1
|
Cao T, Zhang X, Chen D, Zhang P, Li Q, Muhammad A. The epigenetic modification during the induction of Foxp3 with sodium butyrate. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:309-318. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1480631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tengli Cao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingding Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiyan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Abbas Muhammad
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nishikawa K, Iwamoto Y, Kobayashi Y, Katsuoka F, Kawaguchi SI, Tsujita T, Nakamura T, Kato S, Yamamoto M, Takayanagi H, Ishii M. DNA methyltransferase 3a regulates osteoclast differentiation by coupling to an S-adenosylmethionine-producing metabolic pathway. Nat Med 2015; 21:281-7. [PMID: 25706873 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming occurs in response to the cellular environment to mediate differentiation, but the fundamental mechanisms linking metabolic processes to differentiation programs remain to be elucidated. During osteoclast differentiation, a shift toward more oxidative metabolic processes occurs. In this study we identified the de novo DNA methyltransferase 3a (Dnmt3a) as a transcription factor that couples these metabolic changes to osteoclast differentiation. We also found that receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), an essential cytokine for osteoclastogenesis, induces this metabolic shift towards oxidative metabolism, which is accompanied by an increase in S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) production. We found that SAM-mediated DNA methylation by Dnmt3a regulates osteoclastogenesis via epigenetic repression of anti-osteoclastogenic genes. The importance of Dnmt3a in bone homeostasis was underscored by the observations that Dnmt3a-deficient osteoclast precursor cells do not differentiate efficiently into osteoclasts and that mice with an osteoclast-specific deficiency in Dnmt3a have elevated bone mass due to a smaller number of osteoclasts. Furthermore, inhibition of DNA methylation by theaflavin-3,3'-digallate abrogated bone loss in models of osteoporosis. Thus, this study reveals the role of epigenetic processes in the regulation of cellular metabolism and differentiation, which may provide the molecular basis for a new therapeutic strategy for a variety of bone disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Nishikawa
- 1] Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. [2] WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. [3] Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoriko Iwamoto
- 1] Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. [2] WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. [3] Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan. [4] Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Fumiki Katsuoka
- 1] Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. [2] Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Kawaguchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Tsujita
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- 1] Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. [2] Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- 1] Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. [2] Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO, Takayanagi Osteonetwork Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- 1] Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. [2] WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. [3] Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Raman SB, Nguyen MH, Zhang Z, Cheng S, Jia HY, Weisner N, Iczkowski K, Clancy CJ. Candida albicans SET1 encodes a histone 3 lysine 4 methyltransferase that contributes to the pathogenesis of invasive candidiasis. Mol Microbiol 2006; 60:697-709. [PMID: 16629671 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans causes diverse mucosal and systemic diseases. Although this versatility likely depends upon carefully co-ordinated gene expression, epigenetic regulation in C. albicans remains poorly characterized. Screening a genomic expression library, we identified C. albicans Set1p as an immunogenic protein with homology to a lysine histone methyltransferase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, we demonstrated that total immunoglobulin, IgG and IgM titers against a unique Set1p N-terminal fragment were significantly higher among patients with disseminated candidiasis (DC) or oropharyngeal candidiasis than controls. Disruption of SET1 resulted in complete loss of methylation of histone 3 at lysine residue 4, hyperfilamentous growth under embedded conditions, less negative cell surface charges and diminished adherence to epithelial cells, effects that were reversed upon gene re-insertion at a disrupted locus. During murine DC, the null mutant was associated with prolonged survival and lower tissue burdens. Taken together, our findings suggest that SET1 regulates multiple processes important to the pathogenesis of candidiasis. The Set1p N-terminal fragment does not exhibit significant homology to eukaryotic or microbial proteins, and might represent a novel therapeutic, preventive or diagnostic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Babu Raman
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hagège H, Nasser R, Weber M, Milligan L, Aptel N, Jacquet C, Drewell RA, Dandolo L, Surani MA, Cathala G, Forné T. The 3' portion of the mouse H19 Imprinting-Control Region is required for proper tissue-specific expression of the Igf2 gene. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 113:230-7. [PMID: 16575185 DOI: 10.1159/000090837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic imprinting at the H19/Igf2 locus is governed by a cis-acting Imprinting-Control Region (ICR), located 2 kb upstream of the H19 gene. This region possesses an insulator function which is activated on the unmethylated maternal allele through the binding of the CTCF factor. It has been previously reported that paternal transmission of the H19(SilK) deletion, which removes the 3' portion of H19 ICR, leads to the loss of H19 imprinting. Here we show that, in the liver, this reactivation of the paternal H19 gene is concomitant to a dramatic decrease in Igf2 mRNA levels. This deletion alters higher-order chromatin architecture, Igf2 promoter usage and tissue-specific expression. Therefore, when methylated, the 3' portion of the H19 ICR is a bi-functional regulatory element involved not only in H19 imprinting but also in 'formatting' the higher-order chromatin structure for proper tissue-specific expression of both H19 and Igf2 genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Hagège
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Weber M, Hagège H, Aptel N, Brunel C, Cathala G, Forné T. Epigenetic regulation of mammalian imprinted genes: from primary to functional imprints. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 38:207-36. [PMID: 15881897 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27310-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Parental genomic imprinting was discovered in mammals some 20 years ago. This phenomenon, crucial for normal development, rapidly became a key to understanding epigenetic regulation of mammalian gene expression. In this chapter we present a general overview of the field and describe in detail the 'imprinting cycle'. We provide selected examples that recapitulate our current knowledge of epigenetic regulation at imprinted loci. These epigenetic mechanisms lead to the stable repression of imprinted genes on one parental allele by interfering with 'formatting' for gene expression that usually occurs on expressed alleles. From this perspective, genomic imprinting remarkably illustrates the complexity of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the control of gene expression in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Weber
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR5535 CNRS-UMII, IFR122, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The genome contains all the information needed to build an organism. However, during differentiation and development, additional epigenetic information determines the functional state of cells and tissues. This epigenetic information can be introduced by cytosine methylation and by marking nucleosomal histones. The code written on histones consists of post-translational modifications, including acetylation and methylation. In contrast to the universal nature of the DNA code, the histone language and its decoding machinery differ among animals, plants and fungi. Plant cells have retained totipotency to generate the entire plant and maintained the ability to dedifferentiate, which suggests that the establishment and maintenance of epigenetic information differs from animals. Here, I aim to summarize the histone code and plant-specific aspects of setting and translating the code.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Loidl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Innsbruck Medical University, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4b, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Histone modifications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(03)39009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
8
|
Lessard J, Sauvageau G. Polycomb group genes as epigenetic regulators of normal and leukemic hemopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2003; 31:567-85. [PMID: 12842702 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(03)00081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modification of chromatin structure underlies the differentiation of pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into their committed/differentiated progeny. Compelling evidence indicates that Polycomb group (PcG) genes play a key role in normal and leukemic hemopoiesis through epigenetic regulation of HSC self-renewal/proliferation and commitment. The PcG proteins are constituents of evolutionary highly conserved molecular pathways regulating cell fate in several other tissues through diverse mechanisms, including 1) regulation of self-renewal/proliferation, 2) regulation of senescence/immortalization, 3) interaction with the initiation transcription machinery, 4) interaction with chromatin-condensation proteins, 5) modification of histones, 6) inactivation of paternal X chromosome, and 7) regulation of cell death. It is therefore not surprising that PcG genes lead to pleiotropic phenotypes when mutated and have been associated with malignancies in several systems in both mice and humans. Although much remains to be learned regarding the PcG mechanism(s) of action, advances in identifying the functional domains and enzymatic activities of these multimeric protein complexes have provided insights into how PcG proteins accomplish such processes. Some of the new insights into a role for the PcG cellular memory system in regulating normal and leukemic hemopoiesis are reviewed here, with special emphasis on their potential involvement in epigenetic regulation of gene expression through modification of chromatin structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lessard
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hemopoietic Stem Cells, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Festenstein R, Pagakis SN, Hiragami K, Lyon D, Verreault A, Sekkali B, Kioussis D. Modulation of heterochromatin protein 1 dynamics in primary Mammalian cells. Science 2003; 299:719-21. [PMID: 12560554 DOI: 10.1126/science.1078694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1beta), a key component of condensed DNA, is strongly implicated in gene silencing and centromeric cohesion. Heterochromatin has been considered a static structure, stabilizing crucial aspects of nuclear organization and prohibiting access to transcription factors. We demonstrate here, by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, that a green fluorescent protein-HP1beta fusion protein is highly mobile within both the euchromatin and heterochromatin of ex vivo resting murine T cells. Moreover, T cell activation greatly increased this mobility, indicating that such a process may facilitate (hetero)chromatin remodeling and permit access of epigenetic modifiers and transcription factors to the many genes that are consequently derepressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Festenstein
- CSC Gene Control Mechanisms and Disease Group, Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Terranova R, Pujol N, Fasano L, Djabali M. Characterisation of set-1, a conserved PR/SET domain gene in Caenorhabditis elegans. Gene 2002; 292:33-41. [PMID: 12119097 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(02)00671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The SET domain is a highly conserved domain shared between proteins of the antagonistic trithorax and Polycomb groups. It has been shown to play an important role in the assembly of either transcriptional activating or repressing protein complexes, and possesses a histone methyl-transferase activity. We report here the characterisation of the Caenorhabditis elegans gene, set-1, encoding a conserved SET-domain protein. We have analysed the developmental expression pattern of set-1 and show that maximal expression is observed early in development when set-1 is ubiquitously expressed. Its expression is more and more restricted as development progress. Gene inactivation by RNA interference shows that set-1 is an essential gene. Functional analysis of set-1 may contribute to the understanding of the molecular role of the SET domain.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics
- Caenorhabditis elegans/growth & development
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Genes, Helminth/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Methyltransferases/genetics
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Double-Stranded/administration & dosage
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- RNA, Helminth/genetics
- RNA, Helminth/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Terranova
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, RPMS and Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Krajewski WA. Histone acetylation status and DNA sequence modulate ATP-dependent nucleosome repositioning. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:14509-13. [PMID: 11859068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107510200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell-free system derived from Drosophila embryos was used to investigate positioning of nucleosomes on specific DNA sequences. This system can be used to reconstitute differently acetylated nucleosome arrays possessing ATP-dependent dynamic properties that are not observed with chromatin assembled from pure components. Nucleosome positioning on different DNA sequences was studied by restriction endonuclease assay. The sequence of DNA and the acetylation status of histones had profound effects on the distribution of nucleosomes, suggesting their cooperative effect on nucleosome repositioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wladyslaw A Krajewski
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institute of Developmental Biology, Vavilova Street 26, 117808 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Howe L, Auston D, Grant P, John S, Cook RG, Workman JL, Pillus L. Histone H3 specific acetyltransferases are essential for cell cycle progression. Genes Dev 2001; 15:3144-54. [PMID: 11731478 PMCID: PMC312843 DOI: 10.1101/gad.931401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Longstanding observations suggest that acetylation and/or amino-terminal tail structure of histones H3 and H4 are critical for eukaryotic cells. For Saccharomyces cerevisiae, loss of a single H4-specific histone acetyltransferase (HAT), Esa1p, results in cell cycle defects and death. In contrast, although several yeast HAT complexes preferentially acetylate histone H3, the catalytic subunits of these complexes are not essential for viability. To resolve the apparent paradox between the significance of H3 versus H4 acetylation, we tested the hypothesis that H3 modification is essential, but is accomplished through combined activities of two enzymes. We observed that Sas3p and Gcn5p HAT complexes have overlapping patterns of acetylation. Simultaneous disruption of SAS3, the homolog of the MOZ leukemia gene, and GCN5, the hGCN5/PCAF homolog, is synthetically lethal due to loss of acetyltransferase activity. This key combination of activities is specific for these two HATs because neither is synthetically lethal with mutations of other MYST family or H3-specific acetyltransferases. Further, the combined loss of GCN5 and SAS3 functions results in an extensive, global loss of H3 acetylation and arrest in the G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle. The strikingly similar effect of loss of combined essential H3 HAT activities and the loss of a single essential H4 HAT underscores the fundamental biological significance of each of these chromatin-modifying activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Howe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Histone H2A.Z is structurally and functionally distinct from the major H2As. To understand the function of H2A.Z acetylation, we performed a mutagenic analysis of the six acetylated lysines in the N-terminal tail of Tetrahymena H2A.Z. Tetrahymena cannot survive with arginines at all six sites. Retention of one acetylatable lysine is sufficient to provide the essential function of H2A.Z acetylation. This essential function can be mimicked by deleting the region encompassing all six sites, or by mutations that reduce the positive charge of the N terminus at the acetylation sites themselves, or at other sites in the tail. These properties argue that the essential function of H2A.Z acetylation is to modify a "charge patch" by reducing the charge of the tail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Ren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, 14627, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mahmoudi T, Verrijzer CP. Chromatin silencing and activation by Polycomb and trithorax group proteins. Oncogene 2001; 20:3055-66. [PMID: 11420721 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Polycomb group (PcG) of repressors and the trithorax group (trxG) of activators maintain the correct expression of several key developmental regulators, including the homeotic genes. PcG and trxG proteins function in distinct multiprotein complexes that are believed to control transcription by changing the structure of chromatin, organizing it into either a 'closed' or an 'open' conformation. The hallmark of gene regulation by PcG/trxG proteins is that it can lead to a mitotically stable pattern of gene expression, often referred to as epigenetic regulation. Although much remains to be learned, recent studies have provided insights into how this epigenetic switch is set, how PcG/trxG proteins might be linked to cis-acting DNA elements and what potential mechanisms underlie stable inheritance of gene expression status over multiple cell divisions. Finally, the study of the evolutionarily conserved PcG/trxG factors has recently gained additional urgency with the realization that they play a pertinent role in certain human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mahmoudi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, MGC Centre for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Taddei A, Maison C, Roche D, Almouzni G. Reversible disruption of pericentric heterochromatin and centromere function by inhibiting deacetylases. Nat Cell Biol 2001; 3:114-20. [PMID: 11175742 DOI: 10.1038/35055010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Histone modifications might act to mark and maintain functional chromatin domains during both interphase and mitosis. Here we show that pericentric heterochromatin in mammalian cells is specifically responsive to prolonged treatment with deacetylase inhibitors. These defined regions relocate at the nuclear periphery and lose their properties of retaining HP1 (heterochromatin protein 1) proteins. Subsequent defects in chromosome segregation arise in mitosis. All these changes can reverse rapidly after drug removal. Our data point to a crucial role of histone underacetylation within pericentric heterochromatin regions for their association with HP1 proteins, their nuclear compartmentalization and their contribution to centromere function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Taddei
- Institut Curie/Research section, UMR 218 du CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- C A Mizzen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|