encompassing large sample size, blinded design and built-in sham control to obtain future insights into the role of magnetic-particle-based magnetoreception in bird navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiemo Karwinkel
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Research Center for Neurosensory Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Dario Allenstein
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Vera Brust
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Paula Christoph
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Richard A Holland
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, University of Bangor, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Ommo Hüppop
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jan Steen
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Franz Bairlein
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, Radolfzell 78315, Germany
| | - Heiko Schmaljohann
- Institute of Avian Research 'Vogelwarte Helgoland', An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Ammerländer Heerstraße 114-118, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
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Im S, Frey E, Lacks DJ, Genzer J, Dickey MD. Enhanced Triboelectric Charge Stability by Air-Stable Radicals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304459. [PMID: 37675836 PMCID: PMC10625048 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that air-stable radicals enhance the stability of triboelectric charge on surfaces. While charge on surfaces is often undesirable (e.g., static discharge), improved charge retention can benefit specific applications such as air filtration. Here, it is shown that self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) containing air-stable radicals, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxidanyl (TEMPO), hold the charge longer than those without TEMPO. Charging and retention are monitored by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) as a function of time. Without the radicals on the surface, charge retention increases with the water contact angle (hydrophobicity), consistent with the understanding that surface water molecules can accelerate charge dissipation. Yet, the most prolonged charge retention is observed in surfaces treated with TEMPO, which are more hydrophilic than untreated control surfaces. The charge retention decreases with reducing radical density by etching the TEMPO-silane with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) or scavenging the radicals with ascorbic acid. These results suggest a pathway toward increasing the lifetime of triboelectric charges, which may enhance air filtration, improve tribocharging for patterning charges on surfaces, or boost triboelectric energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooik Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Ethan Frey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Daniel J. Lacks
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOH44106USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
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Abo-Ahmed AI, Latifi F, El-kammar RI, Girgiri I. Merkel-like basal cells in the nasal septal island of dromedaries: Ultrastructure and possible functions. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103764. [PMID: 37588572 PMCID: PMC10425395 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike other Merkel cell types, the morphology and functions of the Merkel-like basal cells remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ultrastructural features of Merkel-like basal cells in the nasal septal island (NSI) of dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) using transmission electron microscopy and to speculate their potential functions. Ten pairs of nasal septal islands obtained from ten heads of dromedary camels were used for the current study. Interestingly, these cells have been identified in the basal layer of the neuroepithelium of the dromedary nasal septal island near the sensory nerve endings. These cells were ovoid to elliptical in shape and rested on the basal lamina. Their surface had spine like cytoplasmic processes which interwined with the adjacent basal cells. Their nuclei were large lobulated with 2-3 deep notches. Moreover, numerous dense-core granules surrounded by electron-lucent halo were aggregated in the basal portion of the cells close to the nerve ending as well as melanin pigments in the apical portion. The ultrastructural characteristics of the Merkel-like basal cells of NSI were typical to those of Merkel cells, but with some morphological differences, including their location, cellular attachments, and connections to other structures. The potential functions were discussed in the light of the cellular context and architecture. The Merkel-like basal cells of the NSI neuroepithelium might play a role in nociception and magnetoreception in dromedaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I. Abo-Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Fatgzim Latifi
- Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Reda I. El-kammar
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Girgiri
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Nigeria
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Pophof B, Henschenmacher B, Kattnig DR, Kuhne J, Vian A, Ziegelberger G. Biological Effects of Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields from 0 to 100 MHz on Fauna and Flora: Workshop Report. HEALTH PHYSICS 2023; 124:39-52. [PMID: 36480584 PMCID: PMC9722389 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This report summarizes effects of anthropogenic electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 0 to 100 MHz on flora and fauna, as presented at an international workshop held on 5-7 November in 2019 in Munich, Germany. Such fields may originate from overhead powerlines, earth or sea cables, and from wireless charging systems. Animals and plants react differentially to anthropogenic fields; the mechanisms underlying these responses are still researched actively. Radical pairs and magnetite are discussed mechanisms of magnetoreception in insects, birds, and mammals. Moreover, several insects as well as marine species possess specialized electroreceptors, and behavioral reactions to anthropogenic fields have been reported. Plants react to experimental modifications of their magnetic environment by growth changes. Strong adverse effects of anthropogenic fields have not been described, but knowledge gaps were identified; further studies, aiming at the identification of the interaction mechanisms and the ecological consequences, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Pophof
- Competence Centre for Electromagnetic Fields, Department of Effects and Risks of Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Bernd Henschenmacher
- Competence Centre for Electromagnetic Fields, Department of Effects and Risks of Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Daniel R. Kattnig
- Department of Physics and Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Kuhne
- Competence Centre for Electromagnetic Fields, Department of Effects and Risks of Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Alain Vian
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Gunde Ziegelberger
- Competence Centre for Electromagnetic Fields, Department of Effects and Risks of Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Prussian blue technique is prone to yield false negative results in magnetoreception research. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8803. [PMID: 35614116 PMCID: PMC9132912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perls’s Prussian blue staining technique has been used in magnetoreception research to screen tissues for iron-rich structures as proxies for putative magnetoreceptor structures based on magnetic particles. However, seemingly promising structural candidates in the upper beak of birds detected with Prussian blue turned out to be either irreproducible or located in non-neuronal cells, which has spurred a controversy that has not been settled yet. Here we identify possible pitfalls in the previous works and apply the Prussian blue technique to tissues implicated in magnetic-particle-based magnetoreception, in an effort to reassess its suitability for staining single-domain magnetite, i.e., the proposed magnetic substrate for the interaction with the external magnetic field. In the upper beak of night-migratory songbirds, we found staining products in great numbers, but not remotely associated with fiber terminals of the traced ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. Surprisingly, staining products were absent from the lamina propria in the olfactory rosette of rainbow trout where candidate magnetoreceptor structures were identified with different techniques earlier. Critically, magnetosome chains in whole cells of magnetotactic bacteria remained unstained. The failure to label single-domain magnetite in positive control samples is a serious limitation of the technique and suggests that two most influential but antipodal studies conducted previously stood little chances of obtaining correct positive results under the assumption that magnetosome-like particles were present in the tissues. Nonetheless, the staining technique appears suitable to identify tissue contamination with iron-rich fine dust trapped in epithelia already in vivo.
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Marcano L, Orue I, Gandia D, Gandarias L, Weigand M, Abrudan RM, García-Prieto A, García-Arribas A, Muela A, Fdez-Gubieda ML, Valencia S. Magnetic Anisotropy of Individual Nanomagnets Embedded in Biological Systems Determined by Axi-asymmetric X-ray Transmission Microscopy. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7398-7408. [PMID: 35472296 PMCID: PMC9878725 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the use of nanomagnets in biomedical applications has increased. Among others, magnetic nanostructures can be used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cardiovascular diseases, to locally destroy cancer cells, to deliver drugs at specific positions, and to guide (and track) stem cells to damaged body locations in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. All these applications rely on the magnetic properties of the nanomagnets which are mostly determined by their magnetic anisotropy. Despite its importance, the magnetic anisotropy of the individual magnetic nanostructures is unknown. Currently available magnetic sensitive microscopic methods are either limited in spatial resolution or in magnetic field strength or, more relevant, do not allow one to measure magnetic signals of nanomagnets embedded in biological systems. Hence, the use of nanomagnets in biomedical applications must rely on mean values obtained after averaging samples containing thousands of dissimilar entities. Here we present a hybrid experimental/theoretical method capable of working out the magnetic anisotropy constant and the magnetic easy axis of individual magnetic nanostructures embedded in biological systems. The method combines scanning transmission X-ray microscopy using an axi-asymmetric magnetic field with theoretical simulations based on the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. The validity of the method is demonstrated by determining the magnetic anisotropy constant and magnetic easy axis direction of 15 intracellular magnetite nanoparticles (50 nm in size) biosynthesized inside a magnetotactic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Marcano
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Iñaki Orue
- SGIker, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - David Gandia
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Lucía Gandarias
- Dpto.
Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Markus Weigand
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Radu Marius Abrudan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana García-Prieto
- Dpto. Física
Aplicada, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alfredo García-Arribas
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Alicia Muela
- Dpto.
Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Fdez-Gubieda
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Universidad
del País Vasco - UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BCMaterials, Bld. Martina Casiano third floor, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Sergio Valencia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Gorobets S, Gorobets O, Gorobets Y, Bulaievska M. Chain-Like Structures of Biogenic and Nonbiogenic Magnetic Nanoparticles in Vascular Tissues. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:119-143. [PMID: 35077582 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, slices of organs from various organisms (animals, plants, fungi) were investigated by using atomic force microscopy and magnetic force microscopy to identify common features of localization of both biogenic and nonbiogenic magnetic nanoparticles. It was revealed that both biogenic and nonbiogenic magnetic nanoparticles are localized in the form of chains of separate nanoparticles or chains of conglomerates of nanoparticles in the walls of the capillaries of animals and the walls of the conducting tissue of plants and fungi. Both biogenic and nonbiogenic magnetic nanoparticles are embedded as a part of the transport system in multicellular organisms. In connection with this, a new idea of the function of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles is discussed, that the chains of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles and chains of conglomerates of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles represent ferrimagnetic organelles of a specific purpose. Besides, magnetic dipole-dipole interaction of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles with magnetically labeled drugs or contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging should be considered when designing the drug delivery and other medical systems because biogenic magnetic nanoparticles in capillary walls will serve as the trapping centers for the artificial magnetic nanoparticles. The aggregates of both artificial and biogenic magnetic nanoparticles can be formed, contributing to the risk of vascular occlusion. Bioelectromagnetics. 43:119-143, 2022. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Kyiv, Ukraine.,Institute of Magnetism NAS of Ukraine and MES of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuri Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Kyiv, Ukraine.,Institute of Magnetism NAS of Ukraine and MES of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Maryna Bulaievska
- National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute", Kyiv, Ukraine
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11
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Bellinger MR, Wei J, Hartmann U, Cadiou H, Winklhofer M, Banks MA. Conservation of magnetite biomineralization genes in all domains of life and implications for magnetic sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2108655119. [PMID: 35012979 PMCID: PMC8784154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108655119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals use geomagnetic fields for navigational cues, yet the sensory mechanism underlying magnetic perception remains poorly understood. One idea is that geomagnetic fields are physically transduced by magnetite crystals contained inside specialized receptor cells, but evidence for intracellular, biogenic magnetite in eukaryotes is scant. Certain bacteria produce magnetite crystals inside intracellular compartments, representing the most ancient form of biomineralization known and having evolved prior to emergence of the crown group of eukaryotes, raising the question of whether magnetite biomineralization in eukaryotes and prokaryotes might share a common evolutionary history. Here, we discover that salmonid olfactory epithelium contains magnetite crystals arranged in compact clusters and determine that genes differentially expressed in magnetic olfactory cells, contrasted to nonmagnetic olfactory cells, share ancestry with an ancient prokaryote magnetite biomineralization system, consistent with exaptation for use in eukaryotic magnetoreception. We also show that 11 prokaryote biomineralization genes are universally present among a diverse set of eukaryote taxa and that nine of those genes are present within the Asgard clade of archaea Lokiarchaeota that affiliates with eukaryotes in phylogenomic analysis. Consistent with deep homology, we present an evolutionary genetics hypothesis for magnetite formation among eukaryotes to motivate convergent approaches for examining magnetite-based magnetoreception, molecular origins of matrix-associated biomineralization processes, and eukaryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Renee Bellinger
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Department Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365;
| | - Jiandong Wei
- Experimental Physics Department, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Uwe Hartmann
- Experimental Physics Department, Saarland University, D-66041 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Hervé Cadiou
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, F-67100 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Winklhofer
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Michael A Banks
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Department Fisheries and Wildlife, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR 97365
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12
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Naisbett-Jones LC, Lohmann KJ. Magnetoreception and magnetic navigation in fishes: a half century of discovery. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2022; 208:19-40. [PMID: 35031832 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01527-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As the largest and most diverse vertebrate group on the planet, fishes have evolved an impressive array of sensory abilities to overcome the challenges associated with navigating the aquatic realm. Among these, the ability to detect Earth's magnetic field, or magnetoreception, is phylogenetically widespread and used by fish to guide movements over a wide range of spatial scales ranging from local movements to transoceanic migrations. A proliferation of recent studies, particularly in salmonids, has revealed that fish can exploit Earth's magnetic field not only as a source of directional information for maintaining consistent headings, but also as a kind of map for determining location at sea and for returning to natal areas. Despite significant advances, much about magnetoreception in fishes remains enigmatic. How fish detect magnetic fields remains unknown and our understanding of the evolutionary origins of vertebrate magnetoreception would benefit greatly from studies that include a wider array of fish taxa. The rich diversity of life-history characteristics that fishes exhibit, the wide variety of environments they inhabit, and their suitability for manipulative studies, make fishes promising subjects for magnetoreception studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth J Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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13
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Ganguly S, Neelam, Grinberg I, Margel S. Layer by layer controlled synthesis at room temperature of tri‐modal (
MRI
, fluorescence and
CT
) core/shell superparamagnetic
IO
/human serum albumin nanoparticles for diagnostic applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Ganguly
- Bar‐Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Neelam
- Bar‐Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Igor Grinberg
- Bar‐Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
| | - Shlomo Margel
- Bar‐Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry Bar‐Ilan University Ramat‐Gan Israel
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14
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Ganguly S, Margel S. Review: Remotely controlled magneto-regulation of therapeutics from magnetoelastic gel matrices. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107611. [PMID: 32818552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Naisbett-Jones LC, Putman NF, Scanlan MM, Noakes DLG, Lohmann KJ. Magnetoreception in fishes: the effect of magnetic pulses on orientation of juvenile Pacific salmon. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb222091. [PMID: 32291321 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.222091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
A variety of animals sense Earth's magnetic field and use it to guide movements over a wide range of spatial scales. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms that underlie magnetic field detection. Among teleost fish, growing evidence suggests that crystals of the mineral magnetite provide the physical basis of the magnetic sense. In this study, juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were exposed to a brief but strong magnetic pulse capable of altering the magnetic dipole moment of biogenic magnetite. Orientation behaviour of pulsed fish and untreated control fish was then compared in a magnetic coil system under two conditions: (1) the local magnetic field and (2) a magnetic field that exists near the southern boundary of the natural oceanic range of Chinook salmon. In the local field, no significant difference existed between the orientation of the control and pulsed groups. By contrast, orientation of the two groups was significantly different in the magnetic field from the distant site. These results demonstrate that a magnetic pulse can alter the magnetic orientation behaviour of a fish and are consistent with the hypothesis that salmon have magnetite-based magnetoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan F Putman
- LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc., Bryan, TX 77802, USA
| | - Michelle M Scanlan
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - David L G Noakes
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Oregon Hatchery Research Center, 2418 East Fall Creek Road, Alsea, OR 97324, USA
| | - Kenneth J Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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16
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Fitak RR, Wheeler BR, Johnsen S. Effect of a magnetic pulse on orientation behavior in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Behav Processes 2020; 172:104058. [PMID: 31954808 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetoreception remains one of the most enigmatic of animal senses. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) represent an ideal species to study this sense, as magnetoreception based upon microscopic particles of magnetite is suspected to play an important role in their orientation and navigation. Here we found that compared with controls, a magnetic pulse (a treatment commonly used to demonstrate magnetite-based magnetoreception) can induce orientation behavior in juvenile rainbow trout on a specific experimental day. Multiple circular-linear regression also indicated that this effect could at least be partially explained by daily variation in solar electromagnetic activity (i.e., sunspot count and disturbance storm time index). These results are consistent with magnetite-based magnetoreception in rainbow trout and suggest that 1) solar activity may impact magnetic orientation and 2) researchers should be cognizant of its potential consequences on studies of magnetoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Fitak
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA.
| | | | - Sönke Johnsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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17
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Brysiewicz A, Formicki K. The effect of static magnetic field on melanophores in the sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta Linnaeus, 1758) embryos and larvae. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1680319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Formicki
- Division of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
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18
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PRODUCTION OF MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED BIOSORBENTS BASED ON FUNGI Agaricus bisporus AND Lentinula edodes. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech12.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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19
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Kerpal C, Richert S, Storey JG, Pillai S, Liddell PA, Gust D, Mackenzie SR, Hore PJ, Timmel CR. Chemical compass behaviour at microtesla magnetic fields strengthens the radical pair hypothesis of avian magnetoreception. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3707. [PMID: 31420558 PMCID: PMC6697675 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fact that many animals, including migratory birds, use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and compass-navigation is fascinating and puzzling in equal measure. The physical origin of these phenomena has not yet been fully understood, but arguably the most likely hypothesis is based on the radical pair mechanism (RPM). Whilst the theoretical framework of the RPM is well-established, most experimental investigations have been conducted at fields several orders of magnitude stronger than the Earth's. Here we use transient absorption spectroscopy to demonstrate a pronounced orientation-dependence of the magnetic field response of a molecular triad system in the field region relevant to avian magnetoreception. The chemical compass response exhibits the properties of an inclination compass as found in migratory birds. The results underline the feasibility of a radical pair based avian compass and also provide further guidelines for the design and operation of exploitable chemical compass systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kerpal
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CÆSR), Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Sabine Richert
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CÆSR), Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jonathan G Storey
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CÆSR), Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Smitha Pillai
- School of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Paul A Liddell
- School of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Devens Gust
- School of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - P J Hore
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CÆSR), Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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20
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Sifford J, Walsh KJ, Tong S, Bao G, Agarwal G. Indirect magnetic force microscopy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:2348-2355. [PMID: 31608318 PMCID: PMC6788631 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00193j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based technique to map magnetic domains in a sample. MFM is widely used to characterize magnetic recording media, magnetic domain walls in materials, nanoparticles and more recently iron deposits in biological samples. However, conventional MFM requires multiple scans of the samples, suffers from various artifacts and is limited in its capability for multimodal imaging or imaging in a fluid environment. We propose a new modality, namely indirect magnetic force microscopy (ID-MFM), a technique that employs an ultrathin barrier between the probe and the sample. Using fluorescently conjugated superparamagnetic nanoparticles, we demonstrate how ID-MFM can be achieved using commercially available silicon nitride windows, MFM probes and AFM equipment. The MFM signals obtained using ID-MFM were comparable to those obtained using conventional MFM. Further, samples prepared for ID-MFM were compatible with multi-modal imaging via fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Thus ID-MFM can serve as a high-throughput, multi-modal microscopy technique which can be especially attractive for detecting magnetism in nanoparticles and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Sifford
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA
| | - Kevin J. Walsh
- Biophysics Program, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH 43210USA
| | - Sheng Tong
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice UniversityHoustonTexas 77005USA
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice UniversityHoustonTexas 77005USA
| | - Gunjan Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University288 Bevis Hall, 1080 Carmack RoadColumbusOH 43210USA+1 614 247 7799+1 614 292 4213
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21
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Transduction of the Geomagnetic Field as Evidenced from alpha-Band Activity in the Human Brain. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0483-18.2019. [PMID: 31028046 PMCID: PMC6494972 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0483-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetoreception, the perception of the geomagnetic field, is a sensory modality well-established across all major groups of vertebrates and some invertebrates, but its presence in humans has been tested rarely, yielding inconclusive results. We report here a strong, specific human brain response to ecologically-relevant rotations of Earth-strength magnetic fields. Following geomagnetic stimulation, a drop in amplitude of electroencephalography (EEG) alpha-oscillations (8–13 Hz) occurred in a repeatable manner. Termed alpha-event-related desynchronization (alpha-ERD), such a response has been associated previously with sensory and cognitive processing of external stimuli including vision, auditory and somatosensory cues. Alpha-ERD in response to the geomagnetic field was triggered only by horizontal rotations when the static vertical magnetic field was directed downwards, as it is in the Northern Hemisphere; no brain responses were elicited by the same horizontal rotations when the static vertical component was directed upwards. This implicates a biological response tuned to the ecology of the local human population, rather than a generic physical effect. Biophysical tests showed that the neural response was sensitive to static components of the magnetic field. This rules out all forms of electrical induction (including artifacts from the electrodes) which are determined solely on dynamic components of the field. The neural response was also sensitive to the polarity of the magnetic field. This rules out free-radical “quantum compass” mechanisms like the cryptochrome hypothesis, which can detect only axial alignment. Ferromagnetism remains a viable biophysical mechanism for sensory transduction and provides a basis to start the behavioral exploration of human magnetoreception.
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22
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Gorobets S, Gorobets O, Kovalchuk I, Yevzhyk L. Determination of Potential Producers of Biogenic Magnetic Nanoparticles Among the Fungi Representatives of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota Divisions. INNOVATIVE BIOSYSTEMS AND BIOENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.20535/ibb.2018.2.4.147310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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23
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Detection of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles in ethmoid bones of migratory and non-migratory fishes. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-018-0072-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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24
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Norris MD, Seidel K, Kirschning A. Externally Induced Drug Release Systems with Magnetic Nanoparticle Carriers: An Emerging Field in Nanomedicine. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Norris
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum; Leibniz Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Katja Seidel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum; Leibniz Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum; Leibniz Universität Hannover; Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
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25
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Fitak RR, Schweikert LE, Wheeler BR, Ernst DA, Lohmann KJ, Johnsen S. Near absence of differential gene expression in the retina of rainbow trout after exposure to a magnetic pulse: implications for magnetoreception. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0209. [PMID: 29875210 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to perceive the Earth's magnetic field, or magnetoreception, exists in numerous animals. Although the mechanism underlying magnetoreception has not been clearly established in any species, in salmonid fish, it is hypothesized to occur by means of crystals of magnetite associated with nervous tissue such as the brain, olfactory organ or retina. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to a brief magnetic pulse known to disrupt magnetic orientation behaviour in several animals. Changes in gene expression induced by the pulse were then examined in the retina. Analyses indicated that the pulse elicited differential expression of only a single gene, gamma-crystallin M3-like (crygm3). The near absence of an effect of the magnetic pulse on gene expression in the retina stands in sharp contrast to a recent study in which 181 genes were differentially expressed in brain tissue of O. mykiss after exposure to the same pulse. Overall, our results suggest either that magnetite-based magnetoreceptors in trout are not located in the retina, or else that they are unaffected by magnetic pulses that can disrupt magnetic orientation behaviour in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Fitak
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | | - David A Ernst
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kenneth J Lohmann
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sönke Johnsen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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26
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Xie W, Guo Z, Gao F, Gao Q, Wang D, Liaw BS, Cai Q, Sun X, Wang X, Zhao L. Shape-, size- and structure-controlled synthesis and biocompatibility of iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic theranostics. Theranostics 2018; 8:3284-3307. [PMID: 29930730 PMCID: PMC6010979 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have attracted more and more attention for their excellent physicochemical properties and promising biomedical applications. In this review, we summarize and highlight recent progress in the design, synthesis, biocompatibility evaluation and magnetic theranostic applications of IONPs, with a special focus on cancer treatment. Firstly, we provide an overview of the controlling synthesis strategies for fabricating zero-, one- and three-dimensional IONPs with different shapes, sizes and structures. Then, the in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility evaluation and biotranslocation of IONPs are discussed in relation to their chemo-physical properties including particle size, surface properties, shape and structure. Finally, we also highlight significant achievements in magnetic theranostic applications including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic hyperthermia and targeted drug delivery. This review provides a background on the controlled synthesis, biocompatibility evaluation and applications of IONPs as cancer theranostic agents and an overview of the most up-to-date developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhenhu Guo
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 10083, China
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710069, China
| | - Qin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bor-shuang Liaw
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaodan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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27
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Kong LJ, Crepaz H, Górecka A, Urbanek A, Dumke R, Paterek T. In-vivo biomagnetic characterisation of the American cockroach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5140. [PMID: 29572509 PMCID: PMC5865160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a quantitative method, utilising a highly sensitive quantum sensor, that extends applicability of magnetorelaxometry to biological samples at physiological temperature. The observed magnetic fields allow for non-invasive determination of physical properties of magnetic materials and their surrounding environment inside the specimen. The method is applied to American cockroaches and reveals magnetic deposits with strikingly different behaviour in alive and dead insects. We discuss consequences of this finding to cockroach magneto-reception. To our knowledge, this work represents the first characterisation of the magnetisation dynamics in live insects and helps to connect results from behavioural experiments on insects in magnetic fields with characterisation of magnetic materials in their corpses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Kong
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,MOE Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Herbert Crepaz
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Agnieszka Górecka
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Melbourne, 3800, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Urbanek
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, 80-308, Poland
| | - Rainer Dumke
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.,Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Tomasz Paterek
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore. .,Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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28
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Sub-cellular In-situ Characterization of Ferritin(iron) in a Rodent Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3567. [PMID: 29476055 PMCID: PMC5824835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential metal involved in a wide spectrum of physiological functions. Sub-cellular characterization of the size, composition, and distribution of ferritin(iron) can provide valuable information on iron storage and transport in health and disease. In this study we employ magnetic force microscopy (MFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to characterize differences in ferritin(iron) distribution and composition across injured and non-injured tissues by employing a rodent model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Our biophysical and ultrastructural analyses provide novel insights into iron distribution which are not obtained by routine biochemical stains. In particular, ferritin(iron) rich lysosomes revealed increased heterogeneity in MFM signal from tissues of SCI animals. Ultrastructural analysis using TEM elucidated that both cytosolic and lysosomal ferritin(iron) density was increased in the injured (spinal cord) and non-injured (spleen) tissues of SCI as compared to naïve animals. In-situ EELs analysis revealed that ferritin(iron) was primarily in Fe3+ oxidation state in both naïve and SCI animal tissues. The insights provided by this study and the approaches utilized here can be applied broadly to other systemic problems involving iron regulation or to understand the fate of exogenously delivered iron-oxide nanoparticles.
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Biogenic magnetic nanoparticles in human organs and tissues. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 135:49-57. [PMID: 29397185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lambinet V, Hayden ME, Reigl K, Gomis S, Gries G. Linking magnetite in the abdomen of honey bees to a magnetoreceptive function. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2873. [PMID: 28330921 PMCID: PMC5378088 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of magnetoreception in honey bees, Apis mellifera, focused on the identification of magnetic material, its formation, the location of the receptor and potential underlying sensory mechanisms, but never directly linked magnetic material to a magnetoreceptive function. In our study, we demonstrate that ferromagnetic material consistent with magnetite plays an integral role in the bees' magnetoreceptor. Subjecting lyophilized and pelletized bee tagmata to analyses by a superconducting quantum interference device generated a distinct hysteresis loop for the abdomen but not for the thorax or the head of bees, indicating the presence of ferromagnetic material in the bee abdomen. Magnetic remanence of abdomen pellets produced from bees that were, or were not, exposed to the 2.2-kOe field of a magnet while alive differed, indicating that magnet exposure altered the magnetization of this magnetite in live bees. In behavioural two-choice field experiments, bees briefly exposed to the same magnet, but not sham-treated control bees, failed to sense a custom-generated magnetic anomaly, indicating that magnet exposure had rendered the bees' magnetoreceptor dysfunctional. Our data support the conclusion that honey bees possess a magnetite-based magnetoreceptor located in the abdomen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lambinet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael E Hayden
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katharina Reigl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Surath Gomis
- Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gerhard Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Evolution has equipped life on our planet with an array of extraordinary senses, but perhaps the least understood is magnetoreception. Despite compelling behavioral evidence that this sense exists, the cells, molecules, and mechanisms that mediate sensory transduction remain unknown. So how could animals detect magnetic fields? We introduce and discuss 3 concepts that attempt to address this question: (1) a mechanically sensitive magnetite-based magnetoreceptor, (2) a light-sensitive chemical-based mechanism, and (3) electromagnetic induction within accessory structures. In discussing the merits and issues with each of these ideas, we draw on existing precepts in sensory biology. We argue that solving this scientific mystery will require the development of new genetic tools in magnetosensitive species, coupled with an interdisciplinary approach that bridges physics, behavior, anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, and genetics.
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Baumgartner J, Menguy N, Gonzalez TP, Morin G, Widdrat M, Faivre D. Elongated magnetite nanoparticle formation from a solid ferrous precursor in a magnetotactic bacterium. J R Soc Interface 2017; 13:rsif.2016.0665. [PMID: 27881802 PMCID: PMC5134017 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria are aquatic microorganisms that intracellularly mineralize ferrimagnetic nanoparticles enabling the cells to align with the geomagnetic field. The bacteria produce a magnetic mineral of species-specific phase (magnetite Fe(II)Fe(III)2O4 or greigite Fe(II)Fe(III)2S4), size, morphology and particle assembly. Several species produce crystals of unusual elongated particle shapes, which break the symmetry of the thermodynamically favoured isometric morphology. Such morphologies are thought to affect domain size and orientation of the internal magnetization. Therefore, they are interesting study objects to develop new synthetic strategies for the morphological control of nanoparticles. We investigate the formation of such irregularly shaped nanomagnets in the species Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1. In contrast to previously described organisms, this bacterium accumulates iron predominantly as Fe(II) rather than Fe(III) consistent with an alternative oxidative biomineralization route. Further, using high-resolution electron microscopy, we observe an epitaxial relationship between precursor and the final mineral phase supporting the notion of a solid-state transformation pathway. The precursor is likely a green rust previously thought to convert to magnetite only by dissolution and re-precipitation. Our findings represent a novel observation in the interconversion of iron (oxyhydr)oxide materials and suggest that solid-state growth processes could be required to produce irregularly shaped, elongated magnetite nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Baumgartner
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7590 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Recherches pour le Développement, Campus Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Teresa Perez Gonzalez
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guillaume Morin
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7590 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de Recherches pour le Développement, Campus Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Widdrat
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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Krichen S, Liu L, Sharma P. Biological cell as a soft magnetoelectric material: Elucidating the physical mechanisms underpinning the detection of magnetic fields by animals. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:042404. [PMID: 29347612 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.042404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sharks, birds, bats, turtles, and many other animals can detect magnetic fields. Aside from using this remarkable ability to exploit the terrestrial magnetic field map to sense direction, a subset is also able to implement a version of the so-called geophysical positioning system. How do these animals detect magnetic fields? The answer to this rather deceptively simple question has proven to be quite elusive. The currently prevalent theories, while providing interesting insights, fall short of explaining several aspects of magnetoreception. For example, minute magnetic particles have been detected in magnetically sensitive animals. However, how is the detected magnetic field converted into electrical signals given any lack of experimental evidence for relevant electroreceptors? In principle, a magnetoelectric material is capable of converting magnetic signals into electricity (and vice versa). This property, however, is rare and restricted to a rather small set of exotic hard crystalline materials. Indeed, such elements have never been detected in the animals studied so far. In this work we quantitatively outline the conditions under which a biological cell may detect a magnetic field and convert it into electrical signals detectable by biological cells. Specifically, we prove the existence of an overlooked strain-mediated mechanism and show that most biological cells can act as nontrivial magnetoelectric materials provided that the magnetic permeability constant is only slightly more than that of a vacuum. The enhanced magnetic permeability is easily achieved by small amounts of magnetic particles that have been experimentally detected in magnetosensitive animals. Our proposed mechanism appears to explain most of the experimental observations related to the physical basis of magnetoreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Krichen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - L Liu
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Mechanical Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - P Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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34
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Insight into shark magnetic field perception from empirical observations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11042. [PMID: 28887553 PMCID: PMC5591188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Elasmobranch fishes are among a broad range of taxa believed to gain positional information and navigate using the earth’s magnetic field, yet in sharks, much remains uncertain regarding the sensory receptors and pathways involved, or the exact nature of perceived stimuli. Captive sandbar sharks, Carcharhinus plumbeus were conditioned to respond to presentation of a magnetic stimulus by seeking out a target in anticipation of reward (food). Sharks in the study demonstrated strong responses to magnetic stimuli, making significantly more approaches to the target (p = < 0.01) during stimulus activation (S+) than before or after activation (S−). Sharks exposed to reversible magnetosensory impairment were less capable of discriminating changes to the local magnetic field, with no difference seen in approaches to the target under the S+ and S− conditions (p = 0.375). We provide quantified detection and discrimination thresholds of magnetic stimuli presented, and quantify associated transient electrical artefacts. We show that the likelihood of such artefacts serving as the stimulus for observed behavioural responses was low. These impairment experiments support hypotheses that magnetic field perception in sharks is not solely performed via the electrosensory system, and that putative magnetoreceptor structures may be located in the naso-olfactory capsules of sharks.
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35
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Abstract
Diverse animals ranging from worms and insects to birds and turtles perform impressive journeys using the magnetic field of the earth as a cue. Although major cellular and molecular mechanisms for sensing mechanical and chemical cues have been elucidated over the past three decades, the mechanisms that animals use to sense magnetic fields remain largely mysterious. Here we survey progress on the search for magnetosensory neurons and magnetosensitive molecules important for animal behaviors. Emphasis is placed on magnetosensation in insects and birds, as well as on the magnetosensitive neuron pair AFD in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We also review conventional criteria used to define animal magnetoreceptors and suggest how approaches used to identify receptors for other sensory modalities may be adapted for magnetoreceptors. Finally, we discuss prospects for underutilized and novel approaches to identify the elusive magnetoreceptors in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Clites
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain, Behavior and Evolution, Center for Learning and Memory, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, and Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; ,
| | - Jonathan T Pierce
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Brain, Behavior and Evolution, Center for Learning and Memory, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, and Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; ,
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36
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Gorobets O, Gorobets S, Koralewski M. Physiological origin of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles in health and disease: from bacteria to humans. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4371-4395. [PMID: 28652739 PMCID: PMC5476634 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s130565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (BMNPs) in the human brain gives a strong impulse to study and understand their origin. Although knowledge of the subject is increasing continuously, much remains to be done for further development to help our society fight a number of pathologies related to BMNPs. This review provides an insight into the puzzle of the physiological origin of BMNPs in organisms of all three domains of life: prokaryotes, archaea, and eukaryotes, including humans. Predictions based on comparative genomic studies are presented along with experimental data obtained by physical methods. State-of-the-art understanding of the genetic control of biomineralization of BMNPs and their properties are discussed in detail. We present data on the differences in BMNP levels in health and disease (cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and atherosclerosis), and discuss the existing hypotheses on the biological functions of BMNPs, with special attention paid to the role of the ferritin core and apoferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute)
- Institute of Magnetism, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Gorobets
- National Technical University of Ukraine (Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute)
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37
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Brysiewicz A, Formicki K, Tański A, Wesołowski P. Magnetic field effect on melanophores of the European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758) and vendace Coregonus albula (Linnaeus, 1758) (Salmonidae) during early embryogenesis. EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2016.1272644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Brysiewicz
- West Pomeranian Research Centre, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Szczecin, Poland
| | - K. Formicki
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczeci, Poland
| | - A. Tański
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczeci, Poland
| | - P. Wesołowski
- West Pomeranian Research Centre, Institute of Technology and Life Sciences, Szczecin, Poland
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38
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Mirabello G, Lenders JJM, Sommerdijk NAJM. Bioinspired synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5085-106. [PMID: 27385627 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00432f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a widespread magnetic iron oxide encountered in many biological and geological systems, and also in many technological applications. The magnetic properties of magnetite crystals depend strongly on the size and shape of its crystals. Hence, engineering magnetite nanoparticles with specific shapes and sizes allows tuning their properties to specific applications in a wide variety of fields, including catalysis, magnetic storage, targeted drug delivery, cancer diagnostics and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, synthesis of magnetite with a specific size, shape and a narrow crystal size distribution is notoriously difficult without using high temperatures and non-aqueous media. Nevertheless, living organisms such as chitons and magnetotactic bacteria are able to form magnetite crystals with well controlled sizes and shapes under ambient conditions and in aqueous media. In these biomineralization processes the organisms use a twofold strategy to control magnetite formation: the mineral is formed from a poorly crystalline precursor phase, and nucleation and growth are controlled through the interaction of the mineral with biomolecular templates and additives. Taking inspiration from this biological strategy is a promising route to achieve control over the kinetics of magnetite crystallization under ambient conditions and in aqueous media. In this review we first summarize the main characteristics of magnetite and what is known about the mechanisms of magnetite biomineralization. We then describe the most common routes to synthesize magnetite and subsequently will introduce recent efforts in bioinspired magnetite synthesis. We describe how the use of poorly ordered, more soluble precursors such as ferrihydrite (FeH) or white rust (Fe(OH)2) can be employed to control the solution supersaturation, setting the conditions for continued growth. Further, we show how the use of various organic additives such as proteins, peptides and polymers allows for either the promotion or inhibition of magnetite nucleation and growth processes. At last we discuss how the formation of magnetite-based organic-inorganic hybrids leads to new functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mirabello
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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39
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Lenders JJM, Mirabello G, Sommerdijk NAJM. Bioinspired magnetite synthesis via solid precursor phases. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5624-5634. [PMID: 30034699 PMCID: PMC6021960 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00523c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms often exploit solid but poorly ordered mineral phases as precursors in the biomineralization of their inorganic body parts.
Living organisms often exploit solid but poorly ordered mineral phases as precursors in the biomineralization of their inorganic body parts. Generally speaking, such precursor-based approaches allow the organisms – without the need of high supersaturation levels – to accumulate significant quantities of mineral material at the desired place and time, where they can be molded and crystallized into the right morphology and structure. This strategy is also of interest in the field of bioinspired materials science, as it potentially enables the bottom-up creation of novel materials with equal or improved functionality as compared to Nature, in water and at ambient temperatures. Also for the biomineralization of magnetite (Fe3O4) such a strategy has been reported: ferrihydrite, a poorly crystalline iron oxide, has been identified as a precursor for the final magnetite phase in the magnetosomes of magnetotactic bacteria as well as in the outer layers of chiton teeth. In this perspective, we discuss the efforts of us and others to understand and tune the nucleation and growth of magnetite crystals to date, in aqueous, room-temperature syntheses and employing different solid precursor phases. The various examples demonstrate the importance of the precursor approach in controlling the different properties of magnetite nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos J M Lenders
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry , Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , PO box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
| | - Giulia Mirabello
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry , Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , PO box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
| | - Nico A J M Sommerdijk
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry , Centre for Multiscale Electron Microscopy , Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , PO box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
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40
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Belova NA, Acosta-Avalos D. The Effect of Extremely Low Frequency Alternating Magnetic Field on the Behavior of Animals in the Presence of the Geomagnetic Field. JOURNAL OF BIOPHYSICS (HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION : ONLINE) 2015; 2015:423838. [PMID: 26823664 PMCID: PMC4707359 DOI: 10.1155/2015/423838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is known that the geomagnetic field can influence animal migration and homing. The magnetic field detection by animals is known as magnetoreception and it is possible due to two different transduction mechanisms: the first one through magnetic nanoparticles able to respond to the geomagnetic field and the second one through chemical reactions influenced by magnetic fields. Another behavior is the magnetic alignment where animals align their bodies to the geomagnetic field. It has been observed that magnetic alignment of cattle can be disrupted near electric power lines around the world. Experimentally, it is known that alternating magnetic fields can influence living beings, but the exact mechanism is unknown. The parametric resonance model proposes a mechanism to explain that effect on living beings and establishes that, in the presence of a constant magnetic field, molecules associated with biochemical reactions inside cells can absorb resonantly alternating magnetic fields with specific frequencies. In the present paper, a review is made about animal magnetoreception and the effects of alternating magnetic fields in living beings. It is suggested how alternating magnetic fields can interfere in the magnetic alignment of animals and a general conclusion is obtained: alternating magnetic field pollution can affect the magnetic sensibility of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Belova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow 142290, Russia
| | - Daniel Acosta-Avalos
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas (CBPF), Rua Xavier Sigaud 150, Urca, 22290-180 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Shaw J, Boyd A, House M, Woodward R, Mathes F, Cowin G, Saunders M, Baer B. Magnetic particle-mediated magnetoreception. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:0499. [PMID: 26333810 PMCID: PMC4614459 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural studies underpin the weight of experimental evidence for the existence of a magnetic sense in animals. In contrast, studies aimed at understanding the mechanistic basis of magnetoreception by determining the anatomical location, structure and function of sensory cells have been inconclusive. In this review, studies attempting to demonstrate the existence of a magnetoreceptor based on the principles of the magnetite hypothesis are examined. Specific attention is given to the range of techniques, and main animal model systems that have been used in the search for magnetite particulates. Anatomical location/cell rarity and composition are identified as two key obstacles that must be addressed in order to make progress in locating and characterizing a magnetite-based magnetoreceptor cell. Avenues for further study are suggested, including the need for novel experimental, correlative, multimodal and multidisciplinary approaches. The aim of this review is to inspire new efforts towards understanding the cellular basis of magnetoreception in animals, which will in turn inform a new era of behavioural research based on first principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Shaw
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Alastair Boyd
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Michael House
- School of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Robert Woodward
- School of Physics, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Falko Mathes
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Gary Cowin
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Martin Saunders
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Boris Baer
- Centre for Integrative Bee Research (CIBER), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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42
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Ares P, Jaafar M, Gil A, Gómez-Herrero J, Asenjo A. Magnetic Force Microscopy in Liquids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4731-6. [PMID: 26150330 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the use of magnetic force microscopy (MFM) to acquire images of magnetic nanostructures in liquid environments is presented. Optimization of the MFM signal acquisition in liquid media is performed and it is applied to characterize the magnetic signal of magnetite nanoparticles. The ability for detecting magnetic nanostructures along with the well-known capabilities of atomic force microscopy in liquids suggests potential applications in fields such as nanomedicine, nanobiotechnology, or nanocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ares
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Jaafar
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Gil
- Nanotec Electrónica S.L, E-28760, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Gómez-Herrero
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
- INC and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustina Asenjo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
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43
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Lee N, Yoo D, Ling D, Cho MH, Hyeon T, Cheon J. Iron Oxide Based Nanoparticles for Multimodal Imaging and Magnetoresponsive Therapy. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10637-89. [PMID: 26250431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nohyun Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University , Seoul 136-702, Korea
| | - Dongwon Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Daishun Ling
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Mi Hyeon Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 151-742, Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University , Seoul 120-749, Korea
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44
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Tian LX, Pan YX, Metzner W, Zhang JS, Zhang BF. Bats respond to very weak magnetic fields. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123205. [PMID: 25922944 PMCID: PMC4414586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How animals, including mammals, can respond to and utilize the direction and intensity of the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation is contentious. In this study, we experimentally tested whether the Chinese Noctule, Nyctalus plancyi (Vespertilionidae) can sense magnetic field strengths that were even lower than those of the present-day geomagnetic field. Such field strengths occurred during geomagnetic excursions or polarity reversals and thus may have played an important role in the evolution of a magnetic sense. We found that in a present-day local geomagnetic field, the bats showed a clear preference for positioning themselves at the magnetic north. As the field intensity decreased to only 1/5th of the natural intensity (i.e., 10 μT; the lowest field strength tested here), the bats still responded by positioning themselves at the magnetic north. When the field polarity was artificially reversed, the bats still preferred the new magnetic north, even at the lowest field strength tested (10 μT), despite the fact that the artificial field orientation was opposite to the natural geomagnetic field (P<0.05). Hence, N. plancyi is able to detect the direction of a magnetic field even at 1/5th of the present-day field strength. This high sensitivity to magnetic fields may explain how magnetic orientation could have evolved in bats even as the Earth's magnetic field strength varied and the polarity reversed tens of times over the past fifty million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Xiang Tian
- Biogeomagnetism Group, PGL, Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Xin Pan
- Biogeomagnetism Group, PGL, Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Walter Metzner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jin-Shuo Zhang
- National Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Fang Zhang
- Biogeomagnetism Group, PGL, Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- France-China Bio-Mineralization and Nano-Structures Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang J, Du X, Pan W, Wang X, Wu W. Photoactivation of the cryptochrome/photolyase superfamily. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Tarlacı S, Pregnolato M. Quantum neurophysics: From non-living matter to quantum neurobiology and psychopathology. Int J Psychophysiol 2015; 103:161-73. [PMID: 25668717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of quantum brain, quantum mind and quantum consciousness have been increasingly gaining currency in recent years, both in scientific papers and in the popular press. In fact, the concept of the quantum brain is a general framework. Included in it are basically four main sub-headings. These are often incorrectly used interchangeably. The first of these and the one which started the quantum mind/consciousness debate was the place of consciousness in the problem of measurement in quantum mechanics. Debate on the problem of quantum measurement and about the place of the conscious observer has lasted almost a century. One solution to this problem is that the participation of a conscious observer in the experiment will radically change our understanding of the universe and our relationship with the outside world. The second topic is that of quantum biology. This topic has become a popular field of research, especially in the last decade. It concerns whether or not the rules of quantum physics operate in biological structures. It has been shown in the latest research on photosynthesis, the sense of smell and magnetic direction finding in animals that the laws of quantum physics may operate in warm-wet-noisy biological structures. The third sub-heading is quantum neurobiology. This topic has not yet gained wide acceptance and is still in its early stages. Its primary purpose is directed to understand whether the laws of quantum physics are effective in the biology of the nervous system or not. A further step in brain neurobiology, toward the understanding of consciousness formation, is the research of quantum laws effects upon neural network functions. The fourth and final topic is quantum psychopathology. This topic takes its basis and its support from quantum neurobiology. It comes from the idea that if quantum physics is involved in the normal working of the brain, diseased conditions of the brain such as depression, anxiety, dementia, schizophrenia and hallucinations can be explained by quantum physical pathology. In this article, these topics will be reviewed in a general framework, and for the first time a general classification will be made for the quantum brain theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Tarlacı
- Sifa University, Department of Neurology, İzmir, Turkey.
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Kishkinev DA, Chernetsov NS. Magnetoreception systems in birds: A review of current research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079086415010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Arakaki A, Shimizu K, Oda M, Sakamoto T, Nishimura T, Kato T. Biomineralization-inspired synthesis of functional organic/inorganic hybrid materials: organic molecular control of self-organization of hybrids. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:974-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization-inspired synthesis of functional organic/inorganic hybrid materials. Molecularly controlled mechanisms of biomineralization and application of the processes towards future material synthesis are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Arakaki
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Institute of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shimizu
- Organization for Regional Industrial Academic Cooperation
- Tottori University
- Tottori 680-8550
- Japan
| | - Mayumi Oda
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science
- Institute of Engineering
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Japan
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology
- School of Engineering
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-8656
- Japan
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No evidence for intracellular magnetite in putative vertebrate magnetoreceptors identified by magnetic screening. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:262-7. [PMID: 25535350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407915112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular basis of the magnetic sense remains an unsolved scientific mystery. One theory that aims to explain how animals detect the magnetic field is the magnetite hypothesis. It argues that intracellular crystals of the iron oxide magnetite (Fe3O4) are coupled to mechanosensitive channels that elicit neuronal activity in specialized sensory cells. Attempts to find these primary sensors have largely relied on the Prussian Blue stain that labels cells rich in ferric iron. This method has proved problematic as it has led investigators to conflate iron-rich macrophages with magnetoreceptors. An alternative approach developed by Eder et al. [Eder SH, et al. (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(30):12022-12027] is to identify candidate magnetoreceptive cells based on their magnetic moment. Here, we explore the utility of this method by undertaking a screen for magnetic cells in the pigeon. We report the identification of a small number of cells (1 in 476,000) with large magnetic moments (8-106 fAm(2)) from various tissues. The development of single-cell correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) permitted subcellular analysis of magnetic cells. This revealed the presence of extracellular structures composed of iron, titanium, and chromium accounting for the magnetic properties of these cells. Application of single-cell CLEM to magnetic cells from the trout failed to identify any intracellular structures consistent with biogenically derived magnetite. Our work illustrates the need for new methods to test the magnetite hypothesis of magnetosensation.
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Jaafar M, Aljabali AAA, Berlanga I, Mas-Ballesté R, Saxena P, Warren S, Lomonossoff GP, Evans DJ, de Pablo PJ. Structural insights into magnetic clusters grown inside virus capsids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20936-20942. [PMID: 25405995 DOI: 10.1021/am505682x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles have multiple applications in materials science. In particular, virus capsids have been suggested as promising templates for building up nanometric-sized magnetic clusters by taking advantage of their inner cavity as a nanoreactor. In this study we investigate the magnetization of individual cobalt-filled cowpea mosaic virus empty virus-like particles using atomic force microscopy. We also combine the analysis of the effects of dehydration on the structure of virus particles with a comparison of their magnetic signal to that provided by commercially available magnetic nanoparticles of similar size. These two approaches allow the evaluation of the structure of the metallic cluster grown inside the virus capsid. We conclude that, rather than forming solid clusters, cobalt inside viruses forms a discontinuous structure that does not completely fill the virus cavity and reaches about 10% of its volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jaafar
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada y Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
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